Kyokka, eddembe lino teriri mu bujjuvu; likolera ku lukalala lw'amateeka olutegekeddwa okusobozesa buli muntu okuwa endowooza ye awamu n'obutebenkevu mu lukalala. Okutegeera etteeka lino kkulu nnyo mu kwenyigira mu nkola eya demokulase. Wadde nga okusabibwa okw'enkola tekuyinza kusobozesa bantu kulaga nti waliwo ekibaluma mu by'otaddewo, era nga kukkirizibwa. Okutegeera etteeka lino kusobola okuteeka mu nkola enkola eyo, kyetaagisa okukyogerako mu ngeri etegeerekeka obulungi, era mu ngeri ey'amateeka. N'ensonga lwaki okusaba kw'abantu tekusobola kuba nga kutuukiriza kye baba basabye, era ne kiyinza okutegeeza abatuuze engeri gye bayinza okunnyonnyola obulungi eddembe lyabwe.

Enjigiriza Ezaaleetera Omuntu Okwegayirira

Eddembe ly'okusaba lyasibuka mu buwangwa bw'amateeka mu Bungereza ne Amerika. Etteeka eryayitibwa Magna Carta erifuga abantu 1215 lyassaawo emisingi egisooka egikwata ku kwemulugunya n'okuzzaawo emirembe mu mateeka ga United States, naye eddembe eryateekebwa mu Lungereza Likola Obulungi Ekiwandiiko ky'Eddembe ly'Obwannakyewa mu 1689, kyalangirira nti abantu baalina eddembe okwegayirira kabaka awatali kutya kibonerezo. Endowooza eno yatwalibwa mu bitundu bya Amerika era n'eteekebwa mu Mateeka agasooka mu mateeka ga United States, agakuuma eddembe ly'abantu okukuŋŋaana awamu n'okwegayirira gavumenti okubaddamu ensonga.

Mu Amerika, kkooti enkulu ekkiriza eddembe ery'okusaba nga kimu ku ebyo ebisingirayo ddala okuba eby'omuwendo, nga bissa olukalala ku ddembe ery'okwogera n'okukuŋŋaana. Omusango oguva ku kiwandiiko United States v. Cruikshank [1876]) gukkirizza nti okusabiriza kweyama kuba kulaga obwannannyini obw'eggwanga okubeera obutuuze, ate nga NACP v. [1963] Obukuumi obugazi n'okuteekamu enkola ey'okusabiriza mu mateeka. Bwombegawawawawawa bukyusizaamu enkola y'ebyo ebiba biwandiikiddwa mu buwandiike, era ne mu ngeri endala ezikubirizibwa okugobeeyeeya mu mateeka.

Mu nsi yonna, eddembe ery'okusaba limanyiddwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Ekirangiriro ky'Obuntu kiwa abantu eddembe ery'okulowooza n'okwogera ekikkirizibwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Ekiragiro bwe kityo kisobozesa abantu okuleetawo enkukanya ez'ennamba ez'enjawulo ezikozesebwa gavumenti. Teyokulase bingi birina enkola ez'enjawulo ez'okusaba, gamba ng'Abatuuze b'omu Bulaaya mu Bulaaya Union oba ebifo ebituuti ebisookerwako ebikozesebwa gavumenti ya UK Parmension ne Australia. Enkola zino zisobozesa abantu okuleetawo ensonga butereevu, nga kiba nga kyetaagisa nnamba eziwera ez'okusiigati n'okusiikiriza abatuuze mu Bulaayansi mu Bulaayansi ne Australia okuzikozesa.

Ebikulu Ebikwata ku Kwegayirira

Omuntu asobola okusabibwa okutegeeza ab'obuyinza oba okubaako ky'addamu mu nkola z'amateeka. Ng'oggyeko ebiwandiiko ebiwandiikiddwa, kkooti zikuumye emirimu egitali gimu, gamba ng'okuwandiika, okuwandiika amabaluwa, obusimu, obutongole obukola ku by'obuyinza. Ng'oggyeko ebyo, omuntu ayinza okusabibwa okutegeeza ab'obuyinza ebitongole ebikola etteeka okusobola okukyusa amateeka oba okubaako ky'egamba mu nkola y'obukulembeze.

