Ekirango kino ekikiragira okuba eky'enjawulo ku langi, ekigatta omuntu omu bw'aba omuyanyi, era nga kye ky'ensonga lwaki abantu bassibwawo okusobola okusalawo ku nsonga z'okwetaba, gamba ng'okwetaba, okwetaba, ebyafaayo byaakyo, ennyinnyonnyola y'amateeka 14 n'obukulu bwago mu mateeka ga Amerika.

Ekiwandiiko n’Ekigendererwa ky’Oyo Akuuma Claus Kyenkanankana ne Claus

Mu mwaka gwa 1868, olukalala lwa Adrigaam (Emperamyanti) olw'enkola ya Amerika (D41) lwalaga nti tewaaliwo butali bwenkanya bwa ntegeka ya bantu bwe bwasigalawo oluvannyuma lw'okumalirizibwawo obuddu. Ekitundu 1 eky'ekigo ku kitongole ekyo kigamba: "Tewali gavumenti... terina muntu yenna mu buyinza bwayo aleme okugaana amateeka okukuumibwa nga bwe gamu." Olupapula olwo lwakolebwa okukakasa nti Abamerika abava mu Afirika abaakateebwa okufuna obukuumi ng'obwo ng'abazungu bwe balinga aba bulijjo. Wadde nga bakozesezza ebigambo "w'omutuuze yenna" mu kifo kya "w'omutuuze," ebikkiriza kkooti okugakolerako mu bibinja by'amasa.

Abakola ku Kiendeengera eky'ekkumi n'ena mu kkumi n'ekitundu kya Amereka baakitegeera nti okukomya obuddu tekiyinza kuleetawo njawukana. Ekiragiro kya bannaggwanga ekyateekebwa mu masaza g'omu bukiika ddyo oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo w'omunda okukugira ennyo abantu okuba nga ba ddembe, nga bakoma ku ddembe lyabwe, nga beefunira ebintu byabwe, era nga bagenda mu kifo ekirala. Empandika y'obuddu awamu n'enkizo ez'enjawulo (Inteesitekiti y'obuddukiro) Clauslausle ne Active Process Classiace, byali bigendererwa okuwa Conserment obuyinza ku ku kukaka obujulizibwewandiikibwa. Okusobola okutunula ddala ku n'ebyafaayo y'okumanyisaamu, laba [[FLT:] Constitution Center station'S]

Okunnyonnyola Okutono Okwasooka

Wadde nga yayogera nnyo ku lulimi olwo, kkooti enkulu yatandika okunnyonnyola Cases-Nyumba (1873]) nga yeesigalidde nti okuwugula okw'ebiwandiiko 14 okw'olukalala kwakozesebwa ku ntegeka ya gavumenti, so si ku kuba omutuuze, era nga kusobola okuggyamu amateeka agakwata ku langi. Prevess Cases [v.[FLT] [12:3] (1996], Kkooti eyo yawagiteeka ku nukuuti ezikola ku ntegeka z'eggwanga lya gavumenti, so si ku butuuze bw'eggwanga, naye nga bwe bwenkana enjigiriza eyo teraga nti amateeka gaawula mu langi tegaayoleka bugguluvu. Ate n'ebifo ebirala ebirengo ebyo ebireenkanankanankanankana obungi mu bitundu ebikumi mu Southern Jim.

Enzivvuunula y’Okufuuka Ebikwata ku Kwenkanankana: Okuva ku “Kyenkana ate ne Teyenkana” N’eva ku Kunoonyereza okw’Amaanyi

Entegeera y'ekika kino ey'oku Empandika y'Enjigiriza[[FLT] Classila] (1954) yatandika okusendebwasendebwa ekitongole ekitegeka eddembe ly'abantu era n'ebisalibwawo ku kkooti enkulu ey'omukitundu. Ekikyasingira ddala kya 'Brown v.'ebwn'. Agoodi g'Essomero'ess[[[FLLT:1]]' (1194]) (1954), eryagoberebwa nga livuuniddwawo [[[FL] era ne ligamba nti “teenkana” terina kifo mu buyigirize. Kkoyiroyirokko, Kko yakkolangalanga ekiva mu ggwanga nga liba nga liba kye kimu ku mitima gyabwe okukomyawo. [FFF][FF][FF]

Oluvannyuma [[NKULA], Kkooti yateekawo enkola ey'okwejjukanya esobole okumanya ddi etteeka lwe liba limenye ekiragiro kya Claus Claus. Akawayiro kano kayitibwa mitendera esatu egy'okukeberezaamu:

