Table of Contents

Okutandika Okulanga E mpapula

Empandiika za Federalist Papers kye kimu ku bitongole ebyassibwawo ennyo mu byafaayo bya Amerika. Ebyo 85 ebyawandiikibwa mu kiseera ekizibu ennyo mu nsinde y'eggwanga zino, bikiikirira bingi nnyo okusinga ebiwandiiko eby'ebyafaayo, nga bino bye bimu ku ebyo ebimanyibwa abayimbi ba demokulase mu Amereka era bye biyamba okutegeera amateeka agafuga Amerika leero.

Ebiwandiiko bya P.O.1787 ne Agusito 1788, ebitongole ebikola empandiika byakolebwa n'ekigendererwa ekikakafu era eky'amangu: okumatiza abatuuze b'omu New York okuzza obuggya etteeka eryakatandikibwawo mu Amerika. Mu kiseera ng’ensi eno entono ewanikiddwa ku mulembe, emboozi zino zaakwata ku gavumenti ey'amaanyi ennyo ate nga zikwata ku abo abeeraliikirira obuyinza obwa waggulu.

Ne leero, empapula zikyali nkulu nnyo eri buli muntu ayagala okutegeera obulungi gavumenti ya Amerika, amateeka ga ssemateeka, n'emitindo egikwata ku nkola za gavumenti. Zikyassibwako ebigambo abalamuzi ba kkooti enkulu, zekenneenyezebwa bannasayansi era ne ziteekebwa mu mpaka z'ebyobufuzi mu ngeri ez'enjawulo.

Ebyafaayo: Ensonga lwaki Ebitundu Ebikola Ebyakolebwa

Obunafu bw’Ebitundu eby’Okuwuliriza

Okusobola okutegeera obulungi ensonga z'eby'obufuzi ebyabanga byetaagisa, oluvannyuma lwa American Revolution, essomero ttaano lyali wansi w'ebiwandiiko ebifuga ebiyitibwa Species of Confederation, ekyatandikawo mu bugenderevu gavumenti ennafu. Endagaano y'enkyukakyuka, yali yeekengera nnyo nti tewaaliwo gavumenti za Bungereza ezaafuga.

Gavumenti eyo teyalina buyinza kusasula misolo gya levy, efuga essomero erifuga ensi z'erina okuddukanya ebikolerwamu eby'obusuubuzi mu nsi emu, oba okukwasisa amateeka gaayo.

Obuzibu mu by'enfuna, obukuubagano wakati w'eby'obufuzi, era n'ebibaawo nga Shays’s Region mu Massachusetts byayoleka nti okutabagana kwalemererwa. eggwanga lyalina omukisa okwawulayawulamu ensi oba okutwalirwa obufuzi bwa bannaggwanga. Kyeyoleka bulungi nti enteekateeka y'ensi ennywevu ennyo yalina okusobola okuwonawo mu kugezesa kwa Amerika.

Olukiiko Olukwata ku Mateeka n’Enkaayana ez’Okuguza Obuwangwa

Mu Maayi 1787, ababaka bano baakuŋŋaanira mu Firadefiya mu bitundu ekkumi n'ebibiri, okumala emyezi egiwerako, baakubaganya ebirowoozo, ne beesamba ebikyamu, era oluvannyuma ne balonda Amateeka amapya agandibadde gadda mu kifo kya Species of Confederation.

Kyokka, okukolawo ssemateeka kye kintu ekisooka. Okusobola okukola, gavumenti nga mwenda ku ssatu ze zaali zeetaaga okuziggulawo okuyitira mu nkuŋŋaana ez'enjawulo. Kino kyaleetawo okuwakana okw'amaanyi wakati wa ba Federalists, abaawagira eddiini empya, n'abayiiya anti-Federalist, abaagiwakanya olw'ensonga nti yawa gavumenti obuyinza bungi nnyo era nga tewalina bukuumi bumala ku ddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu.

New York kyali kifo kikulu nnyo mu kukubaganya ebirowoozo ku nsonga zino ez'enjawulo. Ng'ezimu ku nsi ezisingayo obunene era ezisinga okuba ez'amaanyi, okukkiriza kwayo kwali kwetaagisa okusobola okutuuka ku buwanguzi mu tteeka. Wadde nga New York era yaliwo mu bujjuvu mu by'amateeka ageeyita Anti-Federalist, nga galuguumiriza George Clinton. Ku nsonga eno Alexander Hamilton ye yasooka okukuba olukalala lw'empandiikizo okusobola okujjuza omusango.

Abaawandiika Bayibuli Bagoberera "Publius"

Alexander Hamilton: ye Mukugu Omukulu

Alexander Hamilton, munnamateeka ow'omu New York era eyalwanira mu lutalo oluyitibwa Révolution, ye yasinganga George Washington amaanyi mu kiseera kya Ssematalo ow'ekika kya Federalist Papers. Yatandika omulimu ogwo n'afuna abawandiisi abalala era n'awandiika bingi ku ebyo ebyafulumira mu bitabo. Hamilton yalwanirira nnyo gavumenti ey'amaanyi era yali yeenyigira nnyo mu kkulembe ly'etteeka erifuga ensi yonna.

Ebyawandiikibwa bya Hamilton bitera okusiiga essira ku b'obuyinza, ku nsonga z'abalamuzi, ez'omusolo, n'ez'amagye. Empandiika ye yali ya maanyi era nga ntuufu, ekiraga nti gavumenti y'amaanyi yali yeetaagisa okusobola okuleetawo enkulaakulana mu ggwanga. Ssente Hamilton ze yawaayo zizingiramu ebimu ku ebyo ebitera okujulirwako obutundutundu, naddala ebyo ebikwata ku buyinza n'ekitongole kya gavumenti.

James Madison: Y’Ensibuko y’Etteeka

James Madison, Virginia eyaliko omubaka mu kussaawo amateeka, yawaayo emboozi 29 ku kukuŋŋaanyiza ebitongole. Emirundi mingi yayitibwanga "Kitaffe ow'amateeka," Madison yategeezanga enteekateeka z'ekiwandiiko n'ensonga lwaki kyali kisengekeddwa. Ebyo bye yawandiika byogerwako nga byekenneenyezebwa bulungi, ebyokulabirako eby'ebyafaayo, era nga n'ensonga ensengeka.