Mu ngeri eyo, kiba kituufu okuteekamu kiwandiiko ekiba kitegekebwa oba abo abaagattibwa awamu. Ebibinja by'abantu bisobola okuteekamu ssente ez'okuwayiza abo abayingira gavumenti, oba okukola kaweefube ow'okumanyisa abantu bonna ku nsonga ezibakwatako. Kkooti enkulu mu East Railroad Worldhealist Conference v. Noer Moright, Inc.[FLD] [1961] [1961]) yakakasa nti okufuba okw'okufuga nga bayitira mu by'ooobwoobwookkolero, oba okusaasaanya ebiba bikuumibwa wansi w'obuteempeerezi, ne bwe kiba nga kikolebwa mu ku nsonga eziziyiza okugoba obubonerebwa mu n'okufuga. Omusingi guno ogumanyiddwa nga [FF:2]

Engeri ez’Okwegayirira Ezikkirizibwa mu Mateeka

  • Okusemba: Ebbaluwa oba ebigambo ebisabibwa abakungu okulonda abakungu oba abo abalondebwa okuwozesebwa.
  • Okuwaayiriza: Langi zisoomooza gavumenti oba zigezaako okukyusaamu mu ngeri gye zigobereramu amateeka ga gavumenti.
  • Enkyukakyuka: Zikolebwa ku kompyuta, era nga zisobozesa abantu okusabibwa, gamba nga ku mukutu gwa White House abantu basaba.
  • Ebikolero by'enkola ya babbali: Ekiruubirirwa eky'obutuuze okusobola okussaawo amateeka amapya oba okutereeza amateeka.
  • Ebigambo: Bagondera obufuzi mu ngeri entegekebwa.

Kyokka oluusi abantu babaako ebintu bye bawulira nga basabye ab’obuyinza oba abakozi baabwe ababa bababuulidde oba ababa bafunye obutategeeragana ne bannaabwe, naye nga kino tekitegeeza nti buli kimu kye baba basazeewo okukola kiyinza okuleetera gavumenti okunyiiga.

Ebbanga Erya Nnamaddala Ebikwata ku Kiseera, ku Kifo, ne ku Magezi

Wadde nga gavumenti teyinza kugaana kwegaanira ddala, eyinza okussaawo enzivuunula esaanira ku kiseera, ekifo, era ne ku ngeri gye kikolamu ebintu. eyinza okukugira ebintu bino, nga biteekeddwawo okusobozesa gavumenti okukola ku nsonga enkulu, era nga ereetera abantu okuwugula engeri endala ez'empuliziganya.

Ebyetaagisa Okukkiriza Obukkiriza Obuyambi

Gavumenti nnyingi zilina okukkirizibwa okukima abantu okutambula, okukuŋŋaana awamu oba okukuŋŋaanya ebikolerwamu ebikolerwako. Ebiwandiiko bikkiriza ab'obuyinza okutegeka ebiwandikiro, okuddukanya ebidduka, n'okukakasa nti ebiba bizingirwamu. Ng'ekyokulabirako, abantu abaagala okukuŋŋaanya sigina ku kkubo eriri mu kibuga nga kyetaaga enkuninyi, okukkirizibwa kampuni ereme okulemesa abantu okutambula. Kkooti zibadde ziwagira enkola ya kkomo eriko kasita zikozesebwa okuziyiza okulemesa abantu okwogera ku bintu ebitali bimu. [FLT]S]s v. Ekitebe kya Chicago, kkooti esinga okukulembera ebizimbe ebiba mu kifo ekya kko.

Obunyinza Obuliwo mu Gavumenti Embi

Ebifo ebimu bitera okubeera n'ebiruubirirwa ebikugirwa. Ebitundu bya kkooti, empalana z'ennyonyi, n'ebigo bya bannabyabufuzi, biyinza okuba n'ebitundu ebikuumibwamu ebikuumibwamu ebiwandike ebikuumibwamu okukuuma obukuumi n'ekitiibwa. Kkooti enkulu mu Madsen v. Abakyala ba 'Scence Center, Inc. [194]] [194]) Bakuwanirira ekifo ekiterekebwa ekisangibwa mu byuma by'ensi mu [FLT:] Mclenv. Coluvery [ ku n'ebitundu ebiragiddwa mu gavumenti. Abakungu ba gavumenti, okwekalakaanyisiikiriza kumpi amayumba gaabwe oba obwa w'amateeka agaziyiza okuyingiza ebibaliraanyisiikiriza. [F:][FF]][FFF]]

