Ekiragiro kino kiyinza okukitegeera nti kikulu nnyo okutegeera enjawukana eriwo wakati w'okuwozesebwa kw'omukungu n'okuwozesebwa kw'amateeka. Wadde nga zombi zizingiramu omulamuzi, obuvunaanyizibwa, n'ebiruubirirwa eby'oku ludda olumu, ebiruubirirwa, enkola, n'emitawaana ebirina okugobererwa bya njawulo. Empandika eno esobozesa omuntu okuyita mu ngeri ez'enjawulo nga yeetaasaamu ensonga, era ng'asinziira ku nkola zaazo zombi, era n'ebyo ebiyinza okuvaamu. Empamyamyamyamya y'ebiteebiwandiiko kino esobozesa omuntu okuyita mu ngeri ez'enjawulo ez'okusala omusango, nga biyitira mu nkola y'okusala emisango gy'omu Amereka era nga bikusobozesa okufuna okumanya okutambula mu ngeri ezo nga yeesigaliddemu.

Enjawulo: Obutakkaanya obw’Emmatwalo n’obukyamu Obwamaddala

Enjawulo esooka era enkulu ennyo eri mu kuleetawo ensonga n'ensonga. Olukiiko olw'omusango [ lwe lureeta ku bantu kinnoomu oba ekibiina (omuwawaayiriza) ng'ekirala eky'okumenya etteeka eritegeeza omusango. Obuzibu obwo butwalibwa ng'obumenyi bw'amateeka obufuga, ng'ebikolwa by'abamenyi b'amateeka ebitabangula emirembe n'obutebenkevu. Gavumenti esobola okubonereza ekibi, okukomya obumenyi bw'amateeka, n'okutereeza ebyabulumba, n'okunyaanoona abantu.

Okwawukana ku ekyo, okuwozesebwa kwe kuwakana okw'omu mateeka okuva ku kibiina ekikye (omuwayirizibwa). Omuwawaabibwa okukiwawawawawawawa nti aleme okutuukiriza omulimu gwe mu mateeka, ng'akosa oba okufiirwa. Ekiruubirirwa si kubonereza, naye kugonjoola buzibu n'okusasula ekitongole ekibali ku bwa nnannyini. Emirimu giyinza okuva mu ndagaano, oba mu migatte, oba mu ngeri gye tukolaganamu n'abantu. Ebyokulabirako ebi bulijjo bizingiramu okufiirwa endagaano, okufiirwa ebiva mu bubenje, obutuufu bw'emmotoka, obutuufu, n'okusasula ebisalebi.

Ekikolwa ekimu kiyinza okuviirako omumenyi w'amateeka n'okuwozesebwa mu mateeka. Omusango gwa O.J. Simpson kyakulabirako kya maanyi nnyo. Yaggibwako omusango gwe olw'okutta omuntu naye oluvannyuma n'asangibwa ng'asalirwa omusango olw'okufa mu bukyamu. Kino kiraga bulungi ebigendererwa n'obukakafu ebikolebwa: amateeka gaanoonya okubonereza n'okukomya, ate nga n'amateeka ga gavumenti ganoonya okusasula oyo abatemu kufa.

Okulamulwa mu Kkomera: Okunoonya Obusobozi n’Okuweebwa Obulagirizi

Emisango giba gya ssente, wadde nga ebiragiro by’omu kkooti era biyinza okulagira abantu okubaako kye bakolawo oba okwewala okukola ekintu kyonna ekiba kikoleddwa.

Ebifo Bye Baaluubirira Okutuukako

  • [[AK'AKA] Plaintiff: Aba awulira nti waliwo ekisobeddwa era n'atandikawo omusango. Ekiruubirirwa kyabwe ekikulu kwe kufuna eddagala, nga batera kufuna ebisago eby'okusasula olw'okufiirwa oba ekiragiro eky'okukomya omuwawaabi.
  • [[Act:0][ Kigambibwa nti kye kyaviirako akabi. Ekigendererwa kyabwe kwe kwewala okusasula oba okukendeeza ku ebyo bye baba bafiiriddwa.

