Enteekateeka y’Okusumulula Empisa z’Abatuuze

Constitution, naddala okuyitira mu Lukiiko lw'Eddembe ly'Eddembe n'Oluvannyuma lw'ekkumi n'ena, eteeka enteekateeka ez'okufuga eddembe ly'abantu. Olutabaaganya olwasooka lukuuma eddembe ly'okwogera, ery'eddiini, ery'okukuba empapula, ery'okukuba empapula, n'ebeegayirira.

Eddembe ly'abantu lyayawukanira ku ddembe ly'abantu: eddembe likuumibwa ne gavumenti teriyingira, ate eddembe ly'abantu liba lirina okukolebwako okusobola okuyisibwa mu ngeri y'emu. ebibinja byombi byajjawo okuyitira mu nnyinyonnyola y'emisango, amateeka, n'enkola z'abantu. Okutegeera omusingi guno kituyamba okutegeera ensonga lwaki ensonga ezoogeddwako wammanga zirina omugaso mu mateeka ga Amerika.

Ebizibu Ebyakyusa E ddembe ly’Abantu b’omu Amerika

Buli tteeka eryali likwata ku nsonga ezikwata ku ddembe ly’abantu lirina okugonjoolwa, era nga buli gavumenti essaawo emitindo egikwata ku busambattuko bw’amateeka.

Schenck v. United States (1919)

Mu kiseera kya Ssematalo I, Charles Schenkck yasaasaanya obupapula obukubiriza okugaana abalwanyi okuyingizibwa mu magye, ekyaviirako okusalirwa omusango wansi w'omutemwa gwa 1917. Kkooti enkulu, nga buli emu ekkiriziganya ne omulamumu Omulamuzi Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr, yawagira obujulizi era n'ateekawo obwalimu akabi ak'okugezesa. Holmes yannyonnyola nti ebigambo biyinza okuwerebwako obulabe singa biteeka obulamu bw'eggwanga oba enteekateeka ya bantu, naye nga tegaamanyi bulungi nti okuyogerera mu kya omuliro mu kifo ekibunyigibwamu abantu tekukuumibwa. Omusango guno gusigala nga gukyayinza okumanyibwawo olukalala olw'ensonga ez'eddembe ez'eggwanga. Oluvannyuma, nga Vhoweliyo (1969), gwalongoosebwa omusingi guno ogwamenyebwa mu ngeri ey'eby’amateeka ebimenyeddwawoosebwa mu kifo ekya waggulu, naye Schenckck atandikawo ekituufu tekikkiriziddwa.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Oboolyawo omusango gw'eddembe ly'abantu ogukyasinze okumanyibwa mu byafaayo bya Amerika, Brown v. Boodi ey'Enjigiriza yakuba olukunkumuli lw'eggwanga mu masomero ga gavumenti. Kkooti enkulu yawamu endowooza nti ebifo eby'obuyigirize tebirina kutuuka ku Mukutu gwa 144 ow'emperamentation. Ekiragiro kino kyaguyiikiriza ekiragiro kino "Escatential naye nga kyenkana" enjigiriza eyatandikibwawo mu Plessy v. Ferguson (1866). Omukulembeze w'amateeka Earl Warren yagamba nti okuteeka mu nnukuta ey'abaana mu wansi endowooza nti "ek'okukubiriza omwana okuyiga.". Catalyzzz yakyusiza mu n'empala enkambi z'enkola y'eby'omulembeddewo mu by'obuyigirize. Brown alaga engeri ennyinnyonnyola ennyimba z'amateeka gye ziyinza okuleetawo enkyukakyuka mu n'enkola.

Miranda n’ekitundu Arizona (1966)

Ernesto Miranda yakwatibwa olw'okuwamba abantu n'okukwata, era oluvannyuma lw'essaawa bbiri nga bamubuuza ebibuuzo, yassa omukono ku kwenenya nga tategeezebwa nti alina obuyinza okusirika oba nti alina obuyinza okusirika. Kkooti enkulu, mu kusalawo okutaano mu 4, yasala omusango nti okubuulirirwa kw'omusango kyetaagisa okukakasibwa okusobola okumanyisa omukungu nti oluwerezebwa olw'enkwaso okutongodde olukunkumuli olwasooka okusobola okumenya amateeka aleme okuteebwa era nti omukunguba tayinza kusasula munnamateeka. Omusango guno gulina okuzza obusonga ku nkola enkola ya poliisi era n'ensonga y'empakagootaanya gavumenti bwe zibaamu okugoba abantu.

