Okusookera Ddala Kye Ki?

Enjigiriza eyo y'enjigiriza ey'enkola y'ennyinnyonnyola y'amateeka agaagala okuteeka obuyinza ku mpandiika y'amateeka nga bwe kyali kitegeerwa abo abaalonda n'okugawandiisa. Esonga enkulu eri nti amakulu g'empandiika y'amateeka gateekebwawo mu kiseera eky'okuteekawo amateeka era tesaanidde kukyusa kulongoosebwa. Abakkirizi, nga mw'otwalidde ne Justice Antonin Scalia ne mu Justice Clarence Thomas, bawakanya nti enjigiriza egamba nti enjigiriza egamba nti Oluyonaani ewandikibwe y'amateeka esobozesa abalamuzi okussaawo ensalazeeko enkola eya bulijjo, era n'okukugira abalamuzi obutazzawo amateeka gaabwe mu mateeka.

Abawakanyi bagamba nti, enkola ya sooka eyinza okuba nga nzibu nnyo, nga esobozesa okutegeera ebya luvanyuma n'okukulaakulana mu mbeera z'abantu. Bakyetegereza nti abalambuza amakulu agamu agamu ku mannya g'ebifaananyi ebyasooka era nti okutegeera "makulu" ag'olubereberye kitera okuba ekizibu oba obutasoboka. Ate era, enzigirowooza y'okusibuka mu nnyiriri ez'edda eyinza okukozesebwa ku bizibu ebiriwo mu kiseera kino. "Nga tekitera kuba nga tekinologiya ekya kompyuta, tekinologiya w'okwezannya, oba obufumbo obw'ekikulaakulaakulanyisi, endowooza eyo eyinza okuwereza ddala okutegeera obulungi amakulu agatategeerekeka. Obukalukusinze okuba eky'obuzibu naddala bwe kituuka ku ku bikwata ku ddembe ly'abakazi, abalina ekifo eky'omu mateeka ekikyuse ennyo okuva ku ntandikwa y'obutoko.

Eddembe ly’Abakazi n’Etteeka Ery’Abayudaaya

Ekiragiro ekyo bwe kyakkirizibwa mu 1788, tekirina kakwate konna ku ddembe ly'abakazi. Enkizo y'abakazi mu kiseera ekyo yafugibwanga etteeka eryali libakiikiridde, era wansi w'amateeka omukazi omufumbo yakkirizibwanga bbaawe. Abakazi tebasobola kulonda, kutwala mirimu gya gavumenti, oba kukola ku matabi mu mannya gaabwe mu mannya gaabwe agaabwe. Amateeka gaamu okutwalira awamu nga k'obusika bwa Claus ne Immunice IV (SCRIC) ne kaweema w'obukwakulizo bwa gavumenti (Acle IV, ekitongole ekya 4) Teyalina kukuuma bakazi mu nsi.

Mu kiseera ekyo, waaliwo olutalo olw'omunda era n'okutongoza amateeka agabafuga. Wadde nga mu kiseera ekyo olusooka oluvanyuma lw'amateeka okugateeka ku sistemu (1868) olukuuti amateeka lwe gaatandika okuwa abantu ba Afirika eb'ebiwandikiro kwebenkanankana. Okugaba kwa Claus Leat Leatment ne "tee tewalina gavumenti erina kussaawo muntu yenna mu buyinza bwenkanankana obutuufu obw'amateeka. Wadde nga kwalina ekigendererwa eky'okukuuma eddembe ery'okwetaba mu kusooka ery'okulwanirira eddembe ly'abasajja mu Afirika, ekigambo "person" ekitegeeza nti, mu kyasa ekiddako, Kkootikkooti ekigere ekigere ekigerekese.[5][5]