Obukakafu: Obukakafu Bukwata ku Bukakafu

Mu kulamula ku nsonga z'omukungu wa gavumenti, omulamuzi alina okukakala nti omusango gulina okukolebwako nga alaga nti omuwawaabi ono alina okuba ng'avunaanyizibwa ku nsonga nga . Kino kitegeeza nti abalamuzi bateekwa okuba nga bamativu nti "kusingako n'okutuuka ku 50%, obujulizi buteekwa okuba nga buvunaanyizibwa ku kabi. Bw'okubanga omuwaabi atunudde ku musalako, omuwansi yekka y'etaaga okuguwawuliriza katono okuwangula. Kino kiraga bulungi nti ekiva mu nfuna ssente tekkereza. Okuyingira mu mu mu mutindo guno, ekiteeyitibwa mu k'empala eyo mu k'ekibiina kya Corlson'[3]

Ebisinziirwako mu Kuwozesebwa kw’Omukungu wa gavumenti

Okuwozesa ensonga kwatandika bulungi okuva ku kunoonyereza okutuukira ddala ku kusalawo okwasembayo.

  • Olukalala lutandika mu buwagizi singa fayiro eziba [FULT:1] zitandika complant [ ne luwereza mu kkooti era ne luwereza omuwayitidwa. okwemulugunya kulaga enkomera ez'omu mateeka n'obujjanjabi obuzze bufunibwa. Omuwaabi addamu nga awayingizibwa ,[FLT], okukkiriza oba okugaana ebiwayirizo, era ayinza okutaasa fayiro ku lukalala lw'abawandise.
  • [[NKUMBO:0] Enkola eno etegeeza: Kino kye kintu ekisingayo okuba ekiwanvu era nga kya bbeeyi. Buli mulundi, obuwagizi n'obujulizi ebikwata ku ludda olulala. Ekiruubirirwa kwe kumalawo ebyewuunyisa nga bagezaako okuleetawo ebisalo. Eby'okuvumbula bizingiramu:
      [FLT]
    • Ebiwandiiko:'ebibuuzo ebiwandikiddwa ebiteekwa okuddibwamu nga biweereddwa.
    • [[AKIT:0] Obujulizi:[[[AKIT:1] Obujulizi obw'olukumbo obuweereddwa ekirayiro, obwali buwandiikiddwa munnamawulire mu kkooti, bannamateeka gye bayinza okubuuza obujulizi n'ebipande.
    • [[AK'AMUTANDIKA]] CreateDGES EKY'OKUTUNGA:[[[AK'AMUTANDIKA]] Ebiwandiiko, empee za, ebifa ku bifa ku bifaananyi, n'obujulizi obulala bwe biwandike.
    • [[Act:0] Ebitegeeza Empandika ez'okugaana omulimu:[[OLW'OKUMALIRA] Ebiwandiiko nti omuntu omulala ateekwa okukkiriza oba okugaana ebirala okuwereza ensonga eziba zikontana.
  • [[NKUMBO:0] Empeera n'obudde:[[Akabonero:1] nga tegannawozesebwa, bannamateeka bayinza okukomyawo fayiro mu ngeri gye bakireetera oba okusangamu obuwandise. Enkola eyo y'emu [ Kino kitegeeza nti omusango gulina kuwerezebwa mu bufunze[, awayinza obutakkirizibwa abawaabirwa nti ebizuuliddwa we bibeererawo, era nti tekyetaagisa kuwereza musango.
  • [[Act:0]] :[[AK'AWULA] [[KIKKULA] [[KITANDIKI:2][[FULT:3]] Kino kitegeka nti ekiragiro kiteekwa okulonda olukalala ([Olusinga okudi): Atnoney okuva ku njuyi zombi zisobola okubuuza obusosokero obw'okusalako enjereere n'okulonda kasokkula y'etteeka.
  • [[Act:0] Ebivvuunulo ebikwakula biwandikidwa:[ Ku ludda lwokka awalaga obujulizi bwe bateekateeka okuwa. Empandika eya cottiff esooka.
  • [[Akawayiro:0]] Akasonga mu ngeri y'emu:[[[FUT:1]] Akawyiro koleka obujulizi (obujulizi, ebiwandiiko, obujulizi obukugu). Empandika era n'empandika y'okwerinda buli omu esobola okuwa obujulirwa obw'ekika kya Axamine. Era buli mujulizi ategeezebwa ku nsonga.
  • [[NKULULA] [[Akawayiro] Attoney] Bawumbawumbako obutuufu n'ensonga lwaki abalamuzi basaanidde okuzuula bye baagala.
  • Eract and Suclaration: 'K' kisalawo mu bugenderevu era ne kiddiza olukusa olwa projekiti oba omuwayiti. Singa olukusa luwangula, olukusa lukkirizibwa okuteeka mu mitendera egyasalibwa. Post-triat, ekiwandikiro kiyinza okuleetera omutemwa ogw'okuyisa mu fayiro mu kunoonyereza okuppya oba okusawo akasaze.

