Enkolagana wakati wa gavumenti y'ensi eyo n'eggwanga eyo kye kikolwa eky'obukyayi okuva lwe kyatandikibwawo ekitongole kya Amereka. Bill of Rights, eyawandiikibwa mu 1791, yatwalibwa okuba nga eri gavumenti y'eggwanga yokka era ng'esobola okukuuma eggwanga. Kino kyaleka omukono ogw'amaanyi mu kukuuma eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu, kubanga gavumenti zaali zisobola okukugira eddembe erya buli muntu awatali kusoomooza gavumenti. Enjigiriza eyo yasibuka ku mateeka mu mateeka ga Kinnyitomende kyago okugoberera olutalo lwa Civil okugonjoola obutategeeragana kino. Mu myaka gya 1900, kkooti enkulu egoberera enteekateeka za Amerika ez'eddembe eddembe n'obwenkanya, era n'ensonga ez'amateeka zisobola okugonjooleka engeri enziinawo enzikkirizaamu amateeka. Okutegeera ensonga eno enkulu mu mateeka mu Amerika gye zikwata ku ngeri etongole etongole etongole e United States.

Ensibuko y’Enjigiriza Egikwata ku Kintu

Olupapula lw’amawulire Antebellum olw’okutegeera: Barron v. Baltimore

Mu kitundu ekisooka eky'ekyasa ekya 19, ekibuuzo ekyasalirwawo kkooti enkulu kyalaga obanga Bill of Rights yali ewandikiddwa gavumenti oba nga yali eteekeddwawo ku nsonga eyo. Omusango ogwasalibwawo kkooti enkulu mu Baltimore bron v. Baltimore [1833]. Omulamuzi John Marshall, nga awandiika kkooti egattiddwa mu kkooti egattiddwa mu mateeka, yakikkiriza nti Bill of Rights yali akwaliddwawo gavumenti. Omusango gwali guzingiramu nnannyini kiddukanyabiro mu Baltivvumu eyatwala ebintu bye nga tawaddeyo ssente. Ate nga ku ttuluundu yagibwawo gavumenti, naye nga terimu gavumenti z'ewanyisa gavumenti zaabwe bokka ezaali zikola.

Omuteende ogw’Ekkumi n’Ekkumi n’Ebirimu n’Ekyawukana mu Kibiina

Okutongozebwa kwa kkopi ey'e 141 Amereka mu 1868 kwali kukwata obutereevu ku ntalo eyagobererwa oluvannyuma lwa Convil South ne ku njigiriza Barron. Andement yanoonya okukuuma abaddu abaakateebwa okuva ku mateeka g'eggwanga ag'obulabe. Ekitundu kimu eky'okukyusaamu kirimu enjogera eziwera, naye bbiri zalina ekkulu eri mu njigiriza eno:

  • Enkizo oba obwa Claus: "Tewali mateeka ga kukakanya ku busamba oba kugattibwa kwa bantu mu Amerika.
  • [[Act:0] Entegeka Etuufu ye Claus:[ "... era Lemeera yonna teyinza kumalako muntu yenna bulamu, ddembe oba ekintu nga tasoose kuweebwa mateeka."

Mu kusooka, kyalowoozebwanga nti entegeka ya Immunitis Claus ye yali emmotoka enkulu ekwasesa Bill of Rights mu masaza. Kyokka, mu Cases' Ennyumba ey'okuseka (1873]), kkooti enkulu yateeka ekkomo ekkomo ku mateeka gano, nga ekuuma obutundu obwa kasokko obufunda obwava mu ntebe z'eggwanga, nga bwe busobola okukomyawo olukalala olw'okukkongozesa oba olubukko. Kino kyava bulungi nnyo ku nsonga ezigibwa mu kkooti enkulu mu kyasa ekisukka kimu. Kkookolo Kkooti eyo yakyuka nnyo okusobola okuggya eddembe eriva mu n'okuva mu ntegeka y'eggwanga.

