Gavumenti ya Amereka y'ensibuko ya demokulase mu Amerika, evunaanyizibwa ku kunnyonnyola amateeka, okugonjoola enkaayana n'okukuuma eddembe erya tteeka. Omutima gw'ensi eno be balamuzi abafuga ensonga, abasala emisango mu mateeka, era abakyusa ebitongole ebifuga amateeka mu ggwanga. Abayizi n'abasomesa, bategeera bulungi engeri eddiini gy'ekolamu amateeka ga gavumenti ga Amerika, era n'ebifo ebyetaago eby'enjawulo ebizingirwamu mu nkola y'ab'obukambi n'obusobozi. Ekitundu kino kisobozesa abalamuzi okubutuukiriza mu mateeka, obuvunaanyizibwa bw'abalamuzi, okulonda n'okulabiriza ab'emisango, n'enkola ey'enkola y'enkola mu ku nsonga z'amateeka.

Enteekateeka Eri mu Maato Esatu Ezeetisse Omukulembeze w’Ekitongole Ekikola ku by’Obubiina

Enteekateeka ya kkooti ya gavumenti etegekeddwa mu mitendera esatu mikulu, nga buli emu erimu emirimu egigikwatako. Kkooti zino enfuga z'ebitongole bikakasa nti enkaayana ez'eby'amateeka zikwatibwa bulungi era nti okuzeekenneenya kukolebwawo okusobola okutereeza ensobi n'okunnyonnyola emisingi gya mateeka. Obusengeke busatu bwe Kkooti za disiturikiti ez'omu Amerika (mu mu kiseera ky'amasasiro), Kkooti z'Akaawulizo (mu mumpiti), ne Kkooti esingayo okuba enkulu ey'omu United States (kooti esingayo okuba n'okukka wansi). Okutegeera ebifo eby'enjawulo ebizingirwamu mu buli mu mateeka kisobozesa okutegeera engeri entuufu ey'obwenkanya gye bukolebwamu.

Kkooti za Disitulikiti ez’Amerika: Kkooti Ezeefuga mu Bulaaya

Kkooti za disiturikiti ze zikola ku kkooti z'ensi yonna. Buli ssemasaza alina ensonga za gavumenti emu n'ezo ez'enjawulo. Ekiragiro kino kirina ebitundu bya disiturikiti bingi (nga bwe kiba, California kirina ebitundu bina: Mu bukiika kkono, mu Asiya ow'ebuvanjuba, ne mu bukiikaddyo). Waliwo esaza 94 nga biri mu Amerika ne mu bitundu byayo. Kkooti za disiturikiti zirina obuyinza obw'okusooka, nga zirina okusooka okuwulira omusango. Masaze gayinza okusalibwawo ab'esazesebwa omusango mu disiturikiti.

Abalamuzi mu kkooti za disiturikiti bavunaanyizibwa okulabiriza ebisaze byonna ebiba bisaliddwawo, okuva ku nkola z'amateeka n'obujulizi obufuga amateeka n'okusalira omusango. Era basala emisango mu kkooti z'abalamuzi mu bitebeembe, okukakasa obanga obujulizi tebuliiko bukakafu. Abalamuzi ba disiturikiti balondebwa Pulezidenti era ne bakakasibwa akakwate olukiiko olw'amateeka olw'okubiri. Bayambibwako abalamuzi abalonde ba kkooti z'amateeka, abakola ku nsonga ezitannaabalamuzi n'ensonga eziba zinnaawerebwa nga tezirina ko n'abalamuzi abawaawerebwa, era n'abalamuzi abalabirizibwe, abasobola okuyita mu kkooti eziragira entebe z'ebiwandiiko.

