Okutegeera Ebyo Ebiwandiiko bya Baibuli Ebigamba nti Katonda y’Ani?

Enkola ey'edda ey'okutaputa Bill of Rights eraga nti enkyukakyuka zino zaali zikoleddwa mu mateeka ga Musaayitiddeko. Endowooza eno enoonya okunnyonnyola ebyawandiikibwa okusinziira ku byafaayo era n'ebiruubirirwa by'abo abaabifuula. Mu mateeka ga bulijjo, enkola y'okusibuka mu mateeka, efuuse enkola y'amaanyi naddala oluvannyuma lw'obukodyo bwa Omulamuzi Antonin Scalia n'abalamuzi abalala abanoonyereza ku ngeri y'okuwandiika ebigambo. Ekitundu kino kinoonyereza ku musingi, emisingi egigasaawo, empano, n'ebibuuzo eby'enkalakkalira ebikwatagana n'enkyukakyuka ezikirimu mu mateeka ga U.S.

Okusookera Ddala Kye Ki?

Enjigiriza eyo ekkirizibwa mu mateeka era egamba nti ebigambo bya tteeka n'eby'eddembe byandibadde na makulu bwe byandifuuse nga waakayita abantu abamu ku kika kyalyo. Era nga bwe kitaagibwa. Era, kitegeeza nti “amakulu g'ebyawandiikibwa ebyasooka okufuulibwa mu bantu.""ekiragiro kino kyandisinzidde ku ngeri omuntu omutegeevu gye yanditegeddemu ebigambo nga ekyuliddwawo. Obutafaananako amateeka agafuga enzikiriza y'amateeka agakkiriza omuntu okubaako ky'azza, enjigiriza y'enkola esobola okuzza enkyukakyuka mu byafaayo.

Enkola eno teri nnukuta zifaanagana, naye zisengekeemu ennyingo ezitali zimu: amakulu, amakulu, n'amakulu g'ebyawandiikibwa. Buli kimu kissa essira ku bwesigwa obw'edda.

Emirandira gy’Ebyafaayo

Abakugu mu by'ensuubuzi bakkiriza nti amateeka gaago ne Bill of Rights byanditaaniddwa nga basinziira ku makulu ga byasooka mu kiseera we gaawandiikibwa. Enkola eno yeesigama nnyo ku biwandiiko eby'ebyafaayo, gamba nga Federalist Papers[, empaka okuva ku lukiiko olusooka, n'ebiwandiiko bya Framers (g. James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, George Mason). Ng'ekyokulabirako, bye yawandiika ku bikwata ku kukola omulimu gwa Bill of Rights biraga nti, enkyuka zaali ziteekeddwawo ku kkomo lya gavumenti, so si ku nsonga ezaa oluvannyuma ezigibwalibwawo mu njigiriza.

Ng'ekyokulabirako, enteekateeka ez'okubiri ezikwata ku “buyinza bw'amala okusitukiramu obwa Ssesemiritia” zaleetawo okukaayana ku bikwata ku ddembe ery'okukwata eby'okulwanyisa. Abakugu ba Baibuli bakebera enkuluze ez'enjawulo, enyinnyonnyola z'amateeka, n'enkuŋŋaana eza gavumenti okusobola okuzzaawo okutegeera okwaliwo mu ntandikwa.

Ensibuko enkulu eyakozesebwa abeekenneenya ba Baibuli abasooka kwe kukozesa ebigambo bino:

  • [[AGUMENTI]] empapula[[[KATANDIKWA:1] (naddala Nos. 84 ne 46 ku Bill of Rights ne project) – [[KATANDIKA:2] eziri mu tterekero lya congress
  • [[Akabonero:0] Kawandiika aka [[FULL] Olukuŋŋaana olwa Federal olwa 1787[[FULL]] [[1]
  • [[Act:0] Akawayiro aka Congress[[=KY'OKUKOLA] (ategeeza ku Lukiiko Olusooka olukwata ku ddembe).
  • Ekiragiro kino kiyisa ssemaduraments [[[KIK:1] era n'ebiragiro ebiraga eddembe eryandikulembedde ekiwandikiro oba ekiwandikiro oba omutwe gwa kompyuta.

