Okwolesebwa Okusooka okw’Olusuku lwa Katonda: Obwenkanya, Eddembe, n’Obweyagaza ng’Empagi

Okutandika kwa Constitution ya Buyindi si kutandika bulungi. Bufirosoofo obwa kampasi y'ewa obulagirizi ku ntegeka y'amateeka. Yamalirizibwa okussaawo obufuzi obwali bufuga era n'okulwanirira obwetwaze, eggulawo ebiruubirirwa by'eggwanga erimalirira okutandikawo obumu. Ebigambo ebitandika kuleetawo obumu mu ntegeka ya Buyindi" (Tweewansi"", Sosayateesiterdenti y'obufuzi obwa bulijjo, ng'ate yo obuvunaanyizibwa obwa bulijjo eri , obutongole obwa bulijjo bufuga ebiruubirirwa by'eggwanga , , [[FLT:]]], era n'oteeka mu ku nsonga enkulu ez'eby'eby'omu mateeka mu nsi yonna. [FLT:]

Ekibuuzo kino kyali tekimaze kulowoozebwako buteeberezebwa; kyabuusibwabuusibwa mu lukuŋŋaana olunene olwaliwo wakati wa 1946 ne 1949. Abo abaali ku lukiiko olwo baakwatibwako nnyo olw'enkuudo ezitali zimu, nga mw'otwalidde ne Constitution of America, French Declaration of the Rights of Man, ne Soviet esswences olw'entegeka z'abantu n'eby'eby'enfuna. Kyokka, okutandikawo kw'obufuzi bw'eggwanga lya India kya njawulo ku bwenkanya, eddembe n'obutebenkevu, era n'ensonga ez'obulamu obulungi. Bino tebyasibuka ku ndowooza za njawulo naye bituukiriza mateeka, wabula biragisibwako nga biragiro ebigo eby'enjawulo ebigo eby'enkola.

Ekitundu kino kyogera ku misingi gino gyonna egikirimu, era n'eraga engeri gye gikwataganamu n'embeera z'ensi mu kiseera kye kimu. Era kiraga n'obuzibu obubaawo ng'ebigendererwa by'enkola eya Pregetry bituukirira. Omuntu bw'amaliriza okunoonyereza ku nsonga lwaki ebiwandiiko ebyo bikyaliwo ddala, era nga bisobola okuluŋŋamya abantu okutuuka ku bantu ab'emitima emirungi era abeeyagazaamu obulamu bwabwe.

Ebyafaayo: Okukola Okwolesebwa eri Eggwanga Eriggya

Empandika y'olupapula yatongozebwa nga Noovemba 26, 1949, era oluvannyuma yakyusibwa mu 1976 okugatta ebigambo "Socialist," "Sociast" ne "Interegity"". Akabonero ke akaasooka okukoppolola, aka Jawaharlal Nehru mu ngeri gye yawandiisemu ebiwandiiko bye ebya Desembaric Treasority, kaalimu ebbeetusssiramu obwenkanya, eddembe, era n'obutebenkevu. Olukiiko Olukulu lwa Constituent lwagamba lwagamba obanga emisingi gibadde gituukiriza butuukiriza butuukiriza butuukiriza butuukiriza butuukiriza bukwasikirizikkirizi olukiiko lwokka olw'amateeka, nga kiyamba okunnyonnyola enteekateeka z'amateeka.

Bannamateeka ba Buyindi baali bamanyi bulungi engeri enkalubo mu ggwanga eryo gye yasimba ku mitawaana gyalyo, et'ebbeeyi, obunyookebwa mu by'enfuna, n'obusosoze mu bantu. Baali bamanyi nti okwetongoza okw'obufuzi ku bwakyo kuyinza obutasobozesa bantu kufuna ddembe.

Era abo abaagikola baatunuulira ente n'obwegendereza. Eby'entiisa ebyakolebwa mu ssematalo ebbiri ez'ensi yonna, okweyongera kw'entalo ez'ekika kya fascism, n'okufuba okuwakanya obuwagizi bwa gavumenti bye byakyusa endowooza yaabwe.