Empuliziganya ennungi n’Ekitafaananyi

Ekiragiro kino kifuga ennyimba enjawukana mu kifo awateekebwa emitwe gy'ebirombe nga biwandiikiddwa, era nga biyimba ebiddiŋŋana ebiwerako. 'Wrock Against Racial' (1998) kino kikola nti ebibuga bisobola okussaawo enzivvuunuzi ku mizannyo mu bifo ebya lukale singa amateeka tegasangibwamu era ne kisobozesa ebigambo eby'amakulu. Mu ngeri y'emu, okusaba okuzibirako okuziba amayingira, oba okutaasat'ebitongole ebikolerwako mu bwangu kiyinza okukkirizibwa mu mateeka.

Obukugira Obukkiriza Obukwata ku Kwegayirira

Obutafaananako ebiseera, ebifo, n'enkola, enziragiro, eteeka amateeka ageesigamiziddwa ku bintu, bikuumibwa nnyo era tebyanguwa kukakasibwa. Gavumenti eyinza okukoma ku kuteeka mu byetaago singa ebigikwatako biba mu bigambo ebitono ebitayinza kwekuumibwa. Ebitundu bino bizingiramu ebikolwa eby'obukambwe, eby'obuwemu, eby'obuwemu, n'eby'akabi ebiyinza okukolebwako. Kyokka, ne mu biti bino, kkooti zisalawo bulungi ebiwandiiko okwewala ebigambo ebicaasa.

Okukubiriza Ettemu

Enjogera oba ebigambo ebitumbula obutereevu, ebikubiriza oba ebikolamu ebikolwa eby'obujeemu tebikuumibwa. Ekigezo okuva ku Brandenburg v. Ohio (1929]'etaaga okwogera ebigambo ebigendererwa okukubiriza era nga kirabika bikole mu ngeri emenya amateeka. Ng'ekyokulabirako, okwegayirira okuwambibwa kwa gavumenti oba okukubiriza ekibinja ky'abantu okulumba omukungu omu tekikkirizibwa mu mateeka. Mu ngeri eyawukana, okuwakanya obubonero oba okuvumirira obubonero obw'obubonero, kiba kya bukuumibwa.

Okuvvoola n’Ebyogera eby’Obulimba

Sullivan (1864) nga amanyi ebigambo eby'obulimba ebikwata ku bakungu ba gavumenti oba abeewombedde, bisobola okuvaamu emitawaana. Kkooti esingayo mu mateeka eri [[FLT:] New York Times Co.[FLT] v. Sullivan (1864] (19) yateerawo ebisiba ebibangi ebisinziirwako okusobola okuzuula bye baagala, nga kyetaagisa obujulizi [ obutuufu obw'enkwe] obwa bulinanyiikivu [: okumanya nti ebigambo ebyo byali bya bulimba oba nti tebyali mazima. Kyokka, nga kwegayirira mu bugenderevu asaasaanya eby'obulimba okubunyigiriza abantu oba obujulizi mu ngeri ey'okwewatuliraamu, kisobola okuteeka mu kawerebwa mu mateeka oba mu ngeri ey'obuvugisa.

Obukyayi n’Okukyawa Okwogera

Eby'okwegayirira tebirina bukuumi bwa mulongo mu kifo eky'okulabirako ebyo, nga bwe kiragibwa mu mu bunene bw'ebizitowa. California[1973]]. Ssaawo, tekikkirizibwa mu kulembereza nga beegayirira okusiimula ebinaavaamu, okulaga okwetaba mu ngeri ey'obukambwe, era nga kubulako omuwendo gwa maanyi. Okukyawa, wadde nga kya mungi kya muzizo, kikuumibwa okuggyako nga kyava mu kukanga obutiisibwa oba okuyigganyizibwa. Ng'ekyokulabirako, okusaba okuzingiramu ebijoogo eby'ebikoloboogo eby'ebiragibwa obukyamu kuyinza okukuumibwa, ate nga okwo okw'omukungu awatali kiyinza kukuumibwa.