Kkooti z’Ebyasawo mu Amerika: Alipoota y’Omulimu gw’Ekibiina

Kkooti 13 ez'Akasawo mu Amerika zoogerezesa ku bye zisazeewo ebikolebwa kkooti z'ekitundu mu bitundu byabwe. Obutafaananako kkooti za disitulikiti, kkooti ezikwata ku nsonga tezikola ku bujulizi bwonna. Mu kifo ky'ekyo, zoongera obanga amateeka gaago gaakozesebwa bulungi mu kkooti entono. Ebitongole ebikyalira ebibiina biddamu okuwulirwawo, wadde ng'olulala kkooti eyinza okulumiriza omusango mu nsaze. Abalamuzi ab'ekitundu bakebera ebibakwata ku kkooti, ne basoma obufunze ku miwaatwa. Oluvannyuma bawandiisa mu mpalo mu kkooti y'ekitundu nga baddamu ebyo ebisalibwa oba nga baddizza omusango.

Abalamuzi b'ekitundu balina obuvunaanyizibwa bwa maanyi mu kuteekawo enkola egobereddwa mu mateeka. Bwe basala ku kkooti za disitulikiti zonna era ne bawa ab'obuyinza okusikiriza ebibiina ebirala. Kino kitandikawo etteeka erikulembera ensonga eza wansi era liyamba okukakasa obukuŋŋaanivu bw'amateeka ga gavumenti. Abalamuzi abakyalira ebibiina era bawulira ebisabiro okuva ku batongole ba gavumenti abamu, gamba nga Exchangence and National Labor Relations Commission. United States egabanyizibwamu ebitundu 11, awamu ne D.C. Ekitundu ky'ekitundu n'ekitongole kya Federal, ekirina entegeka mu ggwanga erisinga obungi ku nsonga ezikwata ku nkola za gavumenti gamba ng'ezfumo n'obusuubuzi n'emirimu gy'ensi yonna.

Kkooti y’omu Amerika Esingira Ennyo

Kkooti enkulu ye kkooti esingayo obukulu mu nsi, nga erimu abalamuzi mwenda: Omulamuzi omu ow'ekika n'Abalamuzi munaana. Kkooti eno efuga buli kiseera ensonga zonna ezizingirwamu gavumenti, nga mw'otwalidde n'okunnyonnyola amakulu g'amateeka g'amateeka era n'amateeka. Era elina obuyinza obw'ensonga ez'ekika ekya waggulu mu nsonga, gamba ng'enkaayana wakati w'ensi. Kkooti enkulu esalawo omusango kina okusalirwa nga ewa kw'empalo ya certiari, ekyetaagisa okukkukkiriza okukkukkiriza kw'amateeka abana (omusango "tteeka ly'enna"). Buli mwaka, Kkooti efuna obusaze nga 70-80.

Ebisalirwawo kkooti enkulu bikola ku b'ewaanyi bonna aba wansi. Ebisalibwawo bya kkooti entono birina kye bikola ku bantu b'omu Amerika, bikyusa emitindo gy'amateeka, bikuuma eddembe ly'abantu, era bikyusa enkola eya gavumenti. Omulamuzi Omukulu afuga empaka mu byamasa ne mu nkuŋŋaana zabwe era alina obuvunaanyizibwa okussaawo ebiwandiiko bya bannakaalwa b'ensi yonna. Buli mu kkooti ekola n'obulamuzi obw'engeri y'okulonda. Kkookolobe ya Kkoopera era ekola ku kigambo ekitandikira mu Jjuuni oba Jjuuni, nga ewezaamu oba Jjulaayi, era nga eweza endowooza z'abantu bonna zireeteddwa. Kkootikko kya Ssenkufulumente mu Washington, D.C.

Engeri Ezaawukana ez’Abalamuzi Abafuga Obufuzi n’Ezoolereza Emitindo gy’Empisa

Wadde nga "Omulamuzi" ne "obwenkanya" bitera okukozesebwa mu kunyumya okwa bulijjo, bitegeeza ebifo ebiba mu lukiiko olukulu olw'okusala emisango nga birimu obuvunaanyizibwa obw'enjawulo, okulondebwa, n'ebifo eby'omu buyinza. Okutegeera enjawulo zino kiyamba okumanyisa engeri enkola y'okusala emisango gye gikolamu ku buli mukitundu.