Wade (1973)

Omusango guno gwamanyibwa nga gulina tteeka lya ntegeka y'enkola eya kika kya nvuma okusobozesa omukazi okusalawo okukomya olubuto. Kkooti enkulu, mu kusalawo okw' 7-2, yagamba nti, SCHER Sceeve Processource Claus of the 1450th Ame Ame Amerekazment (Ekiwandiiko kya KMmeric'ekirwawo) kikuuma omukyala wadde nga obuvunaanyizibwa obwo si obwa nnamba era nga bulina okutambuza ebiruubirirwa bya gavumenti ku bulamu bwa maama. Omulamuzi Harry Blackmunun, yateekawo ekimu ku nsonga ezikyasinze: mu kiseera eky'okusalako, temutemutemutemuko, ebiyinza kukugira okuggyamuggyamu embuto ez'olutalo; mu kiseera eky'okubiri, ne bwe kiba nga bakuuma obulamu bw'ekimu. Era, mu kiseera eky'okusatu, bayinza okuggyawo oba okuggyamuggyamu enziromenti zamu. Rode yateekawo ekimu ku ku ku nsonga ezisinga okusokoomasa mu byafaayo eby'amateeka eby'amateeka.

Amerika v. Nixon (1974)

Mu kiseera kya kaweefube ono, Pulezidenti Richard Nixon yawa olukalala lw'ebyuma ebikuba tepidiyo era n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa omuwaabi w'amateeka ow'enjawulo Leon Jaworski. Kkooti enkulu yawamu olukunkumuli olumu ne yeegaana nti Prezidenti alina okukolagana ne pulezidenti wa gavumenti. Kkooti y'omukulu yawayira ddala okukaka obulango obwa nnannyini obwa Prezidenti era n'okugaanira ddala enkimukkiriza. Omulamuzi omukulu War Burger yawandiika nti, wadde enjigiriza ey'okwawula ab'obuyinza ku gavumenti oba ebiwandiiko eby'amasimu tesobola kutuukiriza buvunaanyizibwa bwa gavumenti. Ekyo kyagobererwa Nixon okufulumya tekko obutongole b'amateeka era n'okuteekawo ekiwandiiko eby'obuyinza mu mateeka.

Wainwright (1963)

Clarence Gideon yavunaanibwa okumenya ekisenge mu Florida. Nga tasobola kusasula munnamateeka, yasaba kooti emu emu emu emu emu emu okutongozebwa, naye etteeka lya gavumenti lyawa obuwi amagezi ku nsonga z'ekibonerezo. Gidyoni yeekobaaza era n'asalirwa omusango. Kkooti enkulu yasazesezza buwagizi. Kkooti enkulu yawa buwagizi nti eddembe ery'okuwabula ekiragiro lyago mu mawanga aga 140. Omulamuzi Hugo Black yawandiika nti "abbeedentir mu kkooti z'abamenyi b'amateeka geetaagisa, so si buwayi." Gidyodiyo yasaba okuwa bannamateeka abawaabisigibwa mu buli nsonga zonna ezivunaanibwa, oluvannyuma kyeyongera okuba eddembe erina obuvunaanyizibwa mu masaza agasobola okusibibwa mu Argerer v. Hamlin'ak'ensonga zino zaakyusa amateeka era ne zikoozesebwawo mu kkooti z'amateeka.