Okutulugunyizibwa n’Okutiisibwatiisibwa

Buli kiseera, empuliziganya eteyagalibwa era tegituukiriza kigendererwa kikkirizibwa, eyinza okuwerebwa. Amateeka g'ensi n'agw'ebitundu ebitegekebwa gagaana okulumba, okulumya n'okutiisatiisa abakungu ba gavumenti. Virginia v'awudda . [2003] []] , kkooti enkulu ekkiriza nti, okwokya nga wajja kwokya abantu nga bagenderedde okutiisatiisa abaddu. Mu ngeri y'emu, okusaba nga kuzingiramu okutegeeza omukungu mu maka gaabwe okulekera awo, oba okukozesa olulimi oluvuma okukakaatiisa ekikolebwa, kuyinza okutwalibwa ng'ekikolwa eky'obujeemu. Amasaza mangi galina amateeka agafuga ensonga ezikwata ku bantu.

Ebiyinza Okukuyamba: Ebiwandiiko ng’ebyo, Amabaluwa n’Ebigambo Ebiba ku Maanyi

Bw’oba oteekateeka okugenda mu kkooti ng’osalawo okukola ebintu ebitali bimu, kikulu nnyo okutegeera amateeka ga gavumenti.

Okufuna Ekirabo Ekikkiriza Omukono Okukozesebwa

Bw'oba oteekateeka okukuŋŋaanya n'oteekako omukono ku bintu oba okubijjukira mu kifo we basuubuzi we baagula ebintu, kebera amateeka agafuga ekitundu ekikolerwamu. Ebibuga ebimu byetaaga olukusa lw'omulimu gwonna oguzingiramu emmeeza oba ebibinja ebinene. Bwe watabaawo kiwandiiko kiyinza okukkirizibwa okuteeka ku bintu nga Watchtower Bible and Tract Society v. Ekibuga ky'omu Stratton[, olumu ku kkooti we yawandulira ekyetaagisa etteeka erikkiriza omuntu okuyingira ku luggi olw'awuugwe. Kyokka, okuteeka omukono ku migwa gya bya mu kkooti z'ebyobufuzi kiragira olukalala amateeka agago.

Okugugunga n’Okufaayo ku Bigambo

Okugoba ekiba kitegekebwa okukakaatika enkola y'okukwegayirira mu nkola y'amateeka oba ey'okukyusa ebitongole. Ku ludda lwa gavumenti n'olw'erya ssemateeka. Mu 1995, abantu kinnoomu oba ebibiina ebisaasaanyiza ku b'obuyinza kiba kikkirizibwa okukakasibwa n'okutegeeza emirimu gyabwe. Kino si kkomo erina okusabibwa mu kwewandiisa obuwandise. Kyokka, okusemba ekizingiramu obulyi bw'enguzi oba okussawo endagaano eziba ziteekeddwawo mu kiwandiiko kya gavumenti tekikkirizibwa mu mateeka ga gavumenti era kiwandikiro. Kkooti enkulu mu [FL:0] Donnell v.

Ebiri mu Mitindo n’Ebyo Ebiba Bizirimu

Ku mukutu oguggulawo ebikolerwako, gamba nga, Okukyusa.org oba okugobererwa kwa gavumenti, kulimu okusoomooza okw'enjawulo. Gavumenti teyinza kuziyiza kusaba kw'abantu okusinziira ku ndagiriro za fayiro. Ebituuti ebiwandikiro tebiri ku buwandikiro era tebyakakasibwa lukalala lw'ebiwandiiko ebigoberera enkola ya Centre Conficementation oba Tunsulation. Amakampuni nga Facebook oba ebitongole bya gavumenti, gayinza okuggyawo ebyo ebisabibwa ebimenya amateeka nga ebimenya emitindo gyayo. Ng'ebyo, ng'ekyokulabirako, enzikkiriza w'obujulirwamu y'empandika za Buko ezifuga ennyinziko (GPR) n'empandika z'ebitongole ebikola ku by'eby'obujjanjabi ebikkirizibwa okuggyawo ebimenya amateeka oba eby'eby'eby'okumenya empalagibwa. Abatuuze b'obuyigirize obwa obwa obwa obwamaguzi obw'omu lujjudde, nga bizingiramu ebituukanabirombe ebituufu ebiba bisobola okuggyawo mu mateeka.