    • Engeri Ezitera Okubaawo ng’Abatuuze Batuvunaana

    Amateeka ga bantu kitwaliramu obutakkaanya obw'amaanyi. Mu bitundu ebi bulijjo mulimu amateeka agatuutibwa nga (negligen, ebiva mu biwandiiko, okusiiga empalana), [] amateeka amakwakwa okutaasa, [ [[FLT:]]] amateeka amatuufu [[FLT:]]] [ateeka ebibirango oba ebizingirwamu, ['ayinza okuteeka ku nsi oba ku bintu], ne amateeka ag'omu maka [ [ekigo, ekigobonobono oba ekigobeeyambiddwa omwana]. Ebisinga ebiteetabo (ADR]) ebiyinza okubaamu ebiteeyinja ebinene n'ebyo ebiyinza okusaasabibwa obunene n'okugibwa obusinga obungi.

    Okuwozesa Obumenyi bw’Amateeka: Empisa z'Eggwanga olw'Obwenkanya n'Okuvunaanibwa

    Okuwozesebwa kw'omumenyi w'amateeka kukolebwa okusobola okukakasa obanga omuwawaabirwa akoze omusango, era bwe kiba bwe kityo, ekibonerezo kino kireetebwa ku muntu omu amaanyi amangi ennyo, ne kiviirako okukaluubirirwa okusobola okukuumibwa mu mateeka ga Amerika.

    Obutujju n’Empeke Zaabwo

    • [[NKULA]] Okukkusa: Kino kikiikirira gavumenti (masaza oba gavumenti, oba munnamateeka ow'omu kitundu). Omuwaabi wa gavumenti omulimu si kwewandiisa bukaka bukkiriza bukkiriza naye era n'okunoonya obwenkanya. Basalawo ddi lwe bayinza okuyingiza ensonga mu fayiro oba okuba n'obumanyirivu mu kukubaganya ebirowoozo.
    • Ekiragiro kiwa omuwaabirwa, atwalibwa ng'atalina musango okutuusa ng'avunaanibwa. Emiggo gisobola okubaamu okufiirwa eddembe, amasasi, n'obuzzi bw'omumenyi w'amateeka obw'enkalakkalira. Ekiragiro kiwa omuwawaabi obugumu obuwerako n'obuyinza eri munnamateeka obutabaako ky'asalawo. Omuwaabi wa ddembe okusirika oba okuwozesebwa amangu. Singa omuwaabi tasobola kusasula muwaabi, ateekwa okuteebwa gavumenti.

    Omugugu Oguwa Obukakafu: Awatali Kubuusabuusa

    Guno gwe mutindo ogusingayo obunene ogw'obujulizi mu ntegeka y'Amerika. Okuwozesebwa kuteekwa okulaga buli nsonga yonna mu mateeka okutuuka ku kigero nga tewali kubuusabuusa kutuufu [ mu birowoozo bya mulamuzi omutegeevu. Kino tekitegeeza nti "bukakafu," naye kiba kitegeeza nti obujulizi bumatiza nti omuntu omutegeevu asobola okuba omukakafu mu kusalawo ku muwaabi. Bwe kiba nti ensonga ezikwata ku muwaabi ziteekwa okubuusabuusa nti tazza musango. Omuwaabi ono ateekwa okuzuula nti tazza musango.

    Olugero lw’Omumenyi w’Amateeka

    Emirimu egikola obumenyi bw'amateeka gizingiramu emitendera egy'amaanyi egitali gimu egyawukana ku misango egikolebwa abakungu ba gavumenti.

