Ensibuko y’Emisingi n’Emisingi egy’Okukuuma Obukuumi obw’Empisa Ebiri

Ekiragiro kino kiziyiza okubonerezebwa kw'emisango ebiri ku musingi gwa enkola y'obumenyi bw'amateeka mu Amerika ne ku mateeka amalala mangi aga bulijjo. Enjigiriza eno eziyiza gavumenti okuvunaanibwa omuntu emirundi egisukka mu gumu olw'omusango gwe gumu oluvannyuma lw'okutongozebwa oba okukakasibwa. Obukuumi buno bwesigamye ku ku Amereka okw'okutaano okutuuka ku U.S. Ekiragiro kino kigamba: Omuntu yenna ateekwa okuyisibwa mu ngeri y'emu okuteeka obulamu bwe mu kabi emirundi ebiri oba ekitundu ekimu ku muntu ky'omuntu. Enjigiriza eyo etuukiriza bigendererwa bingi: ekuuma abantu obutakozesebwa mu kuwakanya mbugaanyi, era eziyiza gavumenti okukozesa eby'obugagga byayo okuteeka omuwayitisi mu maaso, era n'okukakasa nti gavumenti teyinza kuddamu kuyingira mu mbeera okutuusa lw'ewalibaawo.

Endowooza ey'okussa obulamu mu kabi ak'emirundi ebiri yasibuka mu mateeka g'Abaruumi ate oluvannyuma n'etuuka ku mateeka g'Abangereza. Abasawo ab'amateeka ab'omu Bungereza nga Sir William Blackstone baategeera bulungi omusingi oguli mu kyasa ekya 18, nga baggumiza nti omuntu tateekwa kusalirwa musango gwe gumu emirundi ebiri. Abakola ku kkooti enkulu mu U.S. Bassawo