Ng’Omulamuzi Neil Gorth bwe yawandiika, “amakulu g’ebiwandiiko by’amateeka ga Musa nga bwe gaali gakiikiddwa, ge gokka agakkirizibwa abalamuzi okusobola okumanya ekituufu eky’okukola. ”

Emisingi egy’Okusooka

Okuwandiika

Empandiika y'ennukuta essa essira ku makulu g'ebigambo ebiri mu lukalala lw'amateeka, nga bwe kitegeerwa n'omusomi atamanyibwa bulungi mu kiseera we baagobererera ebigambo. Tekwewawaayiriza ku bikwata ku kigendererwa kya ba Kkansa. Omulamuzi Scalia yagamba nti empandiika tetegeeza nti ebigambo bya “buyonjo mu nkyusa ez'enjawulo,” ebisobola okusoma ebigambo nga binnyonnyonnyolwa bulungi, naye nga bisobola okusoosa obusobozi ebigambo ebyo. Ng'ekyokulabirako, ebiwandiiko bya Orst Amerekation ebikakasa nti“eddembe lya kwogera” bivvuunulwa nga tekinnaba na kukuumibwa na ku bigambo ebikolebwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo eziriwo leero nga ku Internet.

Ddiba Lya Kibereberye

Ekiruubirirwa kino kisooka kutwala ebyo bye baagenderera nga bategeeza. Enzivvuunula eno ey'okusinzira ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa ekya 20 naye yasimizibwa nnyo abantu okuva ku ntandikwa. Enkyukakyuka eyo yakolebwa olw'okuba abantu baateekanga endowooza zaabwe ku kigendererwa kyabwe. Era bangi tebaalina ndowooza za njawulo. Kyokka, ekigendererwa kyabwe kikyaliwo mu ndowooza ezikontana, naddala ku bikwata ku kiwandiiko ekya Classiaste ne ku by'okubiri.

Amakulu Agasooka

Amakulu aga bulijjo (OFLM) gabuuza engeri omuntu omutegeevu gye yategeeramu ebigambo nga byakatandika. Kati eno y'engeri enkulu ey'okusibuka. Enkola eyo ekozesa Inkoranyamagambo okuva ku ntandikwa y'ekiseera (umz. Samuel Johnson's ]A Dictionary of Olungereza , 1755], enkozesa mu mateeka, ne mu biwandiiko ebya bulijjo. Ng'ekyokulabirako, ekigambo “ekibonerezo n'ekibonerezo ekitali kya bulijjo” kyamanyibwa mu 1791, okugaana ebibonero eby'okusiibbeeyirwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo.

Okukolera ku Kiwandiiko Ekikola ku Ddembe

Nga zigoberera enkola y'obusobozi bw'eddiini ey'edda eri Bill of Rights, kkooti zikebera engeri enkyukakyuka gye zaakolebwamu mu kyasa ekya 18. Kino kituyamba okumanya oba etteeka oba enkola ya gavumenti ekwatagana n'enkola y'obukuumi ab'obukabaka gye baagoberera. Wansi wano waliwo enkyuuka ez'enjawulo ezigoberedde obutereevu n'engeri okwekenneenya ebyasooka gye byakutte ku nnyinyonnyola.

Omuteende Ogwasooka: Eddiini, Okwogera mu Ngeri ey’Enjawulo, Okukuba Ssande, Enkuŋŋaana Ennene, n’Okwegayirira

Abayiiya eby'eddiini banoonyereza engeri omulembe guno gye gwategeeramu “eddiini ey'enkalakkalira” era ne“enkola eyatandikibwawo.” Ng'ekyokulabirako, abanoonyereza ku byafaayo ebyasooka bagamba nti okutongozebwa kwa Claus kwagaana obutunja obukyamu obusinga obukyamu mu ggwanga okubusinga obulala, si buli ngeri za gavumenti okubeeramu. Kennedy v. Mu disitulikiti ya Bremeton School [2022], endowooza y'omulamuzi Gorfor Kino kyesiga ennyo ku bikwata ku ddiini ez'edda okusobola okutegeeza nti okusaba kw'omusomesa mu kibiina kya bantu kinnoomu kwali kukuumibwa.