Obwenkanya: Empagi Esooka mu Mateeka

Empandika y'okutandika ku bwenkanya eyoleka obwenkanya obw'ebiro: abantu, eby'enfuna, ne obwenkanya mu by'obufuzi. Ekiragiro kino kiraga nti obwenkanya mu buli nsonda emu tebutuukiridde nga tebwenkanya bwenkanya mu buli nsonda endala. Ebigambo "Lyset/customment, ettugal, ne by'obufuzi" bisangibwa mu nteesogo eyo yonna nga yenkanankanankana naye nga buli ludda luba lutuufu.

Obwenkanya mu Kibiina

obwenkanya mu bantu bunoonya okuggyawo okusosola okwesigamiziddwa ku kika, ekika, ekikula, eddiini, oba ekitundu. Kwetaaga eggwanga okusobola okuggyawo enkonge ezikugira ebibiina ebimu okusobola okufuna obwenkanya mu bantu nga batuukiriza ebigendererwa nga bamalawo ettuluba ly'ebika n'eby'obugagga bya bantu.

Kkooti enkulu ebadde egamba nti obwenkanya mu bantu kintu kikulu nnyo mu mateeka. Mu misango nga Indra Sawhney v. Union of Buyindi (1992), kkooti ekakasa nti okugattika tekusinziira ku kwenkanankana naye nti kujja kutuuka ku munkalo. Ekiwandiiko kino kiwa obukakafu nti amateeka agafuga enfuga n'abantu okusobola okubeera n'obwenkanankanankanankana.

obwenkanya mu by’Enfuna

obwenkanya butwaliramu okugabanyizibwa mu ngeri ey'obwenkanya eby'obugagga, eby'obugagga, n'emikisa. Ekiragiro kino kigenderera okukendeeza ku busosoze era buli mutuuze alina engeri y'okweyisa mu ngeri ey'ekitiibwa. Ekiragiro ekifuga ewandikiro, naddala Ebitundu 39(b) ne 39(c), kiwa obuwagizi gavumenti okukakasa nti eby'obugagga by'abantu bigabanyizibwa okukola ku bulungi bw'abantu bonna. obuvunaanyizibwa bw'eby'ensonga z'eby'eby'enfuna busobozesa okulongoosebwawo mu nsi, okusasula omusaala, n'enteekateeka ezikwata ku by'obutebenkenkevu.

Ekiragiro kino tekiwa nkola emu ey'eby'enfuna yokka naye okuyingiza ekigambo "Sociast" mu Amereka 42d kyayamba nnyo mu nsonga y'okugonjoolera ettuttumu lya gavumenti okutereeza embeera z'eby'enfuna. Kino kitegeeza nti eggwanga lirina enkola ey'ekika eky'enjawulo ey'eby'enfuna, ng'eggwanga gye liwagira enteekateeka z'eby'eby'enfuna. Omusango ogw'eby'enfuna gukyakyakyawaka oludda olumu era olukyagobererwa, naddala mu ngeri y'okukolagana n'eby'eby'enfuna mu nsi yonna, naye nga ensibuko zaagwo mu by'obusuubuzi tezirimu zitegeerekeka bulungi.

Obwenkanya mu by’Eby’obufuzi

obwenkanya mu by'obufuzi kitegeeza okwegatta ku nkola y'eby'obufuzi. Ekiragiro kikakasa abantu abakulu bonna (Atufflee 326), nga kikakasa nti buli mutuuze alina obuyinza okulonda ka kibe nti mugagga oba mulembe ki. era katandikawo akakiiko akakola nga akalonda, kasobozesa abantu okulonda buli luvannyuma lwa kiseera, era ne kakakasa nti buli muntu alina eddembe ery'okwogera n'okukuŋŋaana okusobola okwegatta ku by'obufuzi.

Obwenkanya mu by'obufuzi butwaliramu abantu okulonda, era n'okuvunaana gavumenti. Obwetwaze bwa Preget eri obwenkanya bwa gavumenti bugezeseddwa olw'ensonga gamba ng'okuzza obulabe mu by'obufuzi, amaanyi g'essente mu kulonda, era n'obwetaavu bw'obufuzi obwa nnaakalyako ani mu bibiina.

