Table of Contents
Okutandika: Eddembe ly’Amerika
Nga Ddesemba 15, 1791, Bill of Rights ewandikiddwa era nga kye kisimbye ekisinziirwako enzivuvu z'eddembe ly'abantu mu Amerika. Kukyusa kuno okw'ekkumi okusooka mu mateeka ga Amerika kwajjawo mu mpaka ez'amaanyi wakati wa Federalist ne Anti-Federalist. Abayiiya ba Hitler baatya nti tteeka eriggya lyawa gavumenti y'ensi ennungi obuyinza bungi, era nti abantu balekedde obuwagizi obwa buli muntu okuleka obuwagizi. Okukakaatika ennyo eri eddembe lya buli muntu kinnoomu kyawawawawawa obwa Bill of Rights. Abasomesa n'abayizi bwenkana bwe baategeera nti okutereeza ensonga zino teziggyamu bukulu nnyo mu byafaayo. Ekitundu kino kiyamba nnyo okumanya buli lukujjunyuso, okumanyisa, n'okunnyonnyola ensonga enkulu mu byafaayo, n'okukusobozesa okumanya ensonga ezikwata ku nsonga ezikwata ku mateeka.
Ebyafaayo: Lwaki kyali Kyetaagisa Okuwa Eddembe
Ekiragiro kino, nga bwe kyali kiwandiikiddwa mu 1787, tekiriimu kiwandiiko kya ddembe. Ababeseri bangi nga mw'otwalidde James Madison, mu kusooka baali bakkiriza nti tekyetaagisa kubanga gavumenti eyo yali erimu obuyinza obutono, obwabanga butegese. Kyokka, enkola ey'okugattaamu ekiraga nti abantu baali beebuuza nnyo. Ate era, Amerika nga Virginia ne New York zatongoza olukalala lwa Sseetuka oluvannyuma lw'okusuubiza nti etteeka ly'obusosoze bujja kugattibwa mangu ddala. Oluvannyuma Madison yagunjanja enzivvu mu lukalala olw'eby'empewo ebya ddigedri za ddiyo, nga kiva nnyo ku Coriva ku Virginia Declaraclaration of Rights ne ku Lycustom of 1689. Ebya byafaayo biraga nti Bill of Rights teyafuuka kizibunyo kuteeso naye era yakyonoona ekkomo oluvannyuma lw'okukakasa nti Nhlangano ky'obumu. Oyinza okusoma ebiwandiiko ebyasooka ku [FL: 0]S: [F.]SC.[FLT]
Okugaanyiza Omuntu Omutima Gwo: Eddembe Etaano
Kiyinzika okuba nti, Omuteesi eyasooka ye ntegeka y’ebintu emanyiddwa ennyo, era nti eddembe ettaano ery’amaanyi abantu lye balina, si lya nnaakalyako ani; kkooti zikkiriza okuwera, naye kkooti enkulu egoberera emitindo egya waggulu nga tennakkiriza gavumenti kukugira.
Eddembe ly’Okwogera
Eddembe ly'okwogera terikuuma bigambo ebyogerwa bwogezi kyokka naye era lisobola n'okufuga ebigambo eby'akabonero, gamba ng'okwokya bendera (Texas v. Johnson, 1989). Libaamu enjogera z'eby'obufuzi, okusiiga ebifaananyi, era n'obukyayi, kasita terikubiriza nkola y'obujeemu eri okumpi (Brandenburg v. Ohio, 1969). Amasomero galina engeri emu ey'okukugiramu ebigambo by'omuyizi ebiyinza okugobera obuyigirize (Tinker v. Des Moines, 1969).
Eddembe ly’Ebitongole eby’Eby’Eby’Omwoyo
Obukuumi buno bulemesa gavumenti okukebera emikutu gy'eby'empuliziganya nga bukyali. Obubonero obwali bulaga omulimu gugenda guyitawo bufaananako New York Times Co. v. United States (1971] buziyiza gavumenti okukoma okufulumya ebiwandiiko bya Pentagon Papers. Obusawo tebulina buwaze bwa mateeka agafuga enfuga, gamba nga amateeka agafuga, naye buleetera abakungu okuvunaanibwa mu mateeka.