  • [Strict - 'Awunzike' - 'Ssequence''' - 'Sset'' Kino kitegeeza okulonda n'okuteekawo okusiigeya emitindo egikwatagana n'enkola ey'ekika, ensibuko, oba eyo obuwangwa, oba amateeka agassa omugugu omunene ku ddembe ek'ennamba (nga ku kulonda oba okulonda obufumbo). Nga tegakaludde nnyo, gavumenti eteekwa okulaga nti amateeka gawandikiddwa nga akakwate era nti galina okugasattulukusirwako. Amateeka agasinga obungi agasaasa okusaasaasa obunene gamenyebwa.
  • [[Act:0] Akawayiro kano kateekwa okulaga etteeka eririna akakwate n'ensonga enkulu eya gavumenti. Ekiragiro kino kisalawo nti amateeka galina akakwate n'ensonga enkulu ezigwa ku nsonga za gavumenti. Ekiragiro kino kyateekebwawo mu [ Craig v. Boren[7][7][7][7][7] okusosola abakazi mu bitundu eby'ebweru oba eby'ekyamakwakwa ku buli muntu omu].
  • [[NKULA]] Obuwayiro obukozesebwa bulaga nti etteeka lirina akakwate n'ebiruubirirwa ebya gavumenti. Mu kukola kino, obuwayiro buno, obweyambisibwa kwekenneenyezebwa buyisibwa ku biragiro ebirala byonna (um'okugeza:.., emyaka, obulemu, etteeka, ebiragiro eby'eby'enfuna, oba ekiragiro kya kkomo). Etteeka liba terikkirizibwa kulaga nti lirina kakwate ko n'ebbeeyi mu mateeka agatongodde. Okwejjukanya okw'ebiruubirirwa okw'okwetegereza kusinziira ku nsonga tekusinziira ku mateeka.

Empandika eno tewandikiddwa butereevu mu Mateeka; kitonde kya kkooti erongoosezza emitindo egyasalibwawo okumala amakumi g'emyaka. Okusobola okulaba emitindo egikwata ku by'onoonyerezeeko, Cornell Legitional Information Institute ky'onoonyezesezza bulungi nnyo.

Omukugu mu Kusosola n’Okusosola Abalala

Mu byafaayo by'Amerika ebisinga obungi, ekitongole ekimanyiddwa nga Living Classian Protection Claus tekyakwata ku kusosola okw'ekikula. [FL:0] mu [FLT] Brawell v.Illinois [1873], kkooti yawagira etteeka erikugira abakazi obutagoberera mateeka, nga egamba nti “amateeka agakwata eby'obufuzi, era n'obutonde bwonna, buli kiseera gategedde enjawulo mu ssenyunzi ez'enjawulo n'ebirookekwawo, n'ebirowoozo eby'omuntu. Ekibuuzo kino kyeyongera okutuusa mu 1970s. [[FLT:]V.[FF][5], ekitongole ekitongole ekijuliziddwa mu kifo ekippya, olumu. [F][5]

Okwetaba n’Okukulaakulana okw’Omu Kiseera Kino

Oboolyawo tewali kifo kye wabaddewo mu kukyusa kwa maanyi wansi wa 'FLTQ+' nga ku LGBT+' tekinnakyo. Romer v. Evans (1996]), kkooti yasaanyawo ekiwandiiko kya Colorado enzivvuula eremesezza etteeka erikugira abasodookisi n'abakyala obutasosola, nga bakitwala nti okugoba okwo tekukwatagana na gavumenti emu. Era kulina nkolagana ennungi ne gavumenti. Lence v. Texas[FLT:][2003], kkooti kyekereza ekiragiro mu Texas wansi w'eteeka amateeka ga Clavia, naye nga kyenkanawo ekifuga ensonga egoberera enkola ya Claus Claus, naye nga kyenkanawo n'okusalawo.

Ekiseera eky'okuddawo kyatuuka mu Obergefell v. Hodges (2015). Mu kiseera ekyo kkooti kyekimu yagamba nti abafumbo ab'obukaba balina eddembe okufumbiriganwa nga bagoberera enkola ya Cecence Community Programme and Protection Claus. Omulamuzi Anthony Kennedy yakiggumiza nti “eddembe ly'okufumbiriganwa kiri mu buyinza bw'omuntu, era ne mu nkola y'emu ne mu kikukuuma enkola y'emu eya Clausskood Kystem ne Literationsss of the 1450x lisobola okufiirwa eddembe eryo eririwo n'eddembe.

Puloguramu ez’Okusulamu n’Entalo Tezigonjoddwa

Leero, abantu bangi babaako oludda lwe basinziirako okulonda abantu abangi nga bwe baagala, era abamu ku bakungu abasinga okukaayana bakitwala nti kituufu, balonda oba basosolwa.