Eddembe: Omusingi gw’Obulamu Obufuga Ensi

Ekitabo Preget kisuubiza nti: "Ebirowoozo, enzikiriza, okukkiriza, n'okusinza bikoma ku kuba nti birina eddembe, era nga tebizingiramu buteeso obulaga embeera ezeetaagisa abantu okusobola okufuna obusobozi n'okusobozesa obulamu okububaamu. Enkolagana mu mateeka ga Buyindi teyenkanankanankana; ekolera ku mateeka, n'empisa ez'abantu. Naye eddembe likkirizibwa bulijjo era liteekwa okuba nga lisaanira era nga likwasibwa etteeka.

Eddembe ly’Okulowooza n’Enjogera

Akatundu 19(a) kawa obudde obw'eddembe ery'okwogera, kkooti esinga obukulu gye yannyonnyola nga "Nnyangu wa ddembe ly'abantu ery'okukola." eddembe lino lisobozesa abatuuze okwenyigira mu mpaka eza demokulase, okuvumirira gavumenti, era n'okuwagira enkyukakyuka. Preget kino kissa eddembe lino ku mateeka nga ligassa ku kkomo erigasaze erya demokulase.

Ku nsonga y'enkyukakyuka eyajjawo ku kiwandiiko kino Romash Thapar v. State of Madras (1950), kkooti yagamba nti eddembe ly'okwogera lirina kusisite ku nsingi ey'entegeka ya demokulase. Okusala emisango kugaziye eddembe lino okuzingiramu eddembe ly'eby'okukuba mawulire, eddembe ery'okusirika n'okusirise. Omuntu bw'agezaako okusobola okufuna eddembe eryo, mu ngeri eyo aba ng'ateekawo ekisinziirwako kya bantu ab'ennono, wadde nga bakyayiirwa ebigambo ebikyamu, n'okulabira oba okulabira emisango gye bikoma okugezesa ensa zaago.

Obuteefu bw’Okukkiriza, Okukkiriza, n’Okusinza

Enjawukana mu ddiini mu Buyindi y'emu ku ngeri ze ziyoleka, era ennyanjula y'empaka y'enzikiriza n'ey'okusinza eraga nti omuntu yeemalira ku by'eddiini. Ekitongole ekya 42d Amereka eky'okukkaatiriza ekyagatta obutereevu "Endakula mu kutandika, naye omusingi gwago gwateekebwa dda mu nteekateeka y'Amateeka ez'okusinza (Artles 2528).

Eddiini okusobola okusigala nga teyenyigidde mu bya ddiini, omuntu kinnoomu aba alina eddembe okutandikawo eddiini oba okubunyisa eddiini ye.

Kkooti enkulu emirundi mingi yakwataganyanga enkola eyo okunnyonnyola enkambi n'obuteefiirayo ng'ekintu ekikulu mu mateeka. S.R.Bommai v. Union of India (1994]), kkooti yagamba nti okuttuga y'eddiini y'emu ku ngeri y'okukwatamu abantu era nti teyinza kukyusibwa. Essira ly'entebe enzivumbo liwa obuwagizi okuwakanya okusosola mu ddiini n'ekitala ekiziyiza eddiini okugezaako okukomyawo eby'obufuzi.

Emirimu gy’Olina

Ekireetera etteeka ekkulu okuteekawo enkola y'okunnyonnyola ensonga lwaki amateeka gaago gandibadde ga bwenkanya.

Okufuna Essanyu: Emirimu gy’Eggwanga

Empandika ya Pregesage eri "okwawukanya eri buli muntu" etegeererwa ku mbeera z'okweyisa obulungi mu Directive Principles of State Policy. Ekigambo "Welfere" tekirabika butereevu mu mpandiika y'Olungereza, naye ebigambo "okwawuliriza eri abantu bonna" kitegeeza ekifo eky'eggwanga mu kuleetawo okukulaakulana kw'abantu. Enkyusa ya Chihindi ekozesa "justice" (pearce), era n'enzivvuunuzi ennyonnyola bulungi ekiwandiiko kino kyeyoleka bulungi nti Amateeka ga Butunzi.