Madison kye yasinga okukolawo kwe kulonda Federal List No. 10, ekiyamba okugonjoola ekizibu ky'amatunja mu nsi emu era ne kiraga nti, mu ggwanga eddene era ery'enjawulo, kiyinza okulemesa empewo emu okufuga okusinga entono. Era yawandiika bingi ku kwawulawo obufuzi, enkola y'enkola y'ekibiina, n'enkolagana wakati wa gavumenti ne gavumenti. Empandiika za Madison zitera okutwalibwa ng'ekintu eky'amagezi ennyo mu nfirosoofo.

John Jay: Endowooza y'olukalala lw'ebiragiro ebyo eyinza okulabika ng'etatuukiridde

John Jay, eyali aweereza nga Ssayate w'Ebigambo Ebitali by'Ensi wansi w'Akakiiko k'Ebitundu, yawagira emboozi ttaano mu mulimu ogwo. Jay yaliko n'obulwadde butono nnyo naye bye yawandiika byali bikwata ku nsonga z'amawanga.[1] Wadde nga yali amanyi nnyo ensonga eyo, yakiggumiza nti eggwanga eriri obumu wansi w'amateeka lyandibadde lisobola bulungi okukolagana n'amawanga amalala, ne gaziyiza ebikalubya, era ne gakuuma emirembe mu nsi.

Wadde nga yali atono, ebyo Jay bye yawaayo byayamba nnyo mu kugonjoola ensonga y’okugattibwa kw'amateeka mu nsi yonna era n'emiganyulo egiva mu bukulembeze obulaga nti obutegeke tebulina kwawukana.

Lwaki lufumo "Perulius"?

Abawandiisi abo abasatu baafulumya emboozi zaabwe nga bakozesa ebigambo eby'enjawulo "Publius," ebigambo Publius Valerius Publiola, eyatandikawo Rooma Republic eyafuba okulaba nti akuuma eddembe n'okukuuma eddembe. Kino kyava ku buyigirize obw'ekika ekya bulijjo mu Bamataata ab'Ebuvubuka n'okwagala okuwa endowooza zaabwe okuleetawo empamya ensonga. Ebiwandiiko ebyo era byakkirizibwa okusalirwa omusango okusinziira ku bulungi bwabwe so si ku ngeri abawandiisi baabwe gye baazimbamu.

Essaya Zibunyisibwa era Zibunyisibwa

Magazi gaasooka kufulumizibwa mu mpapula z'amawulire mu New York, okusingira ddala Infension Journal, New York Packet, ne [[FLT]] AGUTAYO] AGUTAAWANDISA [ AGUMENTI] []. Ekiwandiiko ekisooka kyafulumira ku Okitobba 27, 1787, ne kigenda okubunyisibwa mu bitundu by'ekitabo mu ngeri ebbiri, era ne byeyongera okubunyisibwa mu empapula ezo ezisooka mu Maakito 1788.88.

Buli mboozi yayogeranga ku nsonga ezimu ez'omu Mateeka oba yakola ku ebyo ebiba bikoleddwa mu nkola emenya amateeka agaba ga Bufuzi bwa Federali nga banoonyereza ku nsonga ezikwata ku nkola y'amateeka. Emboozi ezo bwe ziba nga zisobola okusomebwa kinnoomu, zikola ng'empandiika enfuze, era nga zikola ng'enkola okusobola okukwasibwa enjogera. Abawandiisi baawandiika ku ngeri eyeewuunyisa, ng'oluusi bawandiika emboozi emirundi mingi buli wiiki nga batuukiriza obuvunaanyizibwa bwabwe obulala.

Ebbaluwa ezo zaakubibwa mu mpapula z'amawulire mu bitundu by'ensi bingi. Wadde nga kizibu okumanya engeri gye zikwata ku mpaka ezo, zaaviirako eddiini okutwalibwa ng’ey’amagezi era oluvannyuma ne zikkirizibwa.

Emitwe Emikulu n’Enkaayana mu mpapula

Obwetaavu bw’Okutabagana

Emboozi ezisooka eza Federalist Papers, naddala ezo ezaawandiikibwa John Jay ne Alexander Hamilton, ziggumiza obukulu bw'okukuuma obufumbo obw'amaanyi mu nsi.Bagamba nti okugattululwa kuyinza okuleetawo okukontana wakati w'amawanga, okuviirako amawanga okusikirizibwa obufuzi obugwira, era n'okunafuya eby'enfuna. Abawandiisi bawaandiisi bagamba nti Ssente eza Kansati ziremereddwa okukuuma obufumbo era nti Amateeka gaali geetaagisa okulemesa okusattululwawo kwa Amerika.

Ebbaluwa zino zoogera ku ngeri gye ziyinza okuyambamu abantu okwerwanako, obusuubuzi, n'okukolagana mu ngeri ez'enjawulo.

Gavumenti ya Republic n’Ekizibu ky’Abantu

Emu ku mpaka ezaali zisinga okuba ez'amaanyi mu Federalist Papers eragibwa mu Federal Federal No. 10, eziwa endowooza ku kabi akali mu bubinja bw'ebiwayi mu nsi emu. Madison agamba nti ekibiina ky'abantu abali mu ggwanga nga bali bumu olw'ensonga emenya eddembe ly'abantu abalala oba olw'ensonga z'abantu bonna. Awaabya obutujju era nti okwekutulamu kuyinza obutayinza kwewalibwa olw'embeera z'omuntu n'eddembe, era nti okugezaako okubumalawo kiba kyetaagisa okusaanyaawo eddembe eribakkiriza okukkirizibwa.