Enjigiriza y’Obunnabbi: Okuva ku Busobozi Obukulu Okusalawo

Eddembe ly’Ekibiina Lituuka

Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 19 ne ku ntandikwa ya ekya 20, kkooti yatandika okukubawo okunoonyereza mu mateeka okwali kukwata ku kussa mu nkola etteeka erikwata ku ddembe ly'obuntu mu masaza. Tthining v'omu New Jersey [08] [1988], kkooti yassaawo "Eddembe ly'enkomerero". Ekibuuzo kyali tekiraga obanga Bill of Rights yali emenyesezza enteekateeka ya ddembe lya ggwanga naye oba nga gavumenti yali emenyesedde ku mukono ogwa ddyo ne kiba nga "Littulee]. Kino kyawanyisa Kkooti Kkooti Kkooti y'obukwasi. Kino kyawanyisa kkooti okulonda n'obukuumi.

Palko v.Connecticut ne "Eddembe erifuuliddwa enkima"

Omulamuzi Benjamin Cardozo yasalawo olukalala lw'ensonga eno mu kkooti y'ebiragiro. Palko v.Connecticut (1937). Frank Palka yasalirwa omusango ogw'okutta, okusibibwa omusango ogw'okusumula, era n'okuweebwa ekibonerezo eky'obulamu. Gavumenti ya Connecticut yajuliza omusango era n'awangula omusango omuggya, Palka gye yasingisibwa ogw'okutta n'okusalira omusango. Palka yagamba nti omusango ogw'okubiri gwamenyesebwa ekiteetezo eky'okutta. Kkootikko kya Ssesaawo kyagaana. Kkootikko yannyonnyola nti okusokkosebwa okw'emirundi ebiri tekwakulirwa mu musango ogwasibuka mu mpisa enfumo era ne mu mutima gw'abantu baffe okusalibwa mu kifo ekikulu ennyo. Kkootikko yatongoza abo bokka "teesaamu ku kubaako olufulumya olumu olw'okulango olwo.

Obusibe bw'Omulamuzi Omulangira Black'Ssirakiti yonna

Omulamuzi Hugo Black ye yali omusosoze akyasinze okunoonyereza ku ngeri ez'enjawulo. Mu nkola ze zonna ku kkooti, yagamba nti okugattika ekiragiro ku Kkooti kwalina ekigendererwa eky'okuyisa Bill of Rights mu masaza gaamu. "Mazimaka" yali akkiriza nti okugattibwa kwa Claus Claus ow'Omuteende wa 1450 Conformation kwalimu buli kikuumibwa ku bintu ebisooka okutereezebwa. Banka yakkiriza nti okugezesa obwa "Okwakwa" bwawanyisa etteeka lya nnukuta yanti eya bulijjo ne kisobozesa okuteekawo ebiwandiiko bya drikiti era nti obujulizivu mu byafaayo tebyawumba obusingako obunene mu njigiriza ye, naye nga Adamson v. (474]) Kkootikkootikko kya Kkootikkootikko kya zza nnyo amaanyi mu ku ku kugibwa kwa Amedirimu mu bitundu ebisooka.

Kkooti y’e Warren n’Ekyewaggula mu by’Obusuubuzi

Kuno kwe kulonda okwa Kentule mu 1953 kwalaga nti mu lukiiko olukulu olw'eddembe lya Keesaawo Warren, kwalina enkyuuka mu Njiri. Kkooti ya Warren yalina endowooza ekwata ku ddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu era n'ekyusa enkolagana wakati wa nkola za gavumenti ez'obumenyi bw'amateeka ne Constitution. Mu mitemwa gya 1960, Kkooti yatongoza kumpi byonna ebyakolebwa mu nkola y'ekikolwa kya mumenyi kya mu mateeka, era n'eba nga y'eyongera nnyo n'obulabirizi bw'enkola ya gavumenti ey'enkyukakyuka mu nkola ya gavumenti mu ngeri esobozesa enzikkiriza obukwakulizo bwonna obutuufu obw'okukusingirwamu omuntu yenna gy'aba abadde.

Ebiwandiiko Ebikwata ku Kkkero Byaddibwamu mu Amerika: Ekibuuzo Ekyalyo Ekituufu Okunoonyereza

Okugatta enkola eyo si kye kintu kimu kyokka ekyakolebwa mpolampola. Ekiragiro kino kiraga engeri kkooti enkulu gy'ekutte ku buli kakiiko akafuzi akakwata ku ddembe ly'obuntu.