Endowooza y’Essaawa eriri mu Kibiina

Ekiragiro ekya Buyindi kigaana enkola eya laisez-faire eya mu kyasa ekya 19. Mu kifo kyayo, egoberera enkola esobozesa ekkalu y'obulungi bw'abantu ne kiba nti gavumenti evunaanyizibwa okulaba emitindo gy'obulamu, obuyigirize, obujjanjabi, n'obutebenkevu. Emisingi egifuga tegigwana kusinziira ku bwenkanya, girina okugobererwa mu buyinza bw'eggwanga, ate nga n'empandika y'okutandika y'amaanyi agagifuga n'okunnyonnyola obulungi empisa.

Akatundu 38 kalagira obutebenkevu mu ggwanga nga kakuuma emirembe mu ngeri gye kisobozesamu obwenkanya ku bantu nga obwenkanya obwa buli ggwanga, obukulembedde, obukulembeza, obuwangwa, n'obukujjukujju. Akatundu 39 kawandiika ebiruubirirwa ebizingirwa mu kweyimirizaawo, omuli ssente zenkanankana ezaasasulibwa okukola omulimu, n'obukuumi bw'abaana obutakolebwako. Akatundu 41 kakwata ku ddembe ly'omulimu, eby'enjigiriza, n'obuyambi mu bantu bwe baweebwa nga baaw'emirimu, bakaddiye, nga balwadde, era nga balwadde.

Okuganyulwa Awatali Kugoberera Misingi

Wadde nga Directive Principles tezikkirizibwa mu kkooti, zikozesebwa kkooti esinga obukulu okugaziya eddembe ly'obusobozi. Unni Krishnan v. State of A.P. (1993), kkooti yasoma obuvunaanyizibwa obw'okuyigiriza mu Katundu 21, era kino kyaviirako okuwandiisaamu amateeka 86 agafuula okufuula obuyigirize obwa ebandeli obwa ddyo. Mu ngeri y'emu, eddembe ly'obulamu litwalibwa ng'ery'edde ku butuufu, obutuufu obuva eriva erigattiddwawo okusobozesa embeera z'obujjanjabi n'okulongoosa.

Etteeka lino era lisimbye etteeka erikwata ku mbeera y'abantu nga Mahatma Gandhi National Breast Breaktting Confict Act (MGNREGA), National Food Security Act, ne Ry'Escation Act. Amateeka gano gakyusa emitindo gy'amateeka okuba nga giteekeddwawo okugobererwa, nga gakola enteekateeka esobozesa okuleetawo obwenkanya n'obukuumi mu bantu.

Ekizibu eky’Okufuna Obulamu Obulungi

Okutuukiriza embeera y'obuwangwa kyetaagisa eby'obugagga bingi era obusobozi bwa Buyindi obw'okusasula obuwangwa buvudde ku mateeka. Emirimu egiva mu kusasula emisolo, engeri y'okuddukanyaamu eby'obufuzi, byonna bijja kukyusa ebiruubirirwa by'obulungi bw'abantu. Pregetgery tewawandikibwa nkola ya njawulo mu by'enfuna naye kikwetaagisa okunoonyereza ku nsonga z'obutebenkevu bw'abantu. Kino kivuddemu enkaayana ku ku kukulaakulana n'okugattika obukujjuzi, enkola ey'eby'eby'eby'obusuubuzi n'obukungu mu nsi kinnoomu.

Okukolera Awamu Obwenkanya, Eddembe, n’Ekiwummulo

Wabula, obwenkanya nga tewali ddembe busobola okunyigiriza; eddembe awatali bwenkanya busobola okuvaamu empewo.

Ng'ekyokulabirako, obwenkanya bw'eby'enfuna bwetaagisa gavumenti okusaasaanya ebizimbe ebiyinza okuzingiramu okukugira eddembe ly'ebintu. Ekiragiro kino kisalawo nti eddembe ly'okutunda liba likkirizibwa mu kifo ky'obuyinza obusookerwako (nga kiwagiddwa okusinziira ku kkubo ery'empandika eya 44 eza bulijjo). Mu ngeri y'emu, okusala emisango mu ntegeka y'abantu kiyinza okukwetaagisa okukkiriza nti eddembe ly'abantu abamu okumala akaseera okusobola okuba n'ekiruubirirwa eky'okwenkanankanankanankana. Kkooti esinga obukulu ebadde ekkiriza nti okukugira okukkirizibwa mu kifo eky'okuteekawo ebiruubirirwa eby'okujjuzaamu.