Entegeka eya Nineeve[[FL:1] (20) yakakasa abakazi okuba n'eddembe ery'okulonda, naye teryayogera ku ngeri ez'enjawulo ez'omu mateeka. Entegeka eya Entegeka Ennukuta empanvu[] [ERA], eyandiwadde ekiragiro eky'ekiragiro eky'ekika kya mateeka eky'okulingana n'abasajja n'abakazi, ekyaseeteeyeeyagirwa mu 1972 naye oluvannyuma ne kilemererwa okusobozesa okumanyibwa ng'ennamba ez'eby'amateeka. Kino kyaleka obukuumibwa Clauslee nga kikuumibwa obwa bulijjo okusobola okulwanirira eddembe ery'abakazi, nga kigoberera enkola eyasooka ey'okuyisa mu mpalo-presetting.[5]

Ekiwandiiko Eky’Obusosoze n’Ekiruubirirwa ky’Okwawula Emitindo gy’Enzikiriza: Obukyayi n’Ebizibu Ebiba Bizzeewo

Emirimu egy'okwerinda n'ogw'ekkumi n'egyeko nga teginnaba kusoma

Mu nkola ya kkomo, ekiragiro kitwalibwa nga okusinziira ku makulu gaakyo agasooka. Abakazi bwe baatandikawo, baatwalibwanga okuba wansi w'obuyinza bw'abasajja mu ngeri nnyingi. Abakozaamu enkola tebaalowoozanga nti abakazi benkana okwegatta mu bantu ab'eby'obufuzi; mazima ddala, okukozesa "he" ne "he" mu mateeka ag'edda kyali kitegeeza nti obulamu bwa bantu bonna bwali bwa basajja bokka. Abaasooka baakiri baasooka baatwalanga ensonga zino ez'ebyafaayo: amakulu g'amateeka tegagaziyizibwamu lwa kuba nti emitindo gy'abantu gikyuse.

Abanoonyereza abamu, nga bwe kyali mu Justice Scalia, baagamba nti mu kusooka kyali tekikkirizibwa kukozesa ngeri nnyingi ez'okusosolamu abantu mu by'okwetaba.

Okutaputa Obulungi n’amakulu ga "lwokujjuliriza"

Abanoonyereza ku nkyukakyuka z'ensi yonna tezirina ndowooza ntono bw'ebeera. Abeekenneenya abamu gamba nga John O. McGinnis era Michael B. Rappport[, awagira enkola ezasooka ez'okunnyonnyola amateeka agasookebwawo abafuzi ge bandibadde bakozesa. Mu nnukuta zino, ekigambo "person" mu Amereka erina amakulu agamu abantu bonna, kabeere nga babye oba benyinna bannago. Okutegeera okwasooka okw'obukuumi" kuyinza okuba nga kwagazi n'okusingako akalango mu mateeka agaamanyidde mu mateeka agaat'okukyusakyusaamu amakyusaamu agagamba obutundutundutundu.

Ate era, endowooza eyo ey'edda eyinza okukozesebwa ku kusengeka amateeka agenkanankana. nga essira lission lission-setment translations nga lissa ku makulu agali mu mpandiika ey'empandika enfunze. Abasosomi bakkirizibwa obutakkiriza "amateeka agamu okukuumibwa mu ngeri y'ekikulaalo." singa amateeka agamu gakkirizibwa ku kwegatta, omuntu ayinza okwebuuza obanga olukalala lukkirizibwa mu n'enkola y'amateeka agakkirizibwa mu mateeka. Wadde nga bakkirizza amateeka agava ku kwegatta agamu, bayinza okukitegeera nti agamu ku langi ezo ezeesigamiziddwa ku langi ziyinza okukkirizibwa. Amakulu gayinza okujjuzibwamu ne ku ku ku ekyo ekikolebwa mu ngeri ey'okwetegereza oba okusosolaamu okugattira mu by'okwetaba.[5]

Obukyamu n’Okutegeera okw’Olubereberye

[[AK'AMUTANDIKA] v. '[Act' [[Act:1] (1971] era ne Matandiro g'Enjigiriza ey'Okugatta okw'Ekiseera Kino