Eddembe ly’Eddiini
Ekitongole ekiwa abantu obulagirizi ku nzikiriza y'emu kirimu emitwe ebiri: Okutongozebwa kwa Claus (okutongozebwa kwa gavumenti ekkiriza eddiini) ne Free Execrect Claus (okukuuma eddembe ly'omuntu okugoberera enzikiriza ye). Kkooti enkulu esazeewo nti amasomero ga gavumenti tegayinza kukulembera kusaba (Engel v. Vitace, 1962) era nti tegayinza kweyitirira ku migugu gya njawulo (Ekitongole kya Kukumi Balu Ayeah).
Kintu Kya Ddala Okukuŋŋaana n’Okwegayirira
Aba Amereka balina obuyinza okukuŋŋaana mu mirembe okusobola okwekalakaasa, okutambula n'enkuŋŋaana. Obusika buno kye kiseera, ekifo, n'empisa ebigere, naye okukugira okuteeka mu biba bigaliddwa, era birina okunoonyezebwa ennyo. Eddembe ery'okusaba k'abantu kinnoomu okusobola okusaba enkyukakyuka okuva ku gavumenti, okuva ku ntegeka ez'omu kitundu okugobererwa, n'okukyusaamu mu by'amateeka.
Oku Amereka II: Eddembe ly’Okutambula n’Emikono
Ekitongole eky'okubiri ekifuga enkola ya Amereka kigamba: “Ekyo nga kya mugaso nnyo eri eggwanga ery'eddembe, eddembe ly'abantu ery'okukuuma n'okusitula eby'okulwanyisa, tekirina kumenyebwa.” Mu byafaayo bya Amerika ebisinga obungi, okutereezebwa kuno kwatwalibwa ng'okugattika obuwangwa obugendera ku buweereza bw'abajaasi. Kyokka, mu [FLD]] Direater [2008], kkooti enkulu yamanya nti omuntu alina eddembe ery'okwefunira omuggo ogw'okwekolera ebirwamu. Ebbangajjulo, emyaka ebiri oluvannyuma, [[FLD] [FLD] [FOLD] v. [FFFOLT] [FOLD] [2010]]) yagobeetako mu mateeka agamenyemenyesebwa mu kifo eky'okufuga ebbaliroboozeamu. Leero, okukyungibwa kw'amateeka, n'okukuddamu okumenya amateeka agamenyesaamu.
Oku Amereka III: Okutwala Abasirikale
Okukyusa okwo kwali kukyusa butereevu Ebikolwa by'Abatume Abangereza abawagizi bye baali batayagala. Wadde nga tewaaliyo kalungi konna, endowooza y'Ekiwandiiko eky'Okuvaako Amension eky'okusatu enyweza omusingi ogugamba nti amaka tegali kifo kya bantu kigalimu kabinja. Omuwendo gwago .[1]Essente ennongoosebwa ku mateeka ga Digulity .[1]Esboosesty of South Africa (obutude) kye kyagoberezebwa eky'okukyusaamu mu nkola y'Ebikolwa by'obuwaŋŋanguse.
Empeereze IV: Okunoonya ne Seicure
Olukalala lw'eby'esamba ssemazinga lukuuma abantu obutagwa “obusaze obw'enkukunala n'obusige." Okulagira kuno kuteekwa okufuna obukwasi bw'amateeka okusinziira ku nsonga eziyinza okuba nga ziteekeddwa okunoonyereza mu maka oba omuntu. Obubonero obwo bulina okunnyonnyola ekifo ekinaanoonyezebwamu n'ebintu ebinaakwatibwa. Mu byasa ebyasa ebikumi ebiyiseewo, kkooti zikoze ebiwandiiko: okuseekenneenya, okusemba, okukebera, n'okunoonyereza ku nsonga eziyinza okusobola okujjuzibwa. Amateeka ga debaary, gaateekebwa mu Mapp v. Ohio/[FLT] [1961], era ne kiziyiza obujulirwamu obutakozesebwa mu kkooti. Mu myaka gya bipimo, Kkootikko kya divisionet, ekitegeeza nti amanya akuuma obubaka ku mikutu.
Omukutu Ogutongoozebwa: Eddembe mu Misango gy’Abamenyi b’amateeka
Mu Mpisa ey’Okutaano, waaliwo ebintu bingi ebikuuma abantu abavunaanibwa omusango gw’obumenyi bw’amateeka, nga buli omu alina obumanyirivu mu mateeka g’Olungereza n’obuwaŋŋanguse.
Ekibonerezo kya Grand Jury
Eggwanga abasinga obungi tebeetaaga kusalira musango balamuzi ku nsonga eziba zikoleddwa mu kkooti enkulu, naye kkooti enkulu ekkiriza nti eddembe lino teririna kugattibwa ku gavumenti.