Okukolera awamu kw'emisingi gino era kulaga lwaki amateeka gawaliriza abantu okubeera n'obuvunaanyizibwa ku ludda lw'ennyambe. Article 51A, ekyateekebwa mu kifo ekya 42cters, kiraga emirimu emikulu egizingiramu okuleetawo obumu, okukuuma ennyimirira yaffe, n'okufuba okukola obulungi mu mirimu gyonna egikolebwa abantu kinnoomu n'abantu bonna.

Okuddayo mu Kiseera eky’Omu Maaso: Ennyanjula Eyatandika mu Kyasa Ekya 21

Wabaddewo okusoomooza okulala okutali kumu. ( 2) Obuteefuga, okumanyibwa abantu mu by’obufuzi, n’okweyawulawo kw’eby’enfuna) Naye amateeka ga Katonda gayamba abantu okugonjoola ebizibu ebyo.

Eddembe ly'obwetwaze, era nga litwalibwa ng'eddembe ekkulu mu .Ppaswamy v.Union of India (2017), lyayimirizibwa mu nteekateeka ya Pregedgey ey'okwesumulula obwama bwa bantu. Kkooti yagamba nti obwama bwa bantu bukulu nnyo mu kulaga abantu nti balina eddembe n'obwenkanya mu mateeka. Mu ngeri y'emu, jurisipulementationnce ekisinziirwako enzitiro z'obulungi obwa Pregeery okusobola okutegeera emitindo gy'obuyonjo n'obuyonjo mu bulamu.

Ebibiina ebifuga enkola ey'okusala emisango mu bwenkanya, LGBTQ+ eddembe, n'obulema biwandiikiddwa ku kutandika okulaga nti obwenkanya n'eddembe byeyongedde nnyo. Okutongozebwa kw'ekikula mu Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India [2088] Kino kyayogera butereevu ku mitindo gy'okuteekawo obwenkanya, okwenkanankanankana, n'ekitiibwa. Ebyokulabirako bino biraga nti, okutandikawo obukabajjanjabi si kiwandiiko ekya bulijjo naye kye kiwandiikiro ekikyamagana n'enkyukakyuka mu mateeka.

Obumalirivu bwa Pregedge era bugezesebwa olw'obuzibu bw'eby'enfuna, obubenje, n'emirimu egitali miyonjo.

Okugeraageranya Endowooza: Essaawa eri mu Bulaaya eri mu Global Context

Empuku eyo etandika ne "Ffe Abantu" era etegeeza nti obwenkanya obwa nnamaddala mu maka, obukkirizibwa okukkirizibwa mu maka, busobozesa abantu okukola ku ntegeka y'ekibiina, era busobozesa abantu okufuna enkukakkalira mu kifo ekimu, era busobozesa abantu okufuna enkukakyuka ez'enjawulo. ” Enzivuunula y'amateeka ga Buyindi n'egongera ku bufunze obwenkanya mu ntegeka y'enkola y'enkola y'enkola y'enkola ya Buyindi.

Ekiragiro kya Bufalansa ekya 1958 kiggumiza omusingi gwa 1789: eddembe, okwenkanankana, okukolagana. Ennyanjula ya Buyindi yenkana n'ey'omu Bufalansa mu kussa essira ku nkolagana (nga kiva ku kukyolekezebwa kw'ebitundu 42 ebitegekebwa mu mateeka nga "okukakasa ekitiibwa ky'eggwanga n'obumu n'obwesigwa"). Kyokka, Buyindi okuyisa obulungi abantu ng'eggwanga ng'omutindo gw'amateeka ga gavumenti, kyeyoleka bulungi okusinga amateeka g'ensi za Bulaaya nnyingi.

Ekiragiro kya South Africa ekyatongozebwa mu 1996, kigoberera enkola y'amateeka Buyindi mu kugonjoola enjawukana ez'edda n'okutandikawo abantu abeesigamya emitindo gya demokulase, obwenkanya, n'obusobozi obukulu. Ekiragiro kino byombi bitegeera nti obwenkanya bukwetaagisa okugonjoola ebibi mu byafaayo era n'okuteekawo embeera ez'enkalakkalira. Mu ngeri eyo, enzijanjaba eyo y'egobererwa mu maka g'enkola y'amateeka g'enfuga.