Abalamuzi Abafuga Obukulembeze: Omulimu gw’Obwannalukalala, n’Okulonda

Ekigambo "omulamuzi ow'oludda olusooka" kitera okutegeeza Akatundu III akalondebwa mu kkooti z'amateeka era n'abalamuzi ku kkooti ez'enjawulo gamba nga Kkooti y'obusuubuzi ne kkooti ez'obukungu. Ekiragiro III kiba kitegeeza abalamuzi mu kiseera "empisa ennungi," amakulu g'obulamu bwabwe era n'emisaala gyabwe tegiyinza kukendeezebwako nga bali mu ofiisi. Obukuumi obwo bukolebwa kubakuuma okuva ku ku kupikirizibwa kw'eby'obufuzi era n'okukakasa nti omuntu asinziira ku kkooti z'asalawo ku nsonga z'ensi.

Abalamuzi ba disiturikiti bafuga emisango, bafuga emisango, era basala emisango ku bamenyi b'amateeka. Abalamuzi abakyalira ebibiina beejjukanya ensonga nga bajulira ku kkooti, nga bawandiika endowooza zaabwe, era nga bayamba mu kussaawo enkola eziragiddwa mu mateeka. Abalamuzi ba disitulikiti era n'abalabirizi abakyalira ebibiina bakola ku mitendera egikolebwako obutyabaga nga basaba omuntu aleme kuttibwa oba ebiragiro, ng'asinziira ku mpagi oba ebiragiro. Ng'ekyokulabirako, abalamuzi III bwe babaako abalamuzi abawandisizza ekiwandiiko oba abalamuzi abalondeddwako obutereevu era ne balondebwa n'enkiiko z'asaze.

Amalamuzi mu Kkooti Esinga Obukulu: Obwetaavu obw’Enjawulo

Abalamuzi mu kkooti enkulu nabo kaadi era kalamuzi III, naye ekifo kyabwe kya njawulo mu buli mbeera era ne mu buyinza. Abalamuzi aba wansi bateeka mu nkola amateeka agaliwo ku buli nsonga, abalamuzi batera okusobeza ebibuuzo ebikulu ebisobola okukyusiza obusobozi obutuufu bw'amateeka eri eggwanga lyonna. Obuvunaanyizibwa bwabwe obukulu kwe kunnyonnyola Amateeka, okukakasa nti amateeka n'enkola z'obukulembeze bikwatagana n'enteekateeka zago. Abalamuzi bakubirizibwa okugonjoola ensonga eziba zizzeewo mu ngeri ey'amaanyi gamba ng'obuyinza obwa gavumenti, eddembe lya buli muntu kinnoomu, n'emikutu egigattiddwa wakati w'amatabi ga gavumenti.

Buli mulamuzi awandiika endowooza ku nsonga ezisalibwa Omulamuzi Omukulu (oba oyo akolera awamu ne nnannyini mu lukiiko , singa Omulamuzi Omukulu takkiriziganya). Okujjukirwa n'okuwakanya endowooza endala birina kinene kye bikola mu kukyusa emboozi mu mateeka era emirundi egimu bissaawo omusingi gusobole okuleetawo enkyukakyuka mu mateeka. Era, galamuzi era galabirira emisango egya mu kkooti, gasalawo omusango gwa ku lukiiko, gatte era gakozese gatya okugayisa mu bantu. obwenkanya obw'ekiseera kyonna ne bubakkiriza okutunuulira amateeka, nga gategesebwe ku nkola y'ebyumandabibwa.

Geraageranya: Abalamuzi bawakanya emisango

Enjawulo enkulu eriwo wakati wa "abalamuzi" ne "obwenkanya" mu ntegeka y'eggwanga y'eddembe n'obuyinza. "Lystice" eterekebwa ab'omu kkooti enkulu, so nga "sala omusango" gukwata ku balamuzi abalala bonna III. Mu bitundu ebimu, kkooti esinga obukulu era eyitibwa Kkooti esinga obukulu n'ebitundu, naye mu nkola za gavumenti abo bokka abali mwenda ku ttulubakwa. Kkooti enkulu enyweza ekitiibwa ekyo. Obuvunaanyizibwa bw'omusango mu ggwanga lyonna bugazi kubanga bassaawo ekigoberezo eky'okutambula mu kitundu kyabwe kyokka. Abalamuzi bakikola ku nsonga za disitulikiti. Abalamuzi bakikola ku nsonga zaabwe mu kkooti zaabwe bokka ez'amaanyi.