Des Moines Independent School Community (1999) Disitulikiti y’omu Disitulikiti y'omu Kitundu (1969)

Mu Ddesemba 1965, abayizi basatu, John Tinker, Mary Beth Tinker, ne Christopher Eckhardt, baayimiriza Vietnam War. Abakungu b'essomero baabawambako nga babajjuuuza. Kkooti Esingirayo ddala yasalako eky'okutongoza. Mu kusalawo 7-2, abaana obutakkiriza bayizi ‘ ddembe lyabwe ery'enkukkiriza eddembe lyabwe ery'enzikiriza okwogera oba okwogera mu ssimu ku mulyango gwa ssessomero. ’ Kkooti eyo yatwala nti enkobaani kyali ennukuta ekuumibwa Omutemeseesi gw'okufuga, era nti abakungu b'essomero tebayinza kukugira bigambo okuggyako nga bannaawerezebwa mu by'enjigiriza. Tuker yakakasa nti omuyizi afuna obukuumi obw'enkalakkalira w'amateeka wadde nga ku lukiiko lw'esomero (1988) olw'olupapula lw'olupapula olw'olupapula olw'empulosaze olw'enkusulo olugo.

Endowooza Ennene Ekwata ku Misango gino ku Bantu b’Omu Amerika

Ebiva mu kulabula kw'ebiragiro bino bikola kinene nnyo okusinga obukakafu obw'enkunamba. Esooka, bataddewo engeri ez'enjawulo ezikuuma abantu nga bakolagana n'amateeka, okuva ku kulabula Miranda okusobola okuwabulwa. Ekyokubiri, bannyonnyodde ebiruubirirwa eby'okuteeka mu mateeka nga bagoberera ekkomo eriko ekkomo erikwata ku ddembe ery'okwetongoza eddembe ery'okwesalirawo, nga bagoberera ekkomo erikkirizibwa mu mateeka ageetongodde, nga bagoberera ekkomo ly'obukuumibwa mu ggwanga ne mu ngeri y'obulabirizi. Ekyokusatu, bataddewo n'obusobozi bw'okwenkanya obwa nnamaddala obw'okwemalirira mu mateeka, naddala mu kusalawo okw'okuzaala, nga n'enkola y'abo abagenda mu n'obukkebereberye. Oseera, banywezesezza emisingi egy'okukebera obwenkanya mu mateeka mu mateeka.

Obubonero buno era bulaga nti ennyinnyonnyola ya gconstrvel ya drust yakyukako oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera nga kkooti enkulu ekutte ku nkyukakyuka mu by'amateeka, mu by'amateeka, ne mu kukyusa endowooza z'obufirosoofo. Obubonero obwava ku Schenck bulaga nti mu Brandenburg v. Ohio, okwoleka omutindo gwa ngeri endala ey'okwerinda abantu. Mu ngeri y'emu, enkola egobererwa mu Roe yasolwa olw'obukakanyavu, ekyaviirako ekiteesooso mu ttendekero lya Planned, okusobola okutuuka ku mutindo gwa Clanneckedry v. Casey Brease ne kyewamu ku Dobbs. Endowooza eno eraga nti eddembe ly'ofuga olulimi teri wakati w'amasaza ga gavumenti.

Okufuuka Eddembe ly’Obwannamunigina

Enkaayana ezikwata ku ddembe ly'abantu zitera okusibuka ku tekinologiya, obutebenkevu mu nsi, ne ku mikutu gya nnono. Ebibuuzo nga gavumenti bwe ziba tezikuuma mateeka ga gavumenti nga zigoberera enkola ya Patriot Act, okukoppolola n'obusobozi bwa buli muntu kinnoomu, era n'okuteeka mu nkola enzivuunula z'olukalala olukozesebwa ku Intaneeti, byonna biba byakaluusibwa okusobola okunnyonnyola obulungi emitindo gya kompyuta.

Okugoba, n'okulonda, n'obusobozi bw'okulonda, n'obw'okulingana LGBTQ era bikyakola mu nsonga z'okusalirako abantu omusango. Kkooti enkulu yasaze mu Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) mu bufumbo obw'obukaba bwakkirizibwa mu mateeka, so nga Bostockvvv. Clayton County (202020) obusosokerwako obusokerwa ku mirimu ne LGBTQ+ abakozi. Ekireetera ebbeesaze obwa nnalaze ku ddembe nga Shelby County v. Raker (203) ne Brnoch w'akakiiko akafuzi akafuzi akafuzi ka National National (2021) bweyongera okukakasa nti enkola ey'okumanyira n'okukuuma eddembe lya bantu ne ku buwandikiro bwonna obwa nnambawule.