Ekikolwa ky’Ekika n’Ekirala Bikwataganyizibwa n’Abawa Obufumbo

Okuva ku nkomerero ya 1970, kkooti enkulu efunye akadde oba enjawukana oba nga ennene zikkiriza enkola z'enkula y'enkulango mu buyigirize obwa waggulu. Regents of the University of California v. Bakke [1978], Kkooti yakuba olukunkumuli lw'enjawukana mu langi naye n'ekkiriza okulowoozebwa kwa bannange mu nkyukakyuka ez'enjawukana mu n'abangi mu kukkirizibwa. Kyeyava mu kulemberwa kwa ' n'empandika n'empandika y'enjjulukuka [[FLT] [200], gye kiyinza okuleetera Kkomyuuka okw'amateeka okumanyibwa ennyo olw'okuva mu ggwanga eriyo.[3][3]

Obutategeeragana mu Buwangwa n’Eby’Enjawulo

Era ekitongole ekikikozesa okukifuula eky'okukifuula ekibamba oba eky'okugootaanya amateeka okulonda agakosa ennyo abantu abatono. Kkooti eyo era yagamba nti okulonda ennyiriri mu langi ez'enjawulo nga zikola ekigendererwa eky'okukyonja ekitono, kukyonja ennyiriri mu nkalala ezo. Shwaw v. Reno[FLD] [1993] [1993]] [1993]), Kkooti yasalawo okulonda ennyiriri ezaakolebwa okusobola okukyusiza abantu abaagalwawo mu nfumbo okulonda abatono bakkirizi babe nga basobola okusoomooza amateeka ag'enjawulo ag'okulonda agatali gamu. Gye buvuddeko awo, ebivudde waggulu ebirengo n'ebyo ebirengo byago bibawa obunene, era nga biwagidde mu lukuudo olupya. Kkolangal'ebitongole ekiwayinja ekya 'FFFLT] (193], (206) kye kyasalawo ekyakolebwa mu kifo eky'okusoosemba olumu ku ku ku ku nsonga enkulu eya bulijjo, nga kulaga amateeka

Obunafu n’Obukakafu Obusinziirwako

Ekiragiro kino kikuuma abantu abalina obulema naye nga si kyangu nnyo okubakuuma okusinga engeri eziweebwa abantu ab'eggwanga oba abasajja. Olw'okuba obulema tebutwalibwa ng'okulondamu oba okulondamu n'okuteekawo amateeka agafuga abantu abalina obulema, era nga geekenneenya okusinziira ku butegeevu obwa bulijjo. Kino kitegeeza nti, abantu abalina obulema obusinga obungi bateekebwako amateeka okuggyako nga basinziira ku ndowooza eza bulijjo. Kyokka, akakiiko kaago kaago kaawezza amateeka amalala nga ne Amerika abalina Ublimi (A) ne Act (IDEA) era ne Act of Perlimitable Educale Act. Ekiragiro kya Claus Claus kayamba abantu obutagattibwa na bulema.

Obuyigirize n’Obukuumi Obwenkanankana

Tewali kibiina kikutte nnyo ku ttendekero lyenkanankana ne ku buyigirize. Okuva ku Brown[ ne kyeyongerayo, kkooti ziwagidde wamu n'obukuumi bwe bumu abayizi ab'amawanga ag'enjawulo, enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna, n'obusobozi.

Obusosoze n’Enkomerero z’Essomero

Oluvannyuma , kkooti yatandika okulangirira okukakaatika olukalala ku nkola zayo ez'enjawulo. Ogwooki obunene n'obutundu. Ekitongole ky'essomero[ [1968]), Kkooti kwetaagibwa okusobola okufuula ekika kya nnukko kya “byonna ebiyinza okubaamu okuggyamu ekikolo mu n'amatabi.[FLT] Kyokka, obululu obw'ebigikwata awamu tebwali bumaze kutuukirizibwa mu bujjuvu. Okuwandiika kwa Kkomyunizimu bwe kubadde nga kukendeddeko eby'okukozesa mu ku deult. [FLD]

Obusosoze n’Eby’Eby’Eby’Eby’Obugagga Bisoomooza Ki?