Emisango Egiweebwa Abo Abakola ku Kkooti Esinga Obukulu

Alipoota enkulu nnyingi zinnyonnyodde ekkomo ly’ennyimirira.

[[Act:0]United Mine Mine Works v.Illinois State Bar Association (1967)

Kkooti yagamba nti okugatta abawagizi nga basaba ssente abakozi ze baba beetaaga, naye nga tebamenya mateeka agabakkiriza. Kino kyanyweza obukwakulizi nti okusaba awamu n'obuyambi ebiva mu mateeka bikuumibwa. okusalawo okwo kulaga nti eddembe ery'okusaba lizingiramu engeri y'okuleetawo ebizibu ebijjawo.

[[Act:0]NNAACP v.Clair Co. (1982]

Omusango ogwo gwagootaana abasuubuzi abaddugavu mu Mississippi, era kkooti n’esalawo nti okusabira abaddugavu awatali bikolwa bya bukambwe, nga mw’otwalidde n’eby’enfuna, bikuumibwa wansi w'Omutemu ogusooka ne bwe kiba nga kikosa eby'enfuna.

[[AK'AMUTANDIKA][A][Akawulu Johnson's Restaunt, Inc. v. NLRB (19983)]

Kkooti eyo yagamba nti okusa etteeka eryali liggulawo etteeka mu kkooti z'amateeka era n'okussa etteeka ku nsonga z'omu kkooti nga linyweredde, ne bwe kiba nti essomero liteekeddwa kulemesa kutandikawo bukulembeze.

[[Act:0]Ough of Duryea v. Guarnieri[[:1] (2011])

Omusango guno gwali guzingiramu okusaba kwa poliisi ku kakiiko akaalumiriza abakozi. Kkooti enkulu yasala omusango nti Sseak'Sseence Claus tekissa kitiibwa mu ebyo abakozi bye bawa emirimu gyabwe bye bakola, kubanga bifugibwa emitindo gya njawulo mu Kukyusa kwasooka. Kino kiggumiza nti tekiri nti obubuulizi bw'abakungu ba gavumenti bukuumibwa; enkaayana ez'emirimu zikwatibwa ku buli omu ku lulwe.

Endowooza Abantu mu Nsi Zonna Gye Balina ku Bye Balina Okukola

Amawanga ag’enjawulo gafuna obutagwa lubege mu kusabira n’obutebenkevu n’entegeka mu ngeri ez’enjawulo.

Bungereza

Ekitongole kya UK's House of Commons kikkiriza abatuuze okutandika oba okuteeka omukono ku kwegayirira; bwe kiba nga kwegayirira abatuuze abawagizi aba buli kika okusobola okuteekako omukono ku sigina ezisukka mu 100,000, kiba kya kuwakanyizibwa. Kyokka, ebisabibwa ebiwaayibwa ebiwaayibwa mu lukiiko lw'eggwanga biyinza okugaanibwa. Akakwa k'ekitongole ka 1986 kagaana abantu okuyisa obubi abantu nga bayisa ebibayisa obubi, oba nga babonaabona, ekiyinza okukendeeza ku mirimu gyabwe. Ng'ekyokulabirako, okukabya ebiva ku ssawaalwa ku ssaawalala okw'aweempaliparma kuteekwa okugaana okuyingira mu kifo eky'okwegasa.

Canada

Ekiragiro kya Canada kireetera omu ku lukiiko lw'eggwanga okufuna ennyimba z'ewandiise mu butongole. Ssaayirizi teziteekwa kuba na lulimi lunyiiza oba bigambo ebikyamu. Charter of Rights and Dreasures kikuuma okusaba nga wansi wa kitundu 2(b), naye etteeka erifuga okuteeka obukyayi mu bigambo n'ettemu nga bwe bisangibwa mu R. v. Keegstra[ [1990]

European Union

Ekitongole kino kikkiriza abatuuze ab'omu Bulaaya okuwa etteeka erifuga ebiwandiiko bya EU. Amateeka agakkiriza okugaanyibwa gazingiramu okukozesa obubi eddembe ly'obuntu, ebisabibwa ebitali bya kampuni. Ng'ekyokulabirako, enteekateeka ezikubiriza obusosoze oba ettemu tezikkirizibwa. Enteekateeka z'omu mateeka ez'omu EU zikakasa nti okusabibwa ku bikwata ku ntegeka za bantu ab'enzikiriza ez'ennamba ate ne bikuuma obugolokofu.