    • [[AGUMENTI]] Arrout and Farse:[[FULT:1] Oluvannyuma lw'okukwatibwa, omuwawaabi atwalibwa mu maaso g'omulamuzi okumulabirira. Omulamuzi ategeeza omuwayirizibwa olw'ensonga, abawa amagezi ku ddembe lyabwe, era ateekawo ekiwandiiko ekibavunaanibwa.
    • Prelinational Living / Grand Jury:[ Okusasulira omusango oba tewakolebwawo, okusawo olukusa oba lutandika lukolebwa okuzuula oba waliwo [ olukalala lw'abatuuze, olw'ensonga eziyinza okutakkirizibwa[ okukkiriza omuwayitirwa omusango. Oba, [[[FLT:]] olukumbo olw'empandika] (ekibinja eky'abatuuze]) kisobola okuwulira obujulizi okuva mu bamenyi b'amateeka era ne mu mpalo.
    • [[Act:0] Azza omusango:[ Omuwayirwa asoma mu bufunze ebyamuvunaanibwa era n'asabibwa okuyingira mu kwegayirira. Okusabibwa kuzingiramu okuzza omusango, so si zza omusango, oba okuyimirira nga si mumwasi (ekiviirako okwewolereza okw'obutazza musango).
    • [[NKULA:0] Dquafiry ne Plea Barganing: Empandika zombi ziwa obujulizi. Omuwaabi alina omulimu gwa mateeka okuwa obujulizi bwonna obulaga nti omuwayirwa ayagadde (obujulizi obusinga obungi). Abamenyi b'amateeka (abasukka mu 90%) baasalibwawo era ne bateesa okukkirizisa [[], awaba nga omukosezza omusango akkiriza okuvunaanibwa obutonotono okuvunaanibwa oba okukkulibwa ekibonerezo ekikendedde olw'okusasula ekibonerezo ekyabwegattiddwa olw'okuwo.
    • [[AK'OMUTANDIKA:0] Empewo-ya 'PWULT' eriko kye zikolawo'.[[[KITONGO] 'ekikolebwako' kireetawo obuzibu obw'amaanyi obw'okukwekereza[, obuwagizi we bulaga nti obujulizi bwateeberezebwa bukkirizibwa (g., nga banoonya oba okububuuza ebibuuzo mu ngeri emenya amateeka) era nga wateekwa okusalibwawo nga tewali kugezesa.
    • [[AWULA:0]] :[[AGUMENTI:1] [[KIKKULA] [[KITABO:3]] Kino kitegeka nti ekiragiro kiteekwa okulonda olukalala. Okuwozesebwa n'okusekererwa olukuuti. Omuwayiriza alina obuyinza obw'okuwozesebwa ku musango ogw'amaanyi.
    • [[AGUMENTI:0] Ebitundu ebibuukabuuka:[[AluTA]Sstiki zisooka kuyisibwa nga zilaga olukusa lwabwe lwenkanankana.
    • [[NKULA]] Case-in-Chief:[ Olububonero luwa obujulizi. Okulwanirira okw'ekika kya nukuta kusobola okuwa obujulizi oba okuwa obujulizi bwonna (obukulembezo obwa FINCUT. Bwe bubaako obuwagizi, kiba kyetaagisa okusalako embalimba oba okuwa obujulizi ku buwagizi.
    • [[Akabonero:0] Ennyiriri zombi ziggula obujulizi obulaga nti olukiiko olukola ku misango olukola ku nkiiko z'abalamuzi.
    • [[Akabonero:0] Obulagirizi obufuga amateeka:[[Akakiiko:1] Akalamuzi katendeka abalamuzi okuyisa etteeka eririna okukozesebwa ku nsonga eziteekwa okukolebwa.
    • [[Act:0] Ekiragiro kino kisalawo nga bannannyini lukiiko olukulu olw'okusala emisango mu kyama. Mu bitundu ebisinga, ekibonerezo kya balamuzi mu kyama kisaanidde okusalirwa omusango mu ngeri emu oba endala. Bwe kitakkirizibwa, kiba "balamuzi mu budde obw'ekika kya nkalakkalira" ate abajulizi bayinza okusalawo okugezaako okunnyonnyola ensonga.
  • [[NKULULA]: Singa omuwawawa asangibwa nga mu musango, okusalira omusango okw'enjawulo kukwatibwa. Omulamuzi alowooza ku bulabe bw'omusango, ebyafaayo by'omumenyi w'amateeka, n'empagi z'abo abawandiikiddwa okusobola okumanya ekibonerezo (ekikomera, ekigo, eky'okuteebwa, eky'enfissi, eky'obuweereza).
  • [[Act:0] Appal:[[[FULT:1] Era tekisobose okusalirawo omusango ogutali gumenyedwa mu mateeka, eky'ekiwayirwa tekisobola kusalirawo muntu musango.

    • Ebintu Ebiyinza Okukulemesa Okuba n’Embeera Ennungi

    Wadde ng’empandika ezo zombi zikubiriza obwenkanya, emisingi gyazo n'ebiri ku nkola zaazo bya njawulo.