Omuteende Ogwasooka: Okwogera, Okukuba Ssandisi, Enkuŋŋaana Ennene, n’Eddiini

Ekibiina ekyasooka okugattidwako kye kyali ekiba kikuutivu ekyasooka. Gitlow v. New York (1925), kkooti yagamba nti eddembe ly'okwogera lyali likuumibwa mu mateeka ag'entegeka eya 144. ne 'mmeta v. Minesota[[[FL:3]] [193]] Obukuumi buno bwagazisiibwa ku ddembe ly'ebyumauma, okusattumbula etteeka erikkiriza okufugibwa empapula empapula. [[FLT:] [4]] Doce [vFLT] [37] mu ngeri y'obukuumi obwa bulijjo] mu ngeri ey'okuteekateeka emirembe, ne [[FFFON].[4] Ek'empalaak'empalaawe'empalaafu] Ek'empagimu, obwavanyunzi ey'okuvanyunziko: [194]

Emisingi Egyasembayo: Eddembe ly’Okukuuma n’Okutambulanga emikono

Ekiwandiiko eky'okubiri kyakkirizibwa mu ngeri eyo. [[FF9] Kkooti enkulu yagaana okukozesa enteekateeka ey'okubiri ey'okukyusa ebitongole bya gavumenti. [[FL:0] mu United States] v. Kruikshank[[FL:1] era ne [[FLT:] [19][12] [19]][19] era [Ekiwandiiko ekisinga obukulu] n'eky'omu kyasa ekya 20, kyagaana okukozesa olukalala olwo (1886). Kkooti Kkooti ekitongole kino kyakkiriza nti eddembe okusiikiriza okulwanyisa gavumenti y'ensi eyo kyali ekitongole, so si kye kyamanyi mu kyasa ekya 21 ekisooka, era ne mu bugguluka obutuufu obw'ebitongole ebibadde kigoberera enkola ya fayiro. [NKULU] Atemu mu ngeri emu yokka: [FFF] Kino kyago mu ngeri emu yokka: [F]

Omuteende Ogwa Kuna: Okunoonya n’Okulekawo Etteeka

Ekitongole eky'okuna kiziyiza okunoonyereza n'okukwatibwa embuyaga, era nga kyetaagisa obukwasiro obw'amaanyi. Ekkubo eriyingira mu kukyusa okwo lyali ddene era nga kzibu. Wolf v. Colorado[ [1949]], kkooti yakikkiriza nti eddembe erya nnamaddala okusukkululwa mu ngeri ey'okwesala omusango likulu, naye nga ligaana okukozesa etteeka eryo eryawulamu. [[FL:] Empandika y'obujjanjawufumu obuteeyirwa obukkirizibwa mu kkooti. [196] Empandika eyo yaleetawo omulimu mu ngeri eterizo ezikyamu. Enkola y'okunoonyereza ku nsonga enkulu mu kkooti egobereddwawo, yakkirizibwa mu ngeri ey'okunoonyereza okugoberebwa. [FFoctive][5] Empalaaset] Empalaaset . [E] Empalaawuboneromenti eya bulijjo yagoberebwa mu Nsonga y'ego, ya mu Nvumbo: [F.[Fose

Okuwummuzibwa okw’Okutaano: Okwenenyeza, Okukoowa, n’Okutwala Ebinnoomu

Ekiragiro kino kigattibwako enteekateeka ey'okukyusa emirundi egitali gimu. Ekiragiro kino kitandika okuyingiza ebifa ku bantu kinnoomu mu kifo kya Claus ("noo]] ne kiba nti ebintu ebyakyewa birina okukozesebwa, nga tewakyaliwo buwoowo obusawo"", ekyafuukamu nga [Cicago, Burlington & Railrountard v. Chicago [[[12]], [18], ekiragiro kya K'enkola ku ebyo ebikolebwa mu kkooti okusookebwa obwa bulijjo.[FLT] era kiyinza okumanyibwa ennyo.[FLT][5]

Omuteeso ogw’omukaaga: Etteeka Erikwata ku Tteeka ly’Eŋŋaano mu Bujjuvu

[[F][5] Era, okugattika okw'omukaaga okusumulula okuweerera ddala eddembe erya bulijjo erikolebwa okulaba nti omusango gusalibwa mu bwenkanya. Bino bitwaliramu eddembe ery'okusala omusango ogw'amangu, okusala omusango mu ngeri etali ya bwenkanya, okusazesa abajulizi, okusazeezebwa mu mateeka okusobola okufuna abajulizi, n'obusobozi obw'okukugirwa mu mateeka. Ddeedenti zino ziteekebwamu naddala mu kiseera kya Kkooti. [[FOL:] [FON]] [FON] [FON] [FON] [12] mu ngeri nti, [FFF:] [3] [196], (196]) y'empeempala y'obusobo obusinga obujulizi, era n'okusuubira nti eddembe ery'okubutuukiriza obujulizi obutuufu bw'ensonga zikwata ku nsonga, era n'obujulizi obutuufu okumenya ensonga ezisinga obungi.[4][5][F]).[4] Kino kikireetera okulabula okumenya omusango: [[4]