Enteekateeka n’Obwetwaze bw’Okusalirako Omusango

Enteekateeka y'okulonda abalamuzi ab'ensi yonna n'okusala emisango, nsonga nkulu nnyo mu nkola y'obulambe n'eby'okukuuma emitindo. Bizingiramu amatabi ga bannakyewa n'ag'eby'amateeka, nga kino kiraga nti ab'obuyinza balina ekigendererwa eky'okukakasa abalamuzi nti be balina obukiiko obwabwe ku bwabwe. Ekkubo eridda ku ntebe y'ekitebe liba lya maanyi nnyo era litera okuvunaanibwa mu by'obufuzi, naddala eri Kooti Enkulu.

Ebifa ku linnya

Prezidenti asalira abalamuzi akatundu III mu lukiiko olusala emisango, nga mw'otwalidde abalamuzi ba kkooti ya disitulikiti, abalamuzi n'abalamuzi. Okulonda okwo kuweerezebwa ku kakiiko k'olukiiko olukulu olukulu olw'eggwanga, akawuliriza oba ne kakuba akalulu ku bannaalukalala. Abasinga obungi mu lukiiko olukulu bakakasa akakiiko akalina okubaamu. Okunoonyereza okw'amaanyi ku Kkiiko ekkulu ne kuleetawo okukatwala ennyo, era n'okuteesa ne ku nsonga. American Bar Association (ABA) ewandisizza ku nsonga ezitasinziira ku nukulembedde ku nukubonero ya nominee, wadde nga n'obufirosososoofo obufugama, n'okunoonyereza okw'ebiragiro ebya waggulu, era n'okugoberebwa kwa bannabyawumba.

Obulamu n’Engeri gye Butambuliramu

Akatundu III ak'amateeka keewa abalamuzi ab'eggwanga mu kiseera "empisa ennungi". Akakiiko kano kaakolebwa okukuuma enzijanjaba obutawoolera ggwanga era ne kaleka abalamuzi okusalawo bye basazeewo okusinziira ku mateeka n'obukakafu, nga tebatya kufiirwa mirimu gyabwe. Alexander Hamilton yakkirizisa mu [[FL:0] Kino kitegeeza nti abalamuzi n'abalamuzi 78 baali basobola okukituukiriza mu bujjuvu amateeka era nga basobola okukebera amatabi g'ekitongole kya gavumenti nga bwe gaagala. Wadde nga obulamu bwe buleetawo obwetwaze, kitegeeza nti obulamu busobola okubaamu ebireetebwawo ku mu nsalako ya kkooti.

Okwenoonyeza Omuze ogw’Okufiirwa Omugabo

Wadde nga abalamuzi ba gavumenti balina ebifo mu bulamu bwonna, tebeesazesebwa kuggibwawo. Ekiragiro kikkiriza olukiiko olukulu olw'abalagizi okusazaamu ennyumba ya bannalukalala nga bavunaanibwa olukiiko "olw'amagezi, obulyi bw'enguzi, oba obumenyi obulala obw'amaanyi". Okusala emisango ku nsonga tekumanyiddwa nnyo; abalamuzi 15 bokka ab'eggwanga be baasalirwa omusango era munaana be baasalirwa omusango. Ekyokulabirako ekyakayita kya Thomas Portitty Jr. Mu mwaka 2010, okubonerezebwa kw'okusa obulyinja.

Okwekenneenya Omusango n’Emisango

Ekimu ku by'okukozesa eby'amaanyi ennyo mu matwale g'abalamuzi kwe kwe kuddamu okwekenneenya ebiba bifunze.=buyinza okufulumya amateeka n'ebikolwa bya bannakyewa ebitali bya butongole. Amaanyi gano tegyogerwako butereevu mu lukiiko lw'amateeka, gaateekebwawo kkooti enkulu mu kkooti eteeka akabonero akalaga ennukuta ez'enjawulo Marbury v. Madison[ [183]]. Okuva olwo, Kkooti ewatuuliddemu emisango mingi egifudde mingi egyaliwo mu Amerika.