Abakugu mu by'ennombe balaga nti ebiwandiiko ebyasooka ebyamenyebwa mu 1798 byali bya “obulimba, bya kivvuunulo, era bya kabi mu” ebyali bimenya gavumenti. Lipartema eyo yalekawo okukugira okw'engeri eyo nga kiraga nti okutegeera okwasooka okukwata ku “eddembe ery’okwogera” tekuzingiramu busosoze mu gavumenti. Kyokka, abakugunjufu bangi bakkiriza nti etteeka lya Sedition Act teryali mu buwatuzi kubanga lyakontana n'ekigendererwa kya demokulase.

Emisingi Egyasembayo: Eddembe ly’Okukuuma n’Okutambula n’Emikono

Ekirala ekifuga enteera ey'okusiikuula ekiwandiikibwa kiwa: “Mu kufuga okutegeerwa obulungi Militia, obwa tteeka erisobozesa abantu okubeera mu ggwanga ery'eddembe, eddembe ly'okukuuma n'okutwala emmundu tekulimenyebwa.” Mu lukalala lw'e Columbia v. Heller[[[FLL:1] [2008], endowooza y'Omulamuzi Scaliyakozesa amakulu g'ekitonderwa kya bantu bonna okutegeeza nti omuntu akuumibwa amateeka, ekuuma eddembe ly'okwefunira obusaze, nga terimussangikanye n'emirimu egiva mu kibiina kya gavumenti. [Foctivene] Ekiwandiiko bya Ssettuuniversss [Foctive][3] Ekiwandiiko eby'okubiri mu Nteewanvu: [F] Ekiwandiiko bya projective Asss .[4]

Omuteende Ogw’Okuna: Okunoonyereza n’Okusambajja Ebimala Obuvumu

Amakulu g'etteeka eryo eryasooka ku kiragiro ekyafuganga ekiragiro eky'okuwereza obubonero obwawukanya ku “buzibu oba okugwa ensimbu” gasaasaanyizibwako. Mu 1791,“ noonyereza” kitegeeza nti omuntu ayingira mu nnyumba oba muwandiike empapula. Ebiwandiiko eby'eddagala bigamba nti tekirina bukugu bwa tekinologiya okukebera ebikolebwa mu kiseera kino (umb., okugeza, okuwugula n'okusiimula n'okusiiku) okunoonyereza okuggyako nga babadde babadde baddusezza amaaso ku kifo ekikuumibwa bulijjo. Endowooza eno yakkirizibwa mu United States v. Jones[FLT:] (202], eyo Gavumenti gye yagoberera ekigezo eky'okunoonyereza ku mateeka. Kyokka, Justice Sotomayo yabuunis Convention'okunoonyereza ku nsonga za mateeka gaamu za Kisendeka kya Masisitiki yabuuk'okunoonyereza obanga ekituufu kya kyamattuukirisibwa mu myaka eyo ewamu.

Okuwummuzaamu okw'okutaano: Kiruubirirwa by'obadde obadde okola, n'okukyusa endowooza yo

Abakugu mu by'ennukuta batwala enkola eyitibwa Claus Claus nga okukuuma enkola eya “procedal” yokka eyeetaagisa, --fair aption(*) mu kifo kya “nstriver" ekitegeeza enkola ey'okulondamu. Okutwala Claus, abakugu baasooka bakebera engeri eyakolebwamu mu ngeri nti“ enkozesa ya bonna.” Kello v. Ekibuga New London [200], Jaji Thomas yawakanya ennyo, nga bagamba nti amakulu ga okusooka ‘ ag'okukozesa oba okuggulawo projeko, kyali kyetaagisa gavumenti okukozesa ebintu oba okubiggulawo mu lujjudde, so si kugisindika bututi eri omutunzi w'obutunzivu mu ku bunnanyi.