Mu [[NKULA:0] Ekirala '.' v. Reed, kkooti enkulu yasaze etteeka eryawa abasajja eddembe ery'okwesalirawo ku bakazi mu kuwa ebifo. Mu kuwandiika ku kkooti ey'enjawulo, Kkooti Kkooti Kkooti K'ewawawawawa". Kkooti Kyetongodde Kkooti Kkooti Kko era Kyekooti Kkulu Warren Burger yagamba nti emenya amateeka aga Tegakkiriza enkola ya Clauslement Clauslet Lease kubanga gaali "gakulu" era tegalina kakwate ku nsonga za mu mateeka. Kkooti eyo teyekasizza kukebera oba okugezesa okw'enjawulo okw'okwetaba; naye gaasalawo obukyamu ne gazuula obusingi obukyamu. Abasommereri bakko ku nsonga eno tebayinza kukkiriza kutuukiriza nsonga eyo olw'okunnyonnyola mu nkyukakyuka mu by'okutuukiriza obutuufu. Kyokka, amateeka agamu n'okuteekawo obutuufu.[FFFFFFFFFF: tegaakkkulaakkula

[[Act:0] Craig v. Boren[7] ne Intermediate SCrutiny]

Mu Craig v. Boren, kkooti yassaawo engeri gye yawulamu emitindo egikwata ku by'okwetaba, nga esaba nti giweereze "ebigendererwa bya gavumenti ebikulu" era nga kyeyoleka lwatu ku bigendererwa bya yo. Okugeza kuno tekusinziira ku bukakafu naye tekukugira kisinga kunoonyereza ku nsonga zonna ezizikwatako. Omulamuzi William Brennan, okuwandiika ku lw'abasinga obungi, teyandisinzidde ku kukomya ku nnyinyo eyo; mu kifo ky'ekyo, yeesigamya ku ku ku kukyongeza ku nsonga ezikwata ku kwegatta n'okukwata ku kkooti.

Abanoonyereza ku by'edda bagamba nti Kraig yali nkola ya kusala emisango egyabanga tegyesigamiziddwa ku makulu g'ebiwandiiko ebyasooka ebya 144th Amerekation. Justice Rehnquist yawanulira ddala, ng'akakatawayira ddala nti abateesezza enkalala z'okukyusaamu mu ngeri enzijjuvu tebayinza kukakaatika kwengera ku nkalala z'okwetaba. Singa okusinziirwako ku mateeka agendera ku ndala ez'ekikula, nga ago agafuga abo abaakola emirimu egimu ku basajja oba agakugira abakazi okukkirizibwa okuba nga bannakyewa, bwe balabika nga si bakyakola obwetwaze. Kino kiraga nti okusosoosa okw'ekikula kikolebwa mu ngeri eno ey'okwegatta ekikula.

[[Act:0] United States v. Virginia[[FLT] [1996] ne VMI Case

Virginia [[FLT][FLT'] ' mu kiseera kino, kkooti gye yatwala nti okusoomoozebwa okw'okwetaba okw'abasajja mu Virginia Arvaluty Institute kwamenya enkola eya Security Leat Leat Leat Leat [[FLT]][FLT]] kwe kwali nti, Kkooti Kkooti Kkooti y'omu Virginia gye yakkiriza enkola ey'abasajja ab'okwegatta eyawukana mu by'enjigiriza, era n'okutendeka abakazi kwakyusa mu ngeri nti VMII, okutendeka abantu abasinga obungi.

Enjigiriza eyo tewawagira kiva mu kugatta abafuzi VMI. Mu kiseera ekyo, okugattidwa kw'ebiwandiiko 14 ku mateeka ga disiturikiti kwasobozesa amasomero okukkirizibwa mu lujjudde okuggulwawo abantu bokka ate era tewali n'omu alowooza nti enkola ey'okukwata Claus ekkirizibwa tekkirizibwa mu ngeri ey'enjawulo. Omulamuzi ow'edda yandisobodde yandiba nga yawagira enkola ya VMI, ng'alaga nti enjawuluzanya ey'eby'enjigiriza yali ekkirizibwa. Kyokka, kkooti yasalawo 7-1 okusosola okw'engeri eyo tekkirizibwa mu mateeka. Okusalawo okwo kulaga enkola egoberera egoberera amateeka agakyusaamu amateeka.