Okusoomooza mu Kutuukiriza Bye Bakugambye: Ekyebuuzibwa Ekiba Kikontana n’Ebyafaayo

Wadde nga waliwo amateeka agafuga ensi, okuvvuunula obwenkanya, eddembe, n'obulungi tebikyuka. Obusosoze mu nsi yonna, wadde nga bwaggyibwawo mu mateeka, bweyongera mu mpisa z'abantu. Enjawulo mu by'enfuna ebunye mu myaka egyakayita, ng'eno 1% esingira esingirayo ddala okufuga obugagga bw'eggwanga. Eby'obufuzi byenkanankanankana, byenyigibwa ssente, amaanyi g'omubiri, era nga bikubirizibwa omuntu.

Ebiruubirirwa bya Pregear ebifuga obulamu, obulyi bw'enguzi, n'obulyi bw'enguzi. Programu ezigendererwa okukendeeza obwavu n'obutebenkevu zituukirizza ebbeeyi ez'amaanyi eririmu emyaka nga emirundi ebiri, era obwavu bwikudde nnyo bweyongeredde ddala(ko ate obukadde n'obukadde bw'abantu tebalina kuweebwa bujjanjabi bwa bya bujjanjabi mu by'obulamu, eby'enjigiriza, n'eby'emmere. Mubeewabyo eky'obulyinjabi obwa CHOVID, obwawula obukyasinze obukyasinze obuteekusingi obw'enkalakkalira n'obudde n'obusobo n'obusobozi.

Era, eddembe liyitiddwa okulumba abantu abanfuga, okulambula, n'okwetongola. Mu ngeri y'okwolesebwa kw'obumu, Predgey kwe yalina okw'okuba n'obutuuze obumu mu ngeri ez'enjawulo,(*) ligezeseddwa olw'obumu n'obukyayi obuva mu mawanga. Obukyayi wakati w'obutebenkevu n'eddembe ly'abantu byeyongera okuleetawo enkaayana ez'eby'amateeka n'ebyobufuzi.

Obuzibu buno tebuggyawo misingi gya Pregear, wabula enjawulo eriwo wakati w'amateeka n'enkyukakyuka ezibaawo mu nsi ewa obukakafu nti olutalo lweyongera. Pregegry ekola ng'akabonero akalaga nti abantu bavunaanyizibwa eri gavumenti.

Okwolesebwa Okukwata ku Ssande Kukomekkerezebwa:

Endowooza y'obwenkanya, eddembe n'obutebenkevu eyaliwo mu kiseera kino teriiyo buwagizi.

Okutegeera ennyanjula y'emu ku nsonga z'amateeka aba Buyindi ze balina okugoberera nga bagezaako okuleetawo enkaayana ez'amateeka, okulwanirira eddembe ly'abantu, n'okuteekawo amateeka agafuga abantu ab'enkola ez'obwenkanya. Pregedge etujjukiza nti Amateeka tegakoma ku kuba kiwandiiko kya mateeka kyokka naye era gawa buwagizi abantu bonna essuubi ery’okukolera ku biseera eby'omu maaso ebirungi.

Okusobola okwongera okusoma ku lukalala lw'ebiragiro mu Buyindi, abasomi bayinza okwebuuza Constitution of the India , olukiiko olw'empandika] olw'okubusengeka obwa puli za Indiya [, era n'ekiwandikiro eky'ebiwandiiko nga [[FLT:] Oxford Book of the Constitution. K'AKAWULAGIRO K'AWATANDIKAWATANDIKAKO] Kiwandikirowo kiwandikirowo etegeeza ebyo ebikolebwako, ne [FLT:][FLT]]

Emisingi gino tegikoma ku kutuukirizibwa kwa mateeka ga nukula. Naye ennyanjula ewa obulagirizi ku lugendo olwo, okusobozesa obudemokulase bwa Buyindi okumanyisa emitindo gya demokulase okuwangaala mu kugoberera emitindo gy'obwenkanya, eddembe, n'obulungi. Emisingi gino tegikoma ku gigyamu kyokka gitegeeza nti: okutondebwa kwa buli muntu okubeera mu bantu mwe yeetisse ekitiibwa era n'okwenyigira mu bujjuvu mu bulamu bw'eggwanga.