Okuweerera Omunaana: Obukambwe n’Okubonerezebwa okw’Enjawulo

Ebigambo “bukungu n'ebyewuunyisa” byagwa ku yunivasite ya Bungereza ey'omu 1689 ewandiikiddwa essomero erikwata ku ddembe. Abasommereddwa batunuulira engeri gye baakwatangamu abantu nga batwalibwa nga bannakyewa. N'olwekyo, okubonereza okw'amaanyi kuyinza okutegeeza nti ekibonerezo tekikkirizibwa mu mateeka singa tekiri kya lukunkumulirwa mu kiseera ekyo. Kyokka, Justice Scalia yakikkiriza nti emitindo egy'ekikaanyi egyamuwandiikibwa kiyinza okutegeeza obanga ekibonerezo tekikkirizibwa mu mateeka.

Abayiiya Ebiri mu Buwandiike n’Emitawaana Eginene mu Nsi Eyasooka

Omulamuzi Antonin Scalia (1936-2016)

Omulamuzi Scalia ye yali ayogera ebigambo ebikulembera ennyo mu kutandika kwa nnyiriri ne kiwandiiko mu kkooti esinga obukulu. Endowooza ze mu Heller Summent. Smith v.UNIT [United States] [nnyinyonnyonnyola enzivuvu], ne 'Crawford v. Washington [K] (okukireetera okukyusiza mu nnukuta mu n'okukka wansi]). Yagamba nti enkolagana ey'okusooka kye kimu ku nsonga enkuluma y'okufuga obwa demokulamu kubanga eyinza okukwesamba abalamuzi okuva mu kifo eky'emiti egy'abantu abaakkiririmu mu tsomero zo. Washington[FFt]

Omulamuzi Clarence Thomas

Omulamuzi Thomas abadde mu kifo kya kkaseti ky'enkalakkalira okusinga Scalia. Agambye nti olukalala lw'abo abakkirizizza enkola ya Amereka olw'enkyukakyuka eya 14 mu kiseera kino oba olukalala olw'ebiragiro Claus (so si 'C'Cesite') kye kiwandiikiddwawo ekituufu okugatta Bill of Rights ejje ewa gavumenti. Endowooza eyo eyinza okusiikiriza amakumi g'emyaka. Bruen era n'okukontana kwe mu Klo[FLT]

Omulamuzi Neil Gorfo and Justice Amy Coney Barrett

Ekiragiro kino kiggumiza nti emirundi egimu kiyinza okuvaamu ebibala ebiva mu kusibawo eddembe ly'abamenyi b'amateeka wansi wa desitulikiti.

Okuvumirira n’Obulimba

Enjigiriza eyo yannyonnyolwa nnyo mu Bayibuli, nga muno mwe muli abeekenneenya eby’amateeka n’abalamuzi abakola ennyo eby’amateeka.

  • Sosayate ekyuse nnyo okuva mu 1791. Enjigiriza eyo eyinza okukifuula ekyangu eri abaami okuwa abakazi eddembe okulonda n'okuleka abantu ab'eggwanga erimu. Abaziyiza bagamba nti kino kibuusa amaaso “Amateeka agaannamu” geetaagisa okukola ku nsonga gamba nga ebibakwatako ebya kompyuta n'enfuna ey'okuzaala.
  • [[NKULULA]] Enkyukakyuka ezitategeerekeka: Ebyafaayo emirundi egisinga tebiba bijjuvu oba bikontana. Abatakkiriza nti ebintu byasooka byaliko amakulu bwe gatyo. Nga bwe kityo, ku kiwandikiro eky'okubiri, abeekenneenya abamu abaasooka bagamba nti baakuuma eddembe eryagattiddwa ku magye, ate abalala (nga mu Landy Barnett) balaba nga lya bulabe.
  • Okweroboza mu byafaayo: Abavumirira ebyo ebisooka bagamba nti abo abanoonyereza ku bintu eby'edda bye basalawo bawandiisa nti biwagira bye baagala okukola, naddala bwe kituuka ku by'obufuzi. Omulamuzi Stephen Breyer, mu kitabo kye [ Liberty, agezaako okukomyawo olukalala olugamba nti enzikiriza ya strikiti n'okussawo olumu tesobola kugonjoola olwo olukalala lw'eby'ebyawulizo.
  • Ekizibu ekya Kkomyusa ak'ekkumi n'ena: Ekiwandiiko eky'Eddembe lya nvuma kyasooka kyali kikwata ku gavumenti. Enjigiriza eyateekebwawo(*'enzikkiriza n'enziganya ezo mu kifo ekya 144).[FUMENTI] Kino kireetawo ebibuuzo ku nsonga ‘ ez'edda, ’ nga zisobola okukozesebwa: 1791 oba 1868? Abakulembezzaako endowooza nga Omulamuzi Thomas, nga bagamba nti obuwandisi oba Immunice Claus (Enkola omulimu gusukka mu kiragiro) kye kiyinza okuvaamu ebiva mu mateeka agavamu.