Okusoomooza Okusinga mu Biwandiiko bya Kiseera Kyaffe: “Amakulu Agasooka" g’Omutemu ogw’Ekkumi n’Ennamu

Abeekenneenya abamu bagamba nti amakulu ga kakyo ak'enkola eya 14 KMP ayamba nnyo mu kukuuma abantu abalinga ababanga abakazi nga benkanankana. [[FL:0] Professing Steven G. Calabrasi gagamba nti amakulu ga mu bantu okutegeeza nti, "bannakyewa oba okugobererwa" mu kiwandiiko eky'okukyusaamu mu 145 oba entegeka, gazingiramu eddembe abakazi lye balina, ng'eri erya waggulu ku bintu byabwe n'okukola endagaano. Mu ndowooza eno, eddembe oba eddembe eririmu eririmu eririmu eririna okukikuuma abakazi. Kyokka, kkooti esinga obukulu egaana enkola eno ey'okwegatta, era n'obusobozi.

Ekirala eky'enkumbo ekyasooka kyesiiga ku makulu ga "obukuumi obwasooka" ku bw'empandika. Bannabyafaayo bakiraze nti abakola kiwandiiko ekyo baakwatibwako ka 'Kivil Rights Act eya 1866', ekyakakasa abantu bonna nti balina eddembe lye limu ery'okukola endagaano n'okusikira ebintu nga bazungu. Nga mw'otwalidde n'olulimi olugaana "amateeka oba obulombolombo" obukkiriza okukomyawo eddembe lino, okukyusizako ekiwandiiko ekyo okuggyamu ekkomo eriba liba nga mw'otwalidde n'abakazi. Wadde nga n'ennyinyonnyonnyonnyo ezo ziwa obukakafu nti abantu bonna balina eddembe lye limu ery'okutuukiriza obusika bwabwe.

Okubuusabuusa Okuli mu Bayivu mu Biseera eby’Omu Maaso

Okutaputa Obusosoze Kulemesa Abakazi Okutuukiriza Enkolagana Yabwe n’Abakazi?

Abakugu bangi mu by'amateeka bagamba nti okugatta abaami ab'ekika kya [FLT] Katharine MacKinnon era Marthal Nussbaum[ kwe kugamba nti, Amateeka ga tteeka gaagatta abazungu bonna abaamanyi obulungi abakazi n'ebibinja ebirala. Okugezaako okwegatta ku babbali okuva ku kiwandiiko ng'ekyo, bagamba nti, kiwandikiro ekitayinza kumalawo buggwengo mu Byawandiikibwa. Kubanga, ekiragiro ekikyayimirimu ekipya kyokka kye kikwata ku bakazi mu bujjuvu.

Abayivu abalala bategeera bulungi ekiba kigenda okukolebwako. Kimberlé Crenshaw bagamba nti okunoonyereza ku ngeri gye kiyinza okuleeteramu abakazi okukuuma n'okulumirizaamu bannaabwe mu ngeri ey'enjawulo. Okusinziira ku nnyiriri eziriraanyewo, enkola eyo eyinza okukozesebwa okukomya enkola ey'okusalamu obusosoze mu byafaayo ebikolebwa okugonjoola obutakkaanya ku bakazi, ku nsi mu kusooka gye kiteetaageranyizidwa okuziyiza okusoosa obusosoze mu langi n'okutuukiriza ebifaananyinyinyiyo. Mu kiseera kye kimu, enjigiriza nti Oluyonaani obwasooka busobola okukomyawo amateeka agafuga n'okuyisamu abakazi, agamenyesebwa mu mu Amerika.[FY][FF][3]

Okusookera Ddala Omuzadde Kiyinza Okutuukana n’Ebizibu Ebibaawo mu Kiseera Kino?