Madison agamba nti, mu nsi emu, gavumenti gye zifuga, abantu abasinga obungi basaanira okukola omulimu guno okusinga demokulase eya nnakyemalira. Mu nsi ennene, kizibu nnyo ab'obuyinza okufuna obungi, era nti abantu abeeyisa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo tebayinza kukwatibwa olw'ensonga eziba zibakwatako. Enjigiriza eno yakyusa amagezi g'omulembe ogwa bulijjo ku mutwe gwayo, kubanga bannabyabufuzi bangi mu kiseera kino bakkiriza nti oburfunjabi n'obusosoze bisobola okukozesebwa mu bitundutundu ebitono.

Okwawukanya n’Obuyinza n’Endowooza Ennuŋŋamu

Omutwe omukulu mu kakiiko akafuzi ka Federalist Papers gwe gumu ku bukulu bw'okuyawula obufuzi bwa gavumenti mu matabi ag'enjawulo era n'okuteekawo enkola esobozesa buli ttabi okukebera ebitundu ebirala. Federalist No. 51 erimu ekimu ku bintu ebimanyiddwa ennyo ebiri mu musingi guno, nga bagamba nti "obululu buteekwa okukolebwa okusobola okuvvuunuka ettuttumu" era nti enteekateeka ya gavumenti erina okukolebwa buli ttabi lisobole okuziyiza ebiyinza okugaanibwako.

Abawandiisi bannyonnyola engeri etteeka gye ligabanyizaamu amaanyi mu bannaakyemalira, era n'amatabi g'ettabi nga galina eby'okukozesa okubuuza ebinaago. Lingress asobola okuyisa amateeka naye Prezidenti asobola okugassaawo, era kkooti ziyinza okugayisa nga tezituukiriza bufunze. Prezidenti y'eggye alagidde, naye Akakiiko ke kalina obuyinza ku by'entalo era kalina engeri y'okuteekawo ssente. Abalamuzi balondebwa mu bulamu okusobola okwetongoza obwetwaze, naye nga Prezidenti y'ateekawo olukiiko era ne kakakasibwa Akakiiko k'awula ku nsonga.

Enkola eno ey’okukekkereza n’okugabana ebintu yakolebwa okuziyiza okunyigirizibwa mu ngeri okukakasa nti tewali ttabi liyinza kugatta maanyi mangi nnyo.

Abalabirizi Abakola Effujjo n’Endowooza Ennuŋŋamu Wakati w’Eggwanga n’Eggwanga

Enkolagana wakati wa gavumenti y'ensi n'ensi eyo, omutwe ogw'enfunda mu Federalist Papers. Abawandiisi baalina okutambula n'obwegendereza nga bagamba nti Amateeka gaawa gavumenti y'eggwanga obuyinza obwamala okwogera ku nsonga z'eggwanga ng'ate abasomi bakakasa nti tegajja kutabangula bufuzi oba gavumenti eyinza okugatta ensi.

Ebbaluwa zinnyonnyola amakulu g'okumenya obufuzi obwawula ddala − amakulu g'okuba nti gavumenti y'ensi eyo yokka erina obufuzi obwagiweebwa Amateeka, era n'ensi endala zonna eziri mu matwale ga gavumenti oba abantu. Zoogera ku mateeka ga Supremacy Claus, agafuula amateeka g'ensi agasinga okuba aga waggulu mu ngeri ezikontana, naye nga gagamba nti kino kyetaagisa okuziyiza gavumenti okusuula amateeka g'eggwanga mu bifo tteeka gye lirina obuyinza ku gavumenti.

Era baateeka essira ku gavumenti okubeera n'obuyinza obw'amaanyi era nga zirina kinene kye zikola mu nkola ya gavumenti. Gavumenti zandyeyongedde okukola ku nsonga ezisinga obungi ezikwata ku bulamu bw'abantu, era zandibadde n'amannya ga gavumenti okuyitira mu Ssemakati n'e Electoral College.

Enkola za Kakiiko k’Enkuŋŋaana n’Amaanyi

Emboozi nnyingi byogera ku nzimba y'ettabi eriwa eby'amateeka, nga bannyonnyola ensonga lwaki kirimu ebika bya baserikale (kasaddala ow'ebiro bibiri) era n'engeri ez'enjawulo ez'okukiikiriraamu ebifa ku Nnyumba ne Sekamenti. Abawandiisi balaga nti kyereseemu mu lukiiko olwo ate nga basimba ebitiibwa by'Ennyumba ku bantu, nga bagamba nti ekyo kisobozesa ebitongole ebinene n'ebitono okuba n'ensonga ez'enjawulo mu nkola y'amateeka.

Ekitongole ekikola nga Federal Papers era kyogera ku masangano agatali gamu, naddala ag'okusasula emisolo n'okufuga engeri y'okugiddukanyaamu. Ebyo Hamilton bye yawandiika ku misolo, biwa obukakafu nti gavumenti erina okuba n'enkumbo ezakyewa ezisobola okukola obulungi era nga zeesigama ku ssente eziba ziweereddwa mu masaza (nga bwe kiba wansi w'Akakiiko akateefu) tezisobola kugikola. Abawandiisi baawandiika baakirinako olukalala lw'amateeka agagobererwa okumenya amateeka, nga bagamba nti singa tegalina kukyusizaamu gavumenti, tejja kukyusa mbeera.

Obwakyusi n’Obwa Pulezidenti

Ebbaluwa za Hamilton ku ttabi erikulira omulimu, naddala eri Federallist No. 70, ziwakana ku "buvubuka'"."[1] Omuntu ali obwannamunigina era omukulu mu bakungu abayinza okwewozeza mu buwagizi. Eno yali n'ennyimirira ey'okuwakana, nga bamemba bangi mu Amereka abatya nti omukungu ow'amaanyi ennyo ajja kufaanana omufuzi. Hamilton ayogera ku nsonga zino nga annyonnyola ekkomo eri ku buyinza bwa prezidenti era n'engeri y'okuvunaanyizibwa, nga mw'otwalidde n'okulonda obukulembeze, n'okulonda obukulembeze.