Okuweerera Omunaana: Obukambwe n’Okubonerezebwa okw’Enjawulo

Kkooti ya California yamenya etteeka eryaleetera California okunywa enzijanjaba, nga eteekamu ekibonerezo eky'amaanyi n'eky'enjawulo liteekebwawo mu [[FL:0] Robinson v'aw'okubiri (1962). Kkooti eyo yamenya etteeka eryagifuula omuze ogw'okunywa enzijanjaba, nga eziyiza gavumenti okubonerezebwa nti gavumenti teyinza kubonereza muntu olw'ekifo oba embeera endala, ng'ewakanya ekikolwa eky'enjawulo. Eno ye yali omulundi ogusooka Kkooti Kkooti ey'okukwata ku gavumenti ey'e 8 Ente mu kiseera kino, ne kiggulawo emboozi ez'okukwata ku kufa n'ebikemo, nga mw'ewawaawerezo n'ebigasa.

Emiganyulo Egiri mu Kunyigirizibwa kw’Abamenyi b’Ebikolwa by’Ekibiina mu Gavumenti Ekikola ku Bufuzi bw’Eggwanga

Enjigiriza eyo yakwata nnyo ku nkola z'amateeka eza gavumenti. Nga 1960 tezinnabaawo, gavumenti zaalina obusobozi okuddukanya kkooti za poliisi, ebitongole, n'amakomera mu ngeri gye byalaba nga bisaanira. Okulabula okw'okutaano, mukaaga, ne Ente mu Esaku munaana okuteeka emitindo gy'enkola eteekeddwawo ku nkola za gavumenti. Ebitongole bya poliisi byabuliisi byalina okuteekawo enkola ez'okuzuula amateeka, okuwa obujulizi , era n'okukulabula okukwata ku lukumbookisi olw'obukuumi. Kkolanga olukalala lw'abakungu bannaagye ba gavumenti okusobola okulwanirira abaavubi, okuwanirira emisango egy'amaanyi, n'okuteekawo obujulizi mu ngeri eyo etali ya mu mateeka. Omutemwa gw'amateeka mu nsi yonna, obutongole omuwagizi w'omukiikiikiina w'omukirye mu Amereka, nga kiragira mu kifo eky'obujulizi obw'omukirkusi w'omusango.

Okubuusabuusa n’Okuvumirira Ebibaawo mu Kiseera eky’Omu Maaso

Obusosoze n’Enkizo ez’Okuyingira Obuvubuka oba Enkizo ez’Okugenda mu Kibiina Kilala

Wadde nga yagaanibwa nnyo, Enjigiriza ey'Ekibiina esigalamu okuteesa okw'amaanyi. Abalamuzi bangi n'abayivu mu by'amateeka bagamba nti Kkooti ey'Empaka ey'oku ntikkulu yakola ensobi mu Cases' Ennyumba ng'eyima oludda olugattiddwa mu nnyanjula y'obusika oba Enkizo. Omulamuzi ayitibwa Clarence Thomas ye mukkomyamyakko ku Kkooti ey'okutendereza olw'okukozesa eddembe erya nnannyini oba Immunions Clause, mu kifo ky'ekyuma ky'emmotoka ekituufu ekibadde kireeteendwa mu . [FFFoctive:3], Justicenti Thomas yawakanya nti amagye gaanyweredde mu ku k'entebe enzigerekeroozaamu za Amerika, so si y'enkola mu ku kugikolako. projective Resurricess produration, productal product