Abakugu abamu bawa amagezi ku ngeri "bannassaayansi abatwala amateeka okuba nga agaago" nga bagakwataganya n'enkyukakyuka ez'enjawulo. Justice Stephen Breyer, wadde nga si munnasayansi, yakomedde enkola egoberera enkola egoberera amateeka aga bulijjo etwala obukwasiddwa ekikoloboze. Era eno esobola okugattika Bannett[ Kino kiwakanya nti amakulu g'ekikongobo kya bulijjo ga kikuuma eddembe ly'ennamba zonna ez'ennono, nga mw'enkola eya bulijjo, nga mw'otwalidde n'omukazi okuba nti alina eddembe ery'okwegatta ku nsonga ezisinga obungi. Era, okusomera okw'ebiwandiiko ebituufu okw'ekkumi ebisengekebwawo, kiba kiyinza okukakasa ennyo okuteeka mu n'okusengeka mu ngeri ey'okusengeka obutuufu. Ekyokulabirako ekyo tekisinziira ku ebyo ebiva mu byafaayo bya bulijjo.

Ekifo ky’Okwetegereza n’Okusala Omuze ogw’Okusanyufu

Era n'abalamuzi abaasooka, wabaawo okukaayana ku ngeri gye babadde bagobereraamu enkola. Omulamuzi Scalia yali mwetegefu okusiguukulula okusalawo kwe yali alowooza nti kwali kusaliddwawo mu bukyamu, omwali Roe v. Wade ne [Kalunga]] era [kabona aka]. Abalamuzi bangi abaasooka (okujjuzaamu obuvunaanyizibwa obwa ddyo obwa ddyo okuggyamu embuto ez'okuggyamu embuto). Okwawukana ku ekyo, omukulu John Roberts yaggumiza obukulu bw'okutunuulira obudde nga decisss, naddala eririmu n'enjigiriza ezibadde zeesigikawo wakati w'enkola. Abalamuzi bangi mu kkooti ez'ento, baazesense mu nsonga ez'okusosolamu nga basuubira mu kyamasamasa.[Flk'omukisa ekisooseetuka][f][ft][esa] Kino kyakyusizza ekitongole ekigobereddwa mu n'ekyo ekigobereddwa mu

fundikira

Enjigiriza eyo esigala nga nfunze mu kunnyonnyola nnyinyonnyola y'amateeka era n'enkolagana yaagyo ne eddembe ly'abakazi n'ennamba nzibu. Ekiragiro ekyasooka tekirinda ddala kulingana okw'abakazi naye olulimi olw'ekkumi n'enakuna olw'okugattika olw'okusengeka ebigambo "person" ne "obukuumi" bisobola okutaputulwa mu ngeri eziwagira obwenkanya obwa buli mukazi. Agumenti y'ensonga ez'ekikulaanyi kivudde ku . Reed eri [FLT:] United States v. Kino kiraga nti Kkooti enkulu egoberera amateeka agakwata ku by'okwetaba, nga bannaakkiririzaamu.

Kyokka, enjigiriza egamba nti okutuusa bwe wabaawo enkyukakyuka mu ntandikwa teri mu nkyukakyuka. Abalamuzi abamu bagamba nti amakulu g'amateeka agasooka, gagaana obusosoze mu by'okwetaba, ate era nti kyetaagisa okwejjukanya ennyo. Abalala bagamba nti okutegeera kwalina okukkirizibwa mu sooka okusobozesa abakazi okukola emirimu egy'okusigalira ku kwegatta okuggyako nga bakyimbiddwawo n'enkyukakyuka. Ekibuuzo ekigenda mu maaso kiraga nti okutaputa amateeka tekikola ku nsonga za mateeka ga Katonda. Okuba nti okusobola okunnyonnyola tekulimu ennamba ya muyansi oba okugattibwa, era n'ekifo kya bannannyini bannakyewacuka kijja kusobozesa bannazza buteeti nga basinziira ku mateeka amalala okunnyonnyola enkola.

Ekiragiro kino kiwandikawo era ne . Ekitongole eky'eby'amateeka tekinoonesezza ngeri gye kikuumamu bantu mu ngeri y'emu, [[FLT .2][FLT]][NULT] Kino kitegeeza obungi bw'ekibalanibwa ng'ekigero eky'ekikula n'eky'okukwata ekigatta n'okukwata ku mateeka, era n'endowooza eya [[FLT]] mu [FLT:][FLT]]