Obusibe bwa mirundi ebiri
Naye obukuumi obwo tebuyinza kulemesa muntu yenna kusalira musango muntu oyo, wadde okuwozesebwa oluvannyuma lw’okutuula ku kakiiko akalamuzi.
Okuneeyisa Obubi n’Ekyokulabirako ky’Eŋŋonge
Tewali muntu “ayinza okuwalirizibwa okuwa obujulirwa ku musango gwonna.” Kino kireetera okulabula okuva mu Miranda v. Arizona, 1966], okwetaagisa poliisi okutegeeza abasoomoozeddwa nti balina eddembe ery'okusirika n'okubeera ne munnamateeka. Emboozi ezifunibwa nga tewali kulabula kutuufu tezikkirizibwa.
Engeri gy'eyinza okukolebwamu
Ekitongole ekiweerera ddala eky'okutaano ekiwereza erinnya Claus k'ekyetaagisa, gavumenti ekwetaagisa okugoberera enkola ennungi nga tewannabaawo muntu yenna agigaana obulamu, eddembe oba ekintu. Okutwala kwa Claus kulagira “musaala gwa gavumenti." Gavumenti bw'etwala ebizimbe ebyayo okukozesebwa abantu bonna mu kifo ekya waggulu. Kelo v. City of New London[ [200]] (2005] enkola eyakozesebwa mu mulimu gwa bya bugagga, naye amawanga mangi gataddewo amateeka amangi.
Okutongoza Omusango VI: Obwesigwa obw’Okuwozesebwa mu Ngeri ey’Ekiseera Kyonna
Ekitongole kya kkooti kiwa obukakafu nti omumenyi w'amateeka ajja kutongoza omumenyi w'amateeka mu bwangu era mu lukiiko olusala omusango olw'asalamu, era nti alina eddembe okutegeeza omusango ogwo, era n'obujuli bwa bajuli, n'eddembe ery'okuwabula. Eddembe ery'okuwabula liba nga linnyonnyolwa bulungi mu [[FL:0] Gideon v. Wainwr[[FL:1].] Omusango gulina okutegeezebwa ku nsonga, (1963), nga gusaba gavumenti okuteekawo omuwaabi w'abawaabi bawaabi bawaabi bannawabudde mu kkooti ez'ekyamawawawawawa. Oluvannyuma, eddembe lino lyamanyibwa ne ku bannannyini abawandiikibwa gye basibibwa (Arringererner v. Hamlin, 1972). Omulamuzi oyo avunabibwa akiikirira ensonga yonna eyinza okusalibwa mu myezi omukaaga omukaaga.
Okuyisa Ekigambo mu Ngeri ey’Okuyisa Obulungi: Okugezesebwa kwa Kitundu
Kkooti enkulu egambye nti enteekateeka eno ekolera mu kkooti z'amateeka, so si mu kuyisa emisango mu kkooti y'amateeka. Era ereetebwawo okusobola okukakasa nti tewabaawo musango gusobola kuddibwamu na gumu ku kkooti ekola ku nsonga ez'obulimba okuggyako nga gavumenti ewadde abantu obuvunaanyizibwa.
Okukyusa okw’Okubiri: Okubonerezebwa okw’Enjawulo
Kkooti enkulu yatwala “obusosoze n'ebya bulijjo okukyuka n'okukyusa emitindo gy'empisa mu bantu. Ng'ekyokulabirako, okubonerezebwa olw'okukwata omuntu omukulu (komptainv. Georgia, 1977) n'omusango ogwakolebwa abavubuka (Rhoperv. Smons, 2005) gukyasibiddwa mu ngeri etali ya bulijjo.
ENKYUMERERO: Entikko Etaagisibwa
The Ninth Amendment egamba: “Okubala olukalala mu Mateeka, ku ddembe erimu, tekitwalibwa ng'okugaana oba okugoba abantu abalala.” Kino kyeyongera ku kutya nti okusengeka eddembe ly'envuma limu kutegeeza nti eddembe lyonna lyagattibwa. Wadde nga okugawulibwa kw'amateeka era n'ennukko endala enkulu tekuyinza kusinzibwa, kuwagira kukkirizibwa kwa ddembe ery'okubeera obwama (Griswold v. Connecticut, 1965) n'obuyinza bw'okufumbirwa (Obergefell v. Hoges, 2015). Ekiragiro kitujjukiza nti, amateeka tegakkiriza kutuukirizibwa kw'ensonga zonna ezizingirwamu; kisobozesa abantu okufuna obukuumi.