Mu kuddamu, abakugu mu by'enkola bagamba nti enkola gye bakola efuula enkola ya demokulase so si “Etteeka erikola nga jjereere” gye bagamba nti esobozesa abalamuzi okukakaatika ekinyusi ky'ebiganzi byabwe ku muntu kinnoomu. Abeekenneenya ebya 'Crigist' nga Randy Barnett[]] bataddewo engeri ez'enkukunala, nga baggumiza nti enzikiriza ya Ocili teremerezaamu amateeka okutereeza oba okugonjooza ebippya ebikolebwako.

Okukwata Amakulu g’Ekibiina n’Ebyetaagisa mu Kiseera Kyaffe

Enkaayana enkulu mu mateeka ga tteeka leero y'engeri y'okukwatamu ensonga mu ngeri etuukanamu amakulu n'ekyetaagisa okusobola okukola mu nsi, Abalina okussaawo ssemateeka gye batayinza kuteebereza. Abalina endowooza ez'edda bo bennyini bamanyi endowooza eno. Bruen[, Omulamuzi Thomas yawandiika nti amateeka agawandiike ag'ebyokulwanyisa galina okuba “galina okubeera n'obuwagizi bw'amateeka agafuga eggwanga,” naye yakkiriza nti endowooza eyo eyinza okukozesebwa okuteeka emisingi emikadde ku mbeera empya. Enjigiriza eno “Enjigiriza ya Baibuli ewandikiro ewandikiddwawo: abalamuzi batunula mu kussaawo amateeka agakkirizibwa mu kiseera kino.

Mu ngeri y'emu, abanoonyereza ku nsonga za Baibuli bangi bakkiriza nti omusingi omukulu obutereevu obut'ogugendererwa obuteetaagisa buteekwa okukozesebwa nga “obuteesuubizi obwa kyewa obwa tekinologiya obwa nnamaddala. Naye bagamba nti ekiragiro [g., obutuufu obulagira nti omuntu asobola okuyingira mu maka] tekiyinza kukyusibwa awatali kusinziira ku byafaayo.

fundikira

Enkola y'ekitongole ekya 'Ball of Rights' ekola ku nsonga z'enkola ez'enjawulo. N'olwekyo, ennyonnyola enzivuunula ya mateeka mu makulu g'ebyafaayo, ereetawo obutebenkevu, okulagula, ne demokulase okuvunaana omusango. Kyokka era erina okusoomooza okw'amaanyi: ebyafaayo ebitategeerekeka, enkyukakyuka mu nkola y'enkola ey'ekika ekya 18, n'obuzibu obw'okukwata ku nsonga z'amateeka 21 mu kikumi kya makuddo. Kkooti Ssaawo nga kyeyongera okukyuka okumanyira ku nkyukakyuka mu by'obwenkanyanyaanyisa obwannaanyisa, Kavanuugh, ne Barrett

Okusobola okwongera okusoma, laba Ekitongole ekikola ku by'amateeka mu ggwanga, ekiwa endowooza ezo zombi ku kukyusaamu mu buli kigambo oba mu sooka, ne Ekiwandikiro eky'obusika eri tteeka lya 'FULT'.]