Emboozi eziba ziwandiikiddwa zinnyonnyola ekifo kya Prezidenti nga omukulu w'akakiiko, kampuni era omukulu w'abakulembeze, nga bwe baggumiza nti obufuzi obwo buteekeddwawo ab'obuyinza n'amateeka. Hamilton agamba nti omu ku bakungu ba gavumenti omu y'asinga kakiiko akakulira oba dayirekita w'ebyuma olw'okuba busobozesa abantu okuba n'ekigendererwa kimu, okuvunaana, n'okukolera ku nsonga mu bwangu nga waliwo ekiba kyetaaga okukolebwa.

Okunoonyereza kw’Amatabi n’Omusango

Ebbaluwa za Hamilton ku lukiiko olukola ku migatte, naddala olukalala lwa Federal No. 78, ziwa obukakafu obukulu ku kifo ekya b'omu kkooti z'ensi. Ekiragiro kino eyogera ku lukiiko olusalira omusango nga "ettabi erisingayo okuba ery'akabi" kubanga terina buyinza bwa kasawo (Konada) oba amaanyi g'ekitala (Prezida), naye ensala yokka. Hamilton agamba nti abalamuzi ab'obuyinza mu gavumenti balina okusobola okwetongoza era n'okukuuma abalamuzi okuva ku kupikirizibwa kwa bannabyabufuzi.

Mu butuufu, ekiwandiikirwa, Federal List Na. 78 kiwa omusingi ogw'okunoonyereza ku nsonga z'amateeka nga() --grain'empaka z'amateeka okuyisa amateeka awatali bukulembeze. Hamilton agamba nti, amateeka agafuga tteeka lya 'Gavumenti' gaakolebwa abantu era nti buvunaanyizibwa bw'abalamuzi okunywerera ku mateeka mu kifo ky'amateeka aga bulijjo mu biseera eby'obukaattuko obwo obw'emirundi ebiri. Omusingi guno gwagoogerwa mu Mateeka ga mateeka ga Amerika gokka oluvannyuma gwakakasibwawo Kkooti Ekkulu mu [FLD:0]. [[FLD:1] Butukku.][0][5] era gufuuse ejjinja ly'amateeka ga Amerekaddo mu Amerika.

Okuddamu Okweraliikirira Okulwanyisa Obulwadde

Mu Federalist Papers, abawandiisi baddamu ebibuuzo ebivunaanibwa abo abawakanya Amateeka olw'obutaba na mateeka, obunene bw'enkwaso, amaanyi agaaweebwa gavumenti, engeri y'okukiikiriraamu, n'ensonga endala nnyingi. Wadde nga baawandiika baasazeewo okuwagira okuteekebwawo kwa Bill of Rights mu ngeri y'okuzza enzikkiriza enzikkiriza mu Mateeka, baasooka baagamba nti etteeka ng'erina okutaasa tteeka kubanga gavumenti yalina buyinza ku ddembe eryo bwo bwokka era nga terina buyinza kumenya ddembe lyayo.

Era bye bawandiika beraliikirira nti Amateeka ga Katonda gandiviiriddeko abantu okuba abatutumufu oba abafuzi, gajja kusaanyaawo gavumenti z’ensi, gajja kuba nga ga njawulo nnyo ku bantu, era nti ensi eyo yali nnene nnyo era nga ya njawulo nnyo ne kiba nti tesobola kufugibwa mu ggwanga limu.

Buli Mutuuze Asaanidde Okumanya E mpapula Ezikwata ku Kutambula

Wadde ng’ebiwandiiko byonna 85 birimu ensonga eziwagira Amateeka, empapula ezimu zikakasa nti zirina amaanyi, zitegeera bulungi era zikyali za mugaso.

Ebituufu ne Gavumenti

Madison's Federal List Na. 10 oboolyawo y'esinga okuba enkmanyi era n'okuba n'obuyinza mu mboozi ezo zonna. Kawa obuzibu obw'amaanyi ku ngeri y'okukuumamu eddembe nga ate ne kaziyiza obujoogisi obwa bangi oba obufuzi okubufuga olw'ebigendererwa ebitono. Endowooza ya Madison nti mu nsi yonna, gavumenti yagonjooka okusobozesa obusosoze mu kufuga obubiina bw'ebiva mu ttulukiti ne mu mpalo, era esigala nga y'ensonga enkulu mu kutegeera enjigiriza za Amereka ez'ebyobufuzi.

Emboozi eno etera okwogerwako mu kwogera ku ngeri abantu gye bayinza okukiikirirwamu, engeri y’okwefunira ebiruubirirwa eby’enjawulo mu by’obufuzi, n’engeri gavumenti ya demokulase gy’eyinza okuleetawo enkyukakyuka mu bantu abeeyita ab’enzikiriza ez’enjawulo n’engeri enkola y’okussaawo entegeka y’eby’obufuzi.

Omulango gw’Okufuukirawo K. 51: Ebyekebeesaawo n’Endowooza Ennuŋŋamu

Madison's Federal Federal Federal Na. 51 kinnyonnyola enkola eremesa ettabi lya gavumenti lyonna okufuuka lya maanyi. Ekibuuzo kino kiraga nti "bwe kiba abantu baali bamalayika, tewali gavumenti eyandibadde yeetaagisa" n'erina endowooza entuufu ku butonde obwamanyisa enkula y'amateeka. Madison agamba nti gavumenti eteekwa okuba nga y'eyagaliza abantu obuyinza era nga yeeyagala bokka okuleetawo enkolagana ennungi ne bannaabwe, nga yeeyambisa engeri zino zennyini okusobola okwewala okufugibwa abafuzi.

Ekiwandiiko kino kikulu nnyo okusobola okutegeera engeri gye kiyambamu omuntu okwawulawo amaanyi n’ensonga lwaki Abaatandikawo baali bakkiriza nti ebintu birina okukolebwa mu kifo ky’okwesiga abakulembeze abalungi.