Ensonga endala egenda mu maaso kwe kuba nti ssente ezisaasaanyizibwawo wakati w'abagagga n'abaavu zisobola okusaasaasaana. Kkooti enkulu ekiikirira San Antonio Independent School ssaza v. Rodriguez (1973]), kyeyoleka nti okusosola mu ssente eziweebwa ku masomero okusinziira ku misolo gy'ebibanja eby'omu kitundu tekikontana na mateeka ga Claus olw'obukuumi obw'omu mateeka, kubanga obuyigirize si namba za ddyo wansi wa mateeka, era n'obugagga si namba. obwenkanya obwo bwava ku nteeso mu kkooti z'amateeka ne si bwe buteego. Okuva olwo, kkooti enkulu ezikola ssente zivudde ku n'obukuumi obw'omu mateeka tezirimu.

Ebiseera eby’Omu Maaso eby’Okukuumibwa Abenkanankana ne Katonda

Abantu b'omu Amerika bwe beeyongera okubaamu enjawukana mu by'amateeka, ekitongole ekiyitibwa Aumetic Protection Claus kijja kweyongera okulwanirira eddembe ly'obuntu.

  • [[ALT:0]] Obusobozi bw'okusoosa: singa omuntu asalawo ku busobozi oba nga takozese bulungi, ebivaamu biba bya njawulo ku by'eggwanga? Kkooti zitandika butaka okugonjoola ensonga eno.
  • [[AKMENT:0] Obusosoze mu by'enfuna:[ Obwavu bulina okutwalibwa ng'ekika ky'obusobozi ekimu, era abeekenneenya eby'amateeka abamu bagamba nti enkola ey'okukuuma abantu mu ngeri y'emu esaanidde okukuuma abantu abatono nga bavudde ku mateeka agabazitooweredde ddala.
  • [[NKULA]:[[NKUMBO:1] Kino kitegeeza ki kkooti bwe zituula awamu akabonero akakuuma endabika ne kat'akazi.
  • [[Act:0] Obusosoze mu by'enkola obwa bulijjo buleetera ekiragiro okuyisa obusosoze mu ngeri eyo:[[FUM:1] Kino kitegeeza kikwata ku nkola eya Claus. Naye nga bannabyamaguzi. "nga kampuni ne bupapula bwa kompyuta"oba "bunene" oba ku bukulu bwa maanyi ku bulamu bw'abantu kinnoomu, wabaawo okukaayana okw'amaanyi agakwata ku kiragiro oba okunnyonnyola amakulu g'empandika eyo.

Abasomi abaagala okwongera okukuba empaka zino, Project ey'eby'okwerinda ebikolerwako [ y'ewandikiro, empalana ez'omu kampuni, n'ebiruubirirwa ku buli lukiiko olukulu olw'omu kkooti enkulu. Okugatta ku ekyo, ekitongole ekiwanyisa eddembe ly'oobwannannyini mu Amerika kiwandikisizza amateeka agafuga entegeka z'abantu era ne kiwa obulagirizi ku nsonga ezikwata ku ku ku kukwata abakungu.

Okunyweza Claus ng’Oyitira mu Buwagizi n’Obukulembeze

Wadde ng'enkiiko zitegeera ekitongole ekiwandiikiddwawo Eddembe erikuuma Claus, Congress era wansi w'ekitundu 5 ku Kigaano 5 eky'Empeereze ey'ekkumi n'enasa okusobozesa enteekateeka zaayo okukolebwa okuyitira mu “tteeka erituufu.” Amaanyi gano gaakozesebwa okuyisa Civil Rights Act(1997) ne Act of the Lourts Countsty [[FLT:] mu myaka egyakayita, kkooti enkulu esuubira nti olukiiko lw'eggwanga lulina obuyinza obukendeze ku nsonga nga amateeka agayinza okumenyebwa amateeka agateegana. Obukuumibwa mu mateeka bwegattiddewo, obutuufu buyinza okwesigama ku ku ku nkola y'amateeka agafuga amateeka.

fundikira

The Umbligime Protection Claus si kiwandiiko eky'ebyafaayo. Ekiragiro kino kiwa buli gavumenti(/naye, ekipimo) nga buli emu esaanidde okuwa ekitiibwa kyenkana. Okuva ku Jim Crow South okutuuka ku mpaka ez'amaanyi ezikwata ku kwewaana kwewandiikiriza, obufumbo obw'ekikula, n'okulonda, etteeka ery'okulonda, buli lukalala lubadde kiwandikiro eriwa obukuumi n'enkaayanaano ez'amaanyi. Okutegeera engeri gye lusengekebwamu, okusengeka obusengekebwa, n'okusengeka obusengekebwa kwabwo, era n'ebyo ebiyinza okukolebwa nga bikulu nnyo eri buli muntu ayagala okukolagana n'ensonga ez'ebiseera byenkanankanankana n'obusobosi. Ate mu Amerika, ekisuubizo eky'obukuumi ekisigala nga tekinnakaludde.[5]