Enjigiriza Egirabula Ekiragiro

Ekiragiro ekitandika okuvumirira enkola ey'okuyingizaamu kiri nti kifeebya omusingi gwa gavumenti. Abawagizi b'obufuzi bwa gavumenti bagamba nti gavumenti y'ensi eyo, okuyitira mu kkooti, era nti erina obuyinza obulagira akakiiko akafuzi ak'ensi n'abakulembeze okuteekawo enkola. Ekiragiro kino kitegeeza nti gavumenti y'ensi eyo efuga nga Printz v. [1997] ne New York v. United States[FLT]] [1992], eyinza okukoma mu mateeka, okukoma okukoma mu mateeka ag'ensi eno. Enkola y'ekiragiro kino, eyinza okukoma okumenya enkola ey'okuyisa oba okuyisa enteekateeka ez'obukulembeze mu ggwanga. Kyokka, kkooti zikkiriza nti amateeka gaawula eddembe lya gramya eddembe lya ggwanga erifuga amateeka. Ate era ne g'ekibiina ky'ekibiina kya gavumenti tekikola mu mateeka. Ate, enteekateeka y'amateeka ne kigookkaagoosebwa mu mateeka ektongole ekigobeego, ekyo kiyinza okugobera ddala ekyo ekigobeetakyusizza ekkomera mu mateeka.

Okusazesa ebikongojjedwa mu busimba

Ekiragiro kino kikyusa engeri gye kifugamu okukyusizaamu enzikiriza eyo. Ekyokulabirako ekimanyiddwa ennyo bwe kiri Bolling v. Trorde (1954), omuntu akiikirira ] n'empandika y'Essomero [[FLD]v]. [[FLT:][FLT]] Kino kyakwata ku nsonga ya gavumenti ku bukuumi bwa Claus,[5] era ne ku ngeri y'okugikuumamu mu ngeri ereeteenkana ne mu ngeri y'emu. [FLT] [FLT] [FLT:] kye kyayogera ku lukalala olwo mu matendekero g'amako g'amako g'amatabi, nga kyenkanankanankanankana n'obutebe bw'omuteempewo mu k'empewo mu kulembe ey'entebe y'enkola ya Cekkumi. Ekitongole ekyo kibeeramu eky'enkulembedde mu ngeri ey'envuvuvuvuvuvu mu bungi. Ekimu ekibadde kibeera

Ebiseera eby’Omu Maaso eby’Okubeera ng’Abakoddyo

Enjigiriza ya kkooti si y'egonjooleddwa mu byafaayo naye egobererwa mu mateeka. Waliwo enteekateeka za Bill of Rights ezitafugibwamu mu bujjuvu. Ng'ekyokulabirako, olukuuti lw'okusatu olw'okugattibwa ku bajaasi obutakkirizibwa mu bitundu bya kuna eby'omulembe. California (1184], era n'etteeka lino lisigala nga ttuufu. Olukalala olw'okubiri lusigala nga lukyava mu n'emisango egy'amaanyi. Enkola ya kkooti z'amateeka zireempala ne zimenya amateeka ag'amaanyi [FLT:B][FLY][FFFF]]].

fundikira

Kkooti enkulu yakyusa enkola y'eggwanga lya Amerika era n'esobozesa okuteeka mu nkola etteeka eririna obuyinza ku mateeka gaayo okuyitira mu Amereka. Kkooti enkulu bwe yakyusa endowooza y'eggwanga lya Amerika n'ebiruubirirwa bya bantu kinnoomu. Okuva ku kusalawo okw'oku Kkooti y'e Kizimbe kya Warren okutuuka ku mpaka ez'omu kiseera kino ezikwata ku mutemwa ogw'okubiri n'omusango, okugattibwa kw'eddembe ekkulu ku ddembe ery'ennimi k'enkola kiyambye mu kutuukagana kwa maanyi g'obuyinza wakati w'essaza ne gavumenti. Wadde nga enkakaaluusi bwe ziwandiikiikiina ky'amakulu, omusingi gw'enjigiriza ekyo gusigala nga gukakasibwawo ddala bulungi abantu bonna, kasomero zonna ez'enkola yaabwe ey'okugobeewo.

Ekiragiro bwe kigenda okusomebwa ku nkyukakyuka y'enkola y'enzikiriza eno, [[FLT]] Olupapula olw'amakulu ku Cornell Law School luwa obupimye obw'ennono obulungi. Eby'okusalako nga [[[FLT:]] Gitrow v. New York ku Oyez ne ku kutandika kw'empewo ekiragiro eky'okubiri mu McDonald v. Chicago Kino kiwagira olukulembedde endagiriro ezisookerwako mu n'amateeka.