Munnabyo afuga engeri y'okukozesaamu amaanyi ge wawandiise mu kaweefube

Hamilton's Federal List Na. 70 bw'ogigeraageranya ku mukungu omu era ow'amaanyi. Mu kiseera nga bangi mu Amereka batidde obuyinza, Hamilton yagamba nti gavumenti ennungi ekwetaagisa pulezidenti asobola okubaako ky'akola, naddala mu nsonga ezikwata ku bukuumi bw'eggwanga n'ensonga endala. Agamba nti omukungu omu yekka y'avunaanyizibwa, ng'abantu bwe bamanyi bulungi avunaanyizibwa ku nsonga z'omukungu, so ng'ate abantu bamanya ani avunaanyizibwa ku nsonga ezikwata ku buyinza, so ng'omukulu w'akulira oba akakiiko akakola akagatta abantu bangi bwe kayinza okulemesa omuntu yenna okubaako ky'avunaanyizibwa.

Ekibuuzo kino kikyali kikwata ku mpaka eziba zizzeewo ku buyinza bwa prezidenti, ku bakulu mu buyinza, ne ku ngeri y’okufugamu gavumenti.

Omulango Ogusalira Abasaze

Hamilton’s Federal List Na. 78 kye mboozi esingayo obukulu mu kusalirako emisango era ensibuko y'omusingi.

Okutegeera obulungi akakiiko akafuzi akafuzi, 78 kikulu nnyo eri buli muntu ayagala okumanya amateeka ga gavumenti, ekifo kya Kkooti Enkulu, oba okuwakana ku kusala emisango n’okukugira emisango.

Ebigambo Ebippya Ebitegeerekeka

Ng'oggyeko empapula zino ennya enkulu, entono zigwana okufiibwako. Federal Na. 1 (Hamilton) eyanjula omulimu guno gwonna awamu n'ensonga enkulu ezikwata ku kutandika. Federal list No. 39 (Madison) annyonnyola engeri za gavumenti eno eziteeberezebwa. Federal Least No. 47 (Madison) ayogera ku kwawula obufuzi. Na. 62 ne 63 (Madison) n'ebigendererwa bya Ssemakati.

Emboozi Ekwata ku Kugaba Obufumbo mu Magezi g’Omu mateeka n’Endowooza z’Eby’Eby’obufuzi mu Amerika

Enkozesa ya Kkooti Enkulu

Mapapula ga Federalist galina kinene kye gakoze mu nnyinnyonnyola ya mateeka ga Amereka. Abalamuzi ba Kkooti Esingira Obukulu batera okujuliza ebyo bye bawandiise nga batwala Amateeka okuba obujulizi obulaga ebigendererwa by'Abatandikawo amateeka. Wadde nga empapula ezo si mateeka, zitwalibwa nga mu bitabo ebyesigika ebiyamba okutegeera ekigendererwa ky'abateesiteesi b'amateeka.

Abakola eby'obwenkanya mu mawanga gonna, bakkiriziganyizza ku ngeri gye bannyonnyolamu amateeka, era n'ensonga lwaki waliwo ebiwandiiko ebirala ebiba biwandiikiddwako nga biraga amakulu g'amateeka.

Ebyatuuka ku Bukuubagano mu by’obufuzi

Bannabyabufuzi, abawulizi b’amawulire n’abatuuze bateeka ebirowoozo bino mu kkooti z’amateeka, nga bawakana ku ngeri amateeka gye gandiyambyemu gavumenti z’Amerika.

Amawanga agakola ssemateeka awalala agakola ssemateeka omupya gatadde essuubi lyago mu ngeri nti gajja kutegeera gavumenti, gavumenti ez'enjawulo, n'enfuga eza gavumenti, era gakoze kyonna ekisoboka okulaba nti tewabaawo gavumenti ekola gavumenti eya bulijjo.

Okuyiga n’Okunnyonnyola

Enjigiriza z’eby’obufuzi zaatandikawo bukya ate nga n’abakugu mu by’obufuzi bassa essira ku bintu eby’enjawulo ebiba mu bitabo ebyo, ate abalala bassa essira ku ebyo ebiri mu bitabo ng’enjigiriza z’ebyobufuzi, ebirala ng’ebiwandiiko eby’ebyafaayo ebiraga ebibeeraliikiriza mu biseera byabwe, ate ebirala ng’ebyafaayo ku mateeka.

Waliwo okuwakana ku nsonga gamba nga obanga empapula zikiikirira bulungi endowooza z'abawagizi bonna ab'amateeka, era oba zisaanidde kutwalibwa nga za muwendo kwenkana wa mu mateeka, era oba nga n'ensonga zaabwe zikyali za mugaso mu kiseera kino.

Engeri y’Okusoma n’Okuyiga Ebitundu Ebiragibwa mu Kibiina

Engeri y’Okukwatamu Ekiwandiiko

Emboozi eziweebwa zaawandiikibwa mu ngeri eya bulijjo, mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’etaano, nga zirimu ebigambo ebiwanvu, ebigambo ebirabika obulungi, n’ebigambo ebitategeerekeka.

Mukitwale n'ebbaluwa ezimanyiddwa ennyo era eziyinza okutegeerwa, gamba nga Federalist No. 10, 51, 70, ne 78. Bino bye bimu ku mitwe n'empaka enkulu. Soma ku mateeka gali kumpi, kubanga emirundi mingi eteekateeka amateeka agafuga tteeka. Towalirizibwa kusoma mitwe gyonna 85 osobole okugisoma kinnoomu, era osobola okuteeka essira ku gigikwatako.

Lowooza ku kukozesa enkyusa eya kkopi eyawulubwako, ennyonnyola ennyiriri eziriraanyewo, era n'ennyonnyole bulungi ebyawandiikibwa. Zingi eziriwo zisobozese abasomi ab'omu kiseera kino okufuna obubaka obuva mu mpandiika eya Internet nga mw'otwalidde n'erya Literary of Congress[ ne kasookerezaamu eby'enjigiriza, era zisobola okuyamba omuntu okuzuula ensonga ezizikwatako n'okwekebeesa.

Okutegeera Ebyafaayo

Okutegeera obulungi ensonga lwaki zaawandiikibwa, kijja kuba kyangu okutegeera ebyafaayo ebizingirwamu.

Kijjukire nti abo abaawandiika emboozi ezo baaziwandiika nga basendasenda abantu, so si nga banoonyereza ku nsonga ezitali zimu ezikwata ku nsonga ze baba bawandiise, ekitegeeza nti oluusi baasoosa nnyo ensonga zaabwe oba nti ebizibu bye baasanga mu buwandiike. Okusoma ebitabo ebikwata ku kuteeba okukkaanya ku kiwandiiko ekiri ku buwandiike.