    Ebivaamu

    Olulimi olukozesebwa mu nkola emu ey'ekika kya njawulo. Omuwawayirwa asangibwa [ nga y'atayinza kubonerezebwa oba nga teyetongodde[. Omumenyi w'amateeka, omuwawawawa asangibwa [[[[FLT:]] nga muwayiti oba [[FLT:]] tazza omusango. .] Omuwawawawawawawaabi [[FLT:]] azulibwa omuwayirwa, ate ng'omuwayiriza [[FLT:][FLT][FLT][FFFUL]][FFF:]] [FF]]]] [FF:]]] [FLT]] oba [[5]]] [ose]

    Eddembe ly’Okusula mu Kafaananyi

    Kino ky'enjawulo. Mu kulamula okw'abamenyi b'amateeka okw'omukaaga, olukalala olw'ebbeeyi luwa obudde okuwabula abo abawayidwa, era singa omuwawaabirwa tasobola kusasula muwaabi, omuntu ateekwa okubawa (omuwoze eri abantu bonna). Mu kulamula kwa gavumenti, tewali buwagizi bwa gavumenti okusumulula mu mateeka. Wadde ng'olina obwa mukozi w'omuwaabi, gavumenti tesobola kuwa muntu yenna lukalala olw'ebinaava mu muntu. Bw'otwetaaga obuyambi, eby'omu mateeka biba ng'obuyambi nga .GOKA kisobola okuyamba mu kunoonya etterekero eri mu mateeka.

    Okukuuma Amateeka

    Abawaabirwa bakuumibwa eddembe ery'amaanyi eritakola mu nsonga z'omu mateeka. Bino bizingiramu eddembe ery'okusirika obusirisi (abamenyi b'amateeka tebasobola kukuwaliriza kuwa bujulizi), obwangu obw'okuwozesebwa amangu, era n'obutuufu obw'obutaba na bujulizi buleme okuteekebwa mu nkola emenya amateeka.

    Ekifo eky’Enjawulo Ekkulu Amakolero ga Amakolero

    Juries alina ekifo eky'enjawulo mu nkola emu. Mu kusalira omusango, abalamuzi (kaakati abantu 12) balina okusalawo obanga bawabulibwa omusango. Ekiragiro kyabwe kiteekwa okusalirwa omusango mu ngeri emu oba endala. Mu masaza gonna. Mu kusala emisango, ejulirwa ziyinza okuba ntono (abantu 6) era nga tezirina kukkirizibwa kukkaanya (ga gavumenti ezimu zikkiriza ekibonerezo ekiwerako). Enjawulo endala y'ensonga y'emu , nga kino kye kintu eky'enjawulo mu nkola y'abamenyi b'amateeka. Omuntu akulira abalamuzi ab'amaanyi tebasalirawo omusango omusango; mu kifo ky'ensonga; kiyinza okuwuliriza obujulizi okuva ku muwaabikkulizo okusalawo okuleeta ensonga mu ngeri gye kiyinza okuvunaanibwa oba okuvunaanibwa omusango omuntu ow'okusala omusango.

    [[Act:0] American Bar Association's ekiwa obulagirizi ku ngeri kooti gye zikolamu omulimu[[:1] kye kimu ku biragiro ebyamanyibwa obulungi ebiva mu nkola zino ezikolebwa abalamuzi.

    Ebigambo eby’Omu Mateeka Bikontana n’Ebyasooka

    Okutegeera olulimi olukozesebwa mu kkooti kikulu nnyo mu kussa mu nkola amateeka.

    Plaintiff
    The party who initiates a civil lawsuit.
    Defendant
    The party being sued or charged with a crime.
    Prosecution
    The government attorney who brings criminal charges against a defendant.
    Burden of Proof
    The obligation to prove one's assertions at trial. In criminal law, it is "beyond a reasonable doubt." In civil law, it is a "preponderance of the evidence."
    Discovery
    The pre-trial phase where parties exchange information and evidence.
    Deposition
    Sworn testimony taken outside of court, used to gather information for trial.
    Indictment
    A formal charge of a crime issued by a grand jury.
    Arraignment
    The court hearing where a defendant is formally charged and enters a plea.
    Verdict
    The decision made by a judge or jury at the end of a trial.
    Tort
    A civil wrong (not arising from a contract) that causes harm, such as negligence or defamation.
    Injunction
    A court order requiring a party to do or stop doing a specific action.
    Subpoena
    A legal document ordering someone to appear in court or produce evidence.

    fundikira

    Okutegeera engeri z'okusalamu emisango kisobozesa abantu okusala emisango mu mateeka ne bagituukiriza bulungi. Bw'oba oli musawo anoonyereza ku bujulizi wansi w'omutindo ogwa waggulu "Okwaŋŋanga okubuusabuusa," oba oyo anoonya ekisasula olw'obulumi, okumanya amateeka, emigugu, n'emitwalo gy'okugezesebwa kwe bisooka. Ekkubo lino lisobozesa buli musango okukolebwa mu ngeri eya njawulo. Buli muwaabikkiro okuba n'omuddusi atendekerwa mu nkola ey'okukusobozesa okufuna obulagirizi mu mateeka oba okugonjoola ebizibu ebiba biguddewo mu nsi.