Marbury v. Madison n’ekirala eky’Okwejjukanya ensonga

Mu mu 'Marbury v. Madison, Omulamuzi Omukulu John Marshall yawandiika endowooza eyawawukanako eya Kkooti okussaawo obuyinza okusaanyawo enkola za kakiiko akamenya amateeka. Omusango gwajjawo okuva ku nkakaaso z'ebyobufuzi ezikwata ku kussaawo emirembe. Marshall yasalawo nti wadde William Marbury yalina obuyinza ku mulimu gwe, kkooti teyinza kutongoza buyinza bwa mandamus olw'amateeka olw'okuwa obuyinza (ekiragiro 13 kya Judiciary Act(Act) ekya mu 1789) kyali tekinnago. Okusalawo kuno kwalina kussa ku lukalala olwo ng'ettabi erya gavumenti eryali lirina obuyinza okuziganya ebiragiro. Kkomera eryo lisigala lyalina etteeka lyamu ku mutwe gwa mateeka.

Emisango Emikulu Egimu Egiakyusa Eggwanga

Kkooti enkulu erimu ensonga enkulu ezikwata ku ddembe ly'abantu, obuyinza, n'eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu. Ebimu ku ebyo ebisaze ebisinze okuba eby'amaanyi mwe muli:

  • [[NKULA][.Brown v. Kkumbo ey'Essomero (1954) – amateeka agayigibwa aga gavumenti agategeka amasomero ga gavumenti agamu aga bayizi abaddugavu n'abazungu, gasobola okusiguukulula "sting naye genkana" era n'okutumbula entegeka z'abantu.
  • [[NTANDIKO:0] Roe v. Wade[[KA] (197:1]) – Yategeera etteeka eryali likkiriza okuggyamu embuto, nga ereetawo okukaayana mu mateeka ne mu by'obufuzi ku ddembe ery'okuzaala.
  • [[NKUMBO:0] Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) – Held Heighty Kino kyalaga nti amateeka gakkiriza abafumbo okuba n'ebbeetuka okukkirizibwa okukkirizibwa okufumbirwa oba okugattibwa.
  • [[NKULULA] McCulloch v. Maryland (11819) – Akabonero akalaga nti gavumenti y'emu n'efugibwa amateeka g'ensi era ne kanywerera ku mateeka ga Bank ey'okubiri ey'omu Amerika, ne katandikawo amateeka agafuga.
  • [[:0] Miranda v[[NKULU] (66) – Ekyetaagisa okulondoola eddembe lyabwe (okulabula okwo kulaga nti balina okulabulwa) nga tebannabuuzibwa ddirisa, n'okunyweza enkumbo ez'okutaano ez'oku Amereka.

Bino biraga engeri kkooti gye eyinza okunnyonnyolamu amateeka n'etuukana n'emitindo gy'enjawukana nga bwe era eraga n'engeri ebyo ebisalibwawo gye bisobola okukwata ku bulamu obwa bulijjo.

Engeri Emisango gye Gituuka ku Kkooti Esingayo Obukulu

Kkooti enkulu esaba ebigambo ebisukka mu 7,000 mu buli mulundi, naye eddamu obuyisizi mu misango nga 1%. Kino kitandika nga kookolo asabibwa okutegeeza ensonga. Abalamuzi kinnoomu beejjukanya bye basaba era ne babikubaganyaako ebirowoozo mu nkiiko zabweru. Kkooti za diskur za district zaasatu okutongoza okuwa ekiwandiiko eky'ekyuma eky'enkomeredde (omusango ogw'okumenya amateeka) okusobola okuwa ekkomo eri eky'enkomerero oba okutongoza ensonga enkulu. Oluvannyuma lw'ensonga ez'omumu, kkooti eddamu obukatwaze bwe ziba nga zaawuddwawo ku kkooti enkulu mu mateeka.