Okussa Ekimu ku Bikwata ku Bikwata ku Biseera eby’Omu Maaso

Bwe tuba tusoma ku by'okwawukanya kw'amawanga, lowooza ku mpaka eziriwo ezikwata ku buyinza oba ku bukulembeze. Ng'osoma ebikwata ku nkolagana wakati w'eggwanga n'eggwanga, lowooza ku butaka obw'enkukaanya obugenda bweyongera.

Enkola eno eyamba omuntu okufumiitiriza ku ngeri emisingi egisookerwako gye gikwatagana n’embeera z'omu kiseera kino, era eraga amagezi agawangaala n'obunafu bw'abo abaalaba ebintu nga bikyali, ng'ebimu ku ebyo bye bateebereza bwe bikakasa, ate ebirala bizuuliddwa olw’ebyo bye batayinza kuteebereza.

Abaziyiza Bannamwandu

Okutegeera obulungi olukalala lw'eby'amateeka, kikulu nnyo okukitegeera nti bye bimu ku ebyo ebibawaanyisiddwa ennyo. Abayiiya abawakanya etteeka lya Katonda baawakanya okufunjaatwa kwa ssemateeka era ne beebuuza ensonga enkulu ezaali zeetaagisa okuzinoonyerezaako. Wadde nga baafiirwa olutalo olw'okukuza ebiwayi byayo, bingi baabiggya mu nsonga z'ebyobufuzi mu Amerika.

Bannasayansi abaziyiza enkyukanya beeraliikirira nti eddiini y'emu ereetebwawo gavumenti ey'amaanyi era ey'ewala ennyo abantu. Batyanga nti gavumenti ya gavumenti yajjanga kutwala mpolampola obuyinza bw'ensi za gavumenti. Baawakanyanga eky'obukuumi obwa nnamaddala ku ddembe ly'obuntu era baatyanga nti enteekateeka z'Amateeka ez'okututonda tezisobola kutuukiriza byetaago bya bantu.

Abawandiisi nga "Brutus," "Kato," "Mulimi ow'Abafrigi," ne Patrick Henry baawandiika emboozi n'emboozi ebyasoomooza abafumbiriganizi. Ebiwandiiko byabwe biwa eby'okutegeera ebikwata ku abo abaatya obuyinza era abeetwala okuba ab'obuyinza mu kifo eky'enjawulo. Nnyonnyonnyolerwa kwa maanyi agasinga okwaliwo wakati wa "Gyrceal Far family" wakati w'obufuzi ne gavumenti enjereere, wakati w'obufuzi obusinga obungi n'enfuna eddembe erya buli kikumi mu Amerika.

Olw'okuba abawagizi ba 'Federalist' bakkiriza okuwagira Bill of Rights mu mbeera ey'okugifuula enneyisa, kiraga nti abawagizi ba Anti-Federalist baasaanira era baalina obuyinza. Enkyukakyuka kkumi ezisooka ku ssemateeka zoogere bingi ebibeeraliikiriza abaziyiza, okukuuma eddembe ery'okwogera, ery'eddiini n'ery'okukuba ebiwande; eddembe ery'okunoonyereza ebiteetegese; obusobozi obut'enkakalizo n'okukwatibwa embuyaga; eddembe eryanditaweebwa gavumenti z'ensirimu; era n'okuteekawo amaanyi agataweebwa gavumenti.

Ebigere n’Okuvumirira Ebitundu Ebikola Ennyo

Wadde nga bannaddiini abawandiisa empapula ba muwendo nnyo mu kutegeera Amateeka, balina ekkomo abasomi lye basaanidde okutegeerera ddala. okusooka, bakiikirira endowooza z'abantu basatu bokka, era si bonna abawagira Amateeka nti buli nsonga eyogerwako mu mboozi zino zikkiriziganyiziddwa.

Ey’okubiri, baawandiikanga ebyo bye baawandiika nga bagezaako okukyogerako, so si okunnyonnyola ensonga lwaki tewaaliwo ludda lwe baawagira mu by’obufuzi.

Eky’okusatu, abawandiisi ba magazini eno bakkiriza obuddu, baagaana eddembe ly’abakazi ery’eby’obufuzi, era baabaako kye bakolawo mu gavumenti okusingira ddala ekyo gavumenti ky’esuubira mu kiseera kyaffe.

Eky’okuna, abawandiisi baabuusa amaaso okukulaakulanyizibwa kw'ebibiina by'eby'obufuzi, okweyongerayongera kw'obuyinza n'okufuuka kakiiko akafuzi.

Eky'okusatu, waliwo ebibuuzo ebikwata ku bunene empapula bwe zisaanidde okunnyonnyolwa mu mateeka. Nga ziwa okutegeera okw'omuwendo okukwata ku ndowooza y'abawagizi abamu ab'amateeka, amakulu g'amateeka gava mu mpandiika y'empandiika eyo era ne gategeerwa abo abagiwandiise, so si mu bigambo ebiwandiikiddwa okukkirizisa. Abeekenneenya n'abalamuzi tebakkiriziganya ku kifo ebiwandiiko ebyo kye bisaanidde okubeeramu nga banoonyereza ku mateeka.

E mpapula n’Enjigiriza Ebiri mu Kibiina

Ensonga Lwaki Abatuuze Basaanidde Okwesomesa Engero ezo

Mu kiseera eky'obwetwaze bw'eby’obufuzi n'okumanya kw'abantu okukendeera, abakungu ba divierlist Papers bawa abatuuze engeri y’okwebuuza ebibuuzo ebikulu ebikwata ku gavumenti, eddembe ly’abantu n'entegeka z'eby’obufuzi.

• Lwaki Amerika erina Congress eyayawulwamu amayumba abiri? Lwaki abalamuzi ba gavumenti bawa abalamuzi obulagirizi ku bigendererwa by’ebibiina ebyo era n’ebizibu bye baagendererwa okugonjoola?