Obulagirizi obw’Omuganyulo eri Abatuuze

Okusobola okusaba obulungi era nga n’amateeka gakugira, lowooza ku bintu bino wammanga:

  1. [[AGUMENTI] Kano kakireetera okunoonyereza ku mateeka[. Ka 'Ssaadi' oba gavumenti bikkiriza ebiwandikidwa kuweerako oba okugaana ebirengo ebitegekebwa mu bifo ebya lukale okufunira enduulu.'Emikutu mingi egy'omu bibuga gikola ku buyambi obw'okutegeka ebirango oba ebiragiro.
  2. [[AGUMENTI:0] Kino kisaanidde okubeera eky'amazima[[[NKULU]]: Weewale ebigambo eby'obulimba ebiyinza okusiiga erinnya oba eby'obulimba. Buwa obujulizi era n'ojuliza enku ez'okwerinda nga owakanya enkola ya gavumenti.
  3. [[AK'AMUTANDIKI]] Kebera entegeka[: Tokoma ku kuziyiza kuyingira, oba okukomya ebidduka. Ekiragiro bwe kibuuzibwa entikko y'enkuba ku mateeka, toteekako n'ebiruubirirwa ebikusobozesa okusaanyawo oba okukendeeza ebbula ly'enyongeza.
  4. [[AGUMENTI]] kozesa ebifa ku mikutu[[[NKUMBO:1]. Okukola ku mboozi eziragidwa mu buwandiike, oba okugoberera amateeka agafuga entegeka z'obudde agafuga endagiriro za gavumenti. Ekiragiro kino kikolako n'obuwayiro obulagira kutandika bubaka.
  5. [[NKULA] Noonya obulagirizi mu mateeka bwe kiba nga kyetaagisa[[[KATANDIKA:1]: Singa okusaba kwo kuzingiramu ensonga ez'amaanyi, abakungu ba fayiro enkulu, oba okuwakana ne munnamateeka agabawa eddembe lya gavumenti, kiyinza okukuyamba okusalawo ku nsonga eziyinza okuteeka obulamu bwo mu bufunze.

Okutegeera obulagirizi buno kiyamba okukakasa nti okusaba kwo kukwata ku balala era nti okugondera.

fundikira

Eddembe ly'okusaba abakungu ba gavumenti lirina emusingi gwa demokulase, naye lirina ekkomo. Amateeka gateeka ekkomo ku biseera, ebifo, n'engeri gye kikuumamu obukuumi bwa bantu, wadde nga ebiba ku birimu birina okuteekako enziteeka z'obubaka obwangu obw'okwogera ebigambo eby'akabi. Nga bateeka mu kusengeka enkola entuufu, ez'emirembe, n'okussa ekitiibwa mu nkola z'amateeka, abatuuze gye bayinza okusobola okuleetawo enkaayanya ez'amateeka awatali kutuukiriza mateeka. Ng'enkyukakyuka ezibalukawo ku mateeka zijjawo, ebibuuzo ebippya ebikwata ku Internet n'obuteekulembedde bijja kweyongera okugezesa ebiruubirirwa bino. Omuntu yenna ayagala okukola enteekateeka zino ez'obuvunaanyizibwa obw'enkomeredde obulungi, asobola okuteekawo ebiruubirirwa eby'okutuuka ku ddembe ne ku butebenkenkenkenkevu. Mu butuufu, embago zisobola okukuuma eddembe eri abantu kinnoomu mu bulamu bwabwe.

Okusobola okwongera okusoma, kebera mu nnyiriri ezisooka okuva mu Tterekero lya National Exchange, ebiwandiikiddwa mu kkooti esinga obukulu ku kuyita mu [FOLT:2] Law Information [, oba enzivuunvuunvu z'ebyo ebiva mu [[FLT:]ACU's Okumanya eddembe lyo nga oyitira mu