Engeri Kkooti Ekulu gye Yakola ku Sosayate n’Eby’Enjigiriza

Ekiragiro kya gavumenti ekikola ku nsonga z'amateeka, naddala kkooti enkulu, kirina kinene nnyo kye kikola ku Amerika.

Okukyusa E ddembe ly’Abantu n’Eddembe

Kkooti enkulu ebadde ku nkyukakyuka nnyingi ez'amaanyi mu bantu mu nsi. Mu mbeera nga rown v. Board of Education, Gideon v. Wainwr[[FLL:3] [yamu ku lukalala] (ya ddyo okuteesa), era [[FLT:]] n'okuva mu v. Virginia [Embalwa], Kkooti egazi k'empalo ligazizza ku bukuumi bw'omu mateeka era ne lyamba obutali bwenkanya. Kko bwe kiba nga kigabanyiiziganya, okuteekawo amateeka n'okugonda kw'amateeka n'okugoberezaamu amatabi gonna. Obuyinza okukireetera ekkomera ku buteemitindo egikwata ku nsonga ezisinga obukulu ezikwata ku nsonga enfunze za gavumenti za gavumenti za gavumenti.

Okwenyigira mu Kibiina Ekizimba Abalala

Abayizi bwe bayiga ebikwata ku nkola ya kkooti y'ensi yonna, kiba kitegeeza nti bategeera bulungi engeri gye bakuumamu eddembe lyabwe era n'engeri gye bayinza okwenyigira mu nkola eya demokulase. Nga beekenneenya obusaze obuba bukwata ku kkooti, nga bakebera ebisala ku nsonga z'amateeka, era nga bagoberera ensala ya kkooti, abayizi bayiga ku bikwata ku mateeka n'okusiima ennyo amateeka. Eby'obuyigirize bingi, nga [, [[FLT:]], era n'okugoberera ennyinyonnyonnyola engeri y'amateeka. (ennyonnyonnyonnyonnyonnyolesa ensonga n'okugoma kw'omutindo, ne ku lujja olukiiko olukulu olw'omu kkooti olukulu.[FLD][FLT]]][FFFF]]]], bawagira abasomesa ne ku by'ebyo ebikolebwa mu ngeri y'okunnyonnyola mu bulamu.[FM.'omutendekeromo.[FT]

fundikira

Kkooti za gavumenti, wamu n'enkola zazo essatu ez'ebitongole bya kkooti za disitulikiti, ensala z'amateeka, era ne kkooti enkulu, ziwa obulagirizi obw'okutaputa amateeka n'okuteekawo obwenkanya. Abalamuzi n'abalamuzi abaweereza mu kkooti zino balina obuvunaanyizibwa bwa maanyi: balina okugoberera etteeka, okukuuma entegeka z'omu mateeka, n'okutuukanya ebiruubirirwa by'ab'obuyinza n'ebyebitundu. Okutegeera ebifo eby'enjawulo eby'abalamuzi abasala emisango n'ensonga ez'ebitongole eby'ebitongole eby'omu Amereka, n'ensonga ez'ensonga, n'ensonga ez'amaanyi agakwata ku nkola y'amateeka, kyetaagisa omuntu yenna yenna ayagala okutegeera engeri enkola y'amateeka mu Amereka.

Eri abayizi n'abasomesa, okumanya kuno tekusobozesa buyigirize busooke kutegeera bulungi mateeka era n'ensonga lwaki kikulu okugagoberera. Bwe twekenneenya kkooti z'ensi, emisango egissaawo enzisaawo z'amateeka, n'emirimu egikolebwa abalamuzi n'abalamuzi, tweteekateeka okubeera abatuuze abamanyi, nga tusobola bulungi okwenyigira mu nkola ya demokulase era nga tulwanirira emisingi gya demokulase era n'okwenkanankanankana kw'amateeka. judiary asigala nga mukuumi wa mateeka g'eggwanga era n'omulimu gwalyo mu Amereka, era abantu ab'ebikula by'eggwanga bajja kweyongera okutwalibwa nga bakulu.