Emboozi ezo era zikoppa enkola y'emboozi z'eby'obufuzi ezitatera kusangika: okukaayana, okuteesa ku nsonga ezikwata ku misingi n'enkola y'ekibiina. Wadde nga okukaayana kw'eby'obufuzi okw'omu kiseera kino kusinga kwogera ku muntu, ebigasa ab'enkyukakyuka, n'ebintu ebya bulijjo, Federal Papers zeebuuza ebibuuzo ebikwata ku mbeera ennungi eya gavumenti.

Obuyigirize n’Ebirowoozo Ebitegekeddwa

Waliwo eby'obuyigirize bingi ebitegekebwa abo abaagala okwekenneenya ekitongole ekiwandiikiddwa Federal Papers. Ebisomero bya yunivasite bingi bibaamu ebyo bye biwandiikiddwa mu masomero ne ku masomero aga bulijjo era n'ebibiina by'obuyigirize bwa gavumenti biwa programu awamu n'ebintu eby'okwemalirira okusomeramu. Bill of Rights Institute[[FLL:1], National Constitution Center, ne ebibiina ebirala biteekateeka okusomera, abeekenneenya ebiwandiisi, n'ebintu eby'enjigiriza ebiteekeddwa ku Federalist Papers.

Ebbaluwa nnyingi ezibeera ku Intaneeti ziwa abanoonyereza ku mateeka n’ebikwata ku bufunze, era abeekenneenya bangi bakoze emikutu eginnyonnyola ebyo ebiri mu bitabo n’ebyo ebiri ku vidiyo ebiwandiikiddwa abantu aba bulijjo.

Ebibiina ebikuba emboozi, n’ebibiina ebikola ku nsonga ezikwata ku bantu bitera okusomera awamu ebiwandiikiddwa ebiwandiikiddwa ebisobola okuyamba abantu okutegeera obulungi ensonga nga bakubaganya ebirowoozo.

Ebifo Bye Tuyinza Okuyigira ku Butuuze obw’Omu Kiseera eky’Omu Maaso

Ebyo bye bawandiika bikubiriza abantu okulowooza ennyo ku bufuzi bwa gavumenti, okutegeera obukulu bw’enteekateeka z’ebintu, n’okumanya engeri gye bayinza okukozesaamu obulungi eddembe lyabwe, obufuzi obusinga obungi, gavumenti ennungi n’obusobozi obutono bwe balina, era n’ensonga lwaki kikulu nnyo okuteekawo amateeka agakwata ku by’obufuzi okusobola okugobererwa mu ngeri ey’enjawulo.

Era empapula zitujjukiza nti amateeka ga Amereka gaakolebwa nga gateeberezebwa bulungi ebikwata ku butonde bw'omuntu. Abaatandikawo tebasuubira bafuzi kubeera bamalayika oba batuuze mu ngeri ennungi mu nsi.

Okutegeera obulungi ensonga ezikwata ku gavumenti kiyinza okutuyamba okutegeera engeri gye tuyinza okukolera ku misingi gya mateeka n’ebizibu ebyajjawo mu Nkyusa za gavumenti.

Obutuuze obw’Omu Kiseera Kyaffe Butwale nga Bukulu

Ku mpapula z'ekitongole kino kubaamu ebintu bingi ebisobola okuyamba abantu leero.

  • Ekiragiro engeri gye kikwata ku by'obufuzi. Okutegeera engeri kampuni gye zikolamu era n'ensonga lwaki zaakolebwa kusobozesa obutuuze okubeera obutuuze obulungi.
  • Amaanyi [[AK'AWATANDIKWA] galina okugabanyizibwamu era ne gakeberebwa.[[AK'AK'AK'AWULA] Amaanyi agafuula ekitongole kyonna oba omuntu yenna okuba n'obuyinza obw'okufuga. Okwawula amaanyi n'okukebera n'obukalu obuli mu mpandika bisigala nga bikulu nnyo okusobola okufuna eddembe.
  • [[Act:0] Enkola eno esobozesa obumu mu ggwanga n'enjawukana ez'omu bitundu. Amaanyi agagabanyizibwa wakati wa gavumenti ez'ensi n'ez'ebitundu bya zokka okusobozesa enfuge ez'enjawulo okutuukana mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, wadde nga wasigalawo ekiwaazo ekibadde kigwawo.
  • Kiwayiri nga Kiwandiikiddwa.[[FOLT:1] Ekibuuzo kya Madison mu Federalist No. 10 kitegeeza nti gavumenti ya demokulase esobola okufuga obulungi obubiina obusingako obuntu obutono obusobola okumanyisa engeri abantu gye beefugamu.
  • Gavumenti ey'amaanyi ereetebwawo okusasula ebyo ebiba bireeteddwawo. Gavumenti erina okuba nga esobola okubaako ky'ekolawo mu bwangu bwe kiba kyetaagisa, naye era nga evunaanyizibwa eri abantu okuyitira mu kulonda, okulabiriza, n'okulagira ddala amateeka.
  • [[Act:0] Entegeka ennungi n'enzimba birina amakulu. Wadde nga kiri kikulu nnyo ebbali ly'Eddembe, empandiika n'enkola ez'ekika kya Federal Papers zitujjukiza nti entegeka ya gavumenti yokka ewa obukuumi obw'amaanyi.
  • [[Akabonero:0] Empaka z'eby'obufuzi zirina okusemba ku misingi n'ebitongole.[FOLT:1] Empaka ezikozesebwa okuteekawo ekyokulabirako zisaanidde okuseesa essira ku nsonga enkulu ezikwata ku gavumenti, nga zikubiriza abantu okwenyigira mu by'obufuzi mu ngeri esinga ku ebyo bye boogera.
  • [[FLT:] Gavumenti etegeeza nti waliwo obukujjukujju bw'abantu nga omanyi bulungi. Empagi ez'enjawulo eziri mu kampasi eno ziraga nti gavumenti y'obutuuze yesigamye ku buyigirize obusobola okutegeera n'okubuuza ebibuuzo eby'eby'obufuzi.