Omuteeso gwa X: Kitundu ky’Obukungu n’Ettutumu
Ekitongole eky'ekkumi ekiweredde ku masaza (oba eri abantu) amatwale gonna agatasigirwa gavumenti y'ensi eyo mu mateeka, oba agawera gavumenti. Kino kye musingi gwa Amereka era kikugira obuyinza obwa Amereka era ne kikakasa nti gavumenti zisobola okusigaza obufuzi bwazo okufuga ng'enjigiriza, okugoolera eby'amateeka, n'okukwata amateeka. United States v. Lopez (1995]), kkooti yakuba amateeka agawera okuwera okuwera emikono gy'ebigibwa okumpi ne bissomero, era n'eba nga tesobola kuyisa mu ngeri y'okuteekawo amaanyi g'eby'eby'obufuzi. [FLT:]
Okukomyawo: Okukwata amateeka agakwata ku ddembe nga gakozesebwa mu Amerika
Mu kusooka, Bill of Rights yakwata ku gavumenti y'ensi eyo yokka. Kkooti enkulu eyatuula mu Barron v. Baltimore mu 1833) gavumenti nti tezaakwatibwa olw'enkyukakyuka zino. Ekiwandiiko kyakyuka oluvannyuma lw'olutalo olw'okumanyibwa kw'Entegeka ya Kitundu kya Ninazillas, oluzingiramu okulongoosebwa kwa Kkaasa. Enkola ya Claus enkola ekuuma “enkola oba okugobeesa obwa U.S. Okutandikira ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa ekyasooka mu kyasa ekya 20, olusenyirivu, olusinga obungi mu nteekateeka ezikwata ku ddembe eri wakati w'ekikumi kya 1450. Leero, obukuutivugibwa mu ngeri y'okukuumamu, okukuuma enjola eby'obuteenkanya embeera y'obutebenkenkenyi mu ggwanga. Kko, Kko, Kkolunaana, era ne mu ngeri y'okuyingiza mu ngeri ey'okutegeka ey'okutegeka ego, ey'ego, ey'enkola mu ngeri ey'enkola mu
Okuyigiriza Ebiwandiiko eby’Eddembe: Essomero
Abasomesa, okusobola okuleetera Bill of Rights obulamu okuddiriŋŋana tekikoma ku kusengeka nkalala. Bayizi bakoleezanga nnyo empaka ez'eby'ebyafaayo wakati wa bannabyabufuzi abatwala obukwasifu ne abawaawulibwawo abawaayitiddwa aba Disederal. Mukozese enkola ez'okukwata ku kkooti enkulu okulaba engeri eddembe gye liyinza okutangiriramu ebigendererwa by'okuvuganya. Mukubirize munnamateeka ow'omu kitundu oba omulamu okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku makulu aga ddala. Okukubiriza abayizi okuzuula amawulire agakwata ku mateeka agakwata ku mateeka, gamba nga wa ddembe eri mu ttendekero lya koo, akamera oba empaka z'abasaze. Ekiragiro kya kompyuta kitongole ekitegeka amateeka okuva ku Kitebe kya 'FLGURC' ne [[FFOL:] Projective] Projective''ethissss of Resolutions promotions promotionss of promoutions promoumes promoutions of pro
Olugero: Ekifo eky’Olubeerera eky’Eddembe ly’Eddembe ly’Obuntu
Kiteeberezebwa nti okusobola okukuuma eddembe ly'abantu mu museum, tulina okuba abeetegereza ebintu ebiba bigonjooddwa mu Amerika. Okutandikira ku butaka obukwata ku disitulikiti ne ku kifo eky'okwesamba ebiba bizingirwa ku mikutu gya kompyuta, n'okukyusaamu ku kkumi, ebyo ebiba bitegekeddwa biwa enteekateeka ey'okukuuma omuntu yenna okuwa gavumenti ekitiibwa. Kyokka, ebiwandiiko bya 'Lll of Rights' kirimu eddembe erya n'ekugikuuma. Bw'omanya obusobozi bwo, jjukira nti buli mulembe gulina okumeeyisa mu ngeri eyo n'okussa mu nkola. Ekiwandiiko ekya Bill of Rights Rights kisangibwa bulungi, era emisingi gyayo gisigala nga gikulumya obugukulembedde okuka. Mu kumanya obusobozi bwo, owagira ekisuubizo kya Americangesaawo.