Okuyigiriza Okuweebwa Eddembe mu Kibiina

Abasomesa bayigiriza eddembe ly'abantu balina okubeera n'endowooza etagudde lubege ekkaatiriza ebyafaayo n'ekifo ekibaawo mu kiseera kye kimu.

Okusooka, teekamu obuwandiike n'ebintu ebikulu ebiva ku nsonga, gamba ng'ebiwandiiko bya kkooti n'enkaayana, okuyamba abayizi okwekenneenya ensonga eziba zizzewo mu mateeka. project era ewa biwandiiko ebiwandiikiddwa ku misango mu kkooti enkulu. Ekyokubiri, kozesa ebiwandiiko oba ebiwandiiko bya kkooti nga bikubiriza abaana okugoberera emisingi gya mateeka mu mbeera empya. Ng'ekyokulabirako, abayizi bayinza okukubaganya ebirowoozo obanga essiraamu essomero ziyinza okubonerezebwa ku mikutu egigobererwa egiva ku mikutu gya bannabyo egibaliraawe, nga ziwandikiddwa ku nsonga ezibalukawo oba nga zigobererwa, era nga zikwata ku nsonga z'eby'eby’obufuzi. Ekyokusatu, kikwatagana n'okunnyonnyola engeri Carpporterna mu mateeka agatali gamu. United States eyinza okusobozesa amateeka g'okuva mu mateeka g'abantu okumanyisaamu. Ekyungi, ebitongole eby'ebyawula ebitongole eby'eby’ebyawula ebitongole eby'

[[NKULA][[NKULA] Ebitundu eby'Enjigiriza eby'Ekiwandiiko biwa etterekero ly'amaterekero n'eby'obugagga ebya Kkooti enkulu ebikkirizibwa okukozesebwa mu kibiina. olukusa olw'eby'enjigiriza olw'omu gavumenti[ luwa enzigi z'okuyigiriza n'eby'okukozesa ebiyamba okuyigiriza ebikwata ku kkooti. Ebyo bisobola okuyamba abayigiriza okuzimba ebisenge ebizingirwamu era ebikkirizibwa.

Eky'okusatu, kubiriza abayizi okukubagana ebirowoozo mu ngeri ey'ekitiibwa ku bikwata ku ddembe ly'abantu okutunda. Ng'ekyokulabirako, obuzibu obuliwo wakati w'obutebenkevu n'eddembe ly'okwogera, oba obutebenkevu mu ggwanga oba nga tewali muntu kinnoomu, tebuyinza kuddibwamu mu ngeri yangu. Olw'okuba n'ebintu bino ebiba bizitowa, abayizi bayiga kutegeera bulungi era ne bategeera bulungi enkola ya demokulase. Okutegeera ebbeeyi y'amateeka ga Amerika si kye kintu ekikulu ekikolebwa okusobola okubeera omutuuze.

fundikira

Emisango gya Brown okugaana obuteetwaze bw'okussaawo oludda lw'omuyizi mu kitundu kino, kweyoleka obukulu bw'olugendo olw'okunnyonnyola n'okukuuma eddembe ly'abantu mu Amerika. Okuva ku kukebera kwa Schenc' akabi n'okukuleeta obujjanjabi eri Gideon, okuva ku Brown'okugaana obuteetwa ku kibiina ky'omuyizi okwogera, buli ku kusalawo ku kuleetawo entegeka y'amateeka esobozesa eddembe ly'omuntu n'ab'ab'obuyinza mu Amerika. Obubonero buno butujjukiza nti eddembe erya k'omu mateeka lirina okutawanguyisibwa okutawawa buwanya, okukyusiza ddala ebiwandikiro, n'eby'eby'obufuzi ebiva mu n'okukyusa kwa tekinologiya, n'okukyusa kw'amateeka bijja kweyongera okusobozesa okukulembera ebitongole ebitongole ebitongole bya Amereka.

Bwe tuyigira ku bintu ebyayita, tuba tusobola bulungi okwogera ku ddembe ly’abantu nga tukakasa nti ekisuubizo ky’Amateeka tekinnaba kutuukirira.