Okutuuka n’Okusoma E mpapula Leero

Zino wammanga zisobola okufunibwa buli ayagala okusoma. Zisobola okukuba mu kyapa okuva ku babuulizi abangi, nga zibaamu n'ennyanjula ez'enjawulo, n'ennyanjula ez'enjawulo. Zingi zizingiramu Amateeka gennyini, ebitabo ebyogera ku Banti-Federalist, n'ebiwandiiko ebirala ebikwatagana n'ensonga endala.

Ebiwandiiko ebyo era bisangibwa ku Intaneeti okuyitira mu bintu ebitali bimu.

Ebitundu ebimu eby’enkyusa eza podiyo n’ebyuma ebirala bisobola okukozesebwa okusomera abantu empapula nga bawuliriza oba nga baagala okusoma empapula nga boogerera ku kompyuta oba nga bakola dduyiro.

Bw'oba olonda enkyusa erimu ennyanjula y'ebyafaayo, noonyereza ku ebyo ebiwandiikiddwako, era olabe ebiri mu kiwandiiko ekipya ebiwandiikiddwamu ebigambo ebitali bya bulijjo, era bikolerwako mu kukyusa Amateeka. Enzivuunula za Bayibuli ezaazuulibwa ziyamba nnyo omuntu okutegeera obulungi ebyawandiikibwa ebiba bisoose.

Obusika obw’Olubeerera obw’Empapula

Ebbaluwa zino ziyamba omuntu yenna ayagala okutegeera emisingi gya gavumenti ya Amerika era n'egy'amateeka okutegeera endowooza z'abawagizi ba mateeka era n'ebigendererwa ebyateekebwawo okuweerezebwa.

Ebibuuzo bye bawa ebikwata ku gavumenti z’ensi, okwawula ab’obuyinza n’eby’obufuzi byeyongedde okukolebwa mu nsi nnyingi era ne bireetawo okukaayana ku bufuzi bwa demokulase mu nsi yonna.

Okutegeera ebyo ebiwandiikiddwa ku nsonga zino kiyamba abatuuze b'omu Amerika okutegeera ensonga lwaki waliwo ebiba mu nkola y'obufuzi, okunoonyereza ku nsonga z'eby'obufuzi, n'okwenyigira mu nkola ya demokulase. empapula zitujjukiza nti amateeka ga Amereka gaakolebwa n'obwegendereza okugonjoola ebizibu ebimu era n'okutuukiriza ebigendererwa ebikakafu era nti okutegeera engeri eno y'okugiyamba okubukuuma n'okugilongoosa.

Wadde nga empapula za Federal tezituukiridde era nga tezisaanidde kutwalibwa ng'ebyawandiikibwa ebitukuvu, zikiikirira ekimu ku bintu ebikulu ennyo ebibadde bigattiddwa ku ndowooza z'ebyobufuzi mu byafaayo bya Amerika. Ziraga nti Amateeka tegaali bubenje oba kekkiriranya, naye gaalimu enkola ey'okunnyonnyola obulungi engeri y'okutandikawomu gavumenti esobola okuganyula era eriko ekkomo, nga buli omu afaayo ku bantu era ng’akuuma eddembe ly’abantu, nga liri bumu era nga lya ggwanga.

Ng’abantu beeyongera okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku mateeka, eddembe lyabwe, ekifo kya kkooti, n’enkola ya gavumenti, empapula zituyamba okutegeera engeri y’okukwatamu ensonga ezo.

Mu mulembe ogw'olusaago n'enkola ku mikutu gy'empuliziganya, ekitongole kya Federalist Papers kiwa obukakafu ku bunene bw'okukubawo ensonga ku nsonga z'ebyobufuzi. Basoomooza abasomi ab'omu kiseera kino okulowooza ennyo ku nsonga ez'enjawulo, era n'okukitegeera nti gavumenti ennungi yeetaagisa amagezi mu kukolebwa ntegeka. Omuntu bw'akkiriza ekizibu kino, ewa omukisa n'ebintu ebirala bingi okusinga okumanya ebyafaayo, ebisobozesa abantu okufuna eby'okukozesa mu kutegeera n'okwegatta ku nkola y'amateeka ga Amereka.

Ekibuuzo: Lwaki Buli Mutuuze Alina Okuganyulwa mu mpapula z’Omusaayi?

Ekiragiro kino kiyamba nnyo abatuuze abaagala okutegeera emisingi n’ebigendererwa bya gavumenti ya Amerika.

Nga beekenneenya ebiwandiiko bya Federal Papers, abatuuze bategeera ensonga lwaki Amateeka ga Katonda gaategekebwa, ebizibu ebyakolebwa okugonjoola, n’emitindo egyalina okugonjoolebwa okusobola okukuumibwa.

Era ebyo bye baawandiika bitujjukiza nti gavumenti teriiko kintu kyonna kigikwatako kyokka ng’esobola okuteekawo enteekateeka etuukiridde, naye era esobola okutuuka ku buwanguzi.

Ka kibe nti oli muyizi, musomesa, munnamateeka, mukola amateeka, oba mutuuze ayagala okutegeera obulungi gavumenti ya Amerika, ab'obuyinza batuwa amagezi ag'omuganyulo. Batubuuza ebibuuzo ebitwetaaza okutegeera ensonga lwaki abantu beefuga bokka. Bwe bakola bwe batyo, batuyamba okutuukiriza ekisuubizo kya gavumenti etegeevu era etegeerwa okukola ku nsonga eyo.

Omuntu yenna omunyiikivu mu kutegeera n'okukuuma teyeetaaga kukozesa biseera okusobola okwekenneenya ebyo ebiba biwandiikiddwa, okufuna obutuuze obw'amakulu, n'okusiima enteekateeka y'amateeka ekola ku bulamu bw'Amerika. Ekiragiro kino kisobozesa buli omu okutegeera n'okukuuma demokulase eya Amereka, empapula nga zisigala nga zikola ku nsonga ezikwata ku bulamu bwe, so si ng'ebiterekerwako eby'edda, naye ng'enkola ye kennyini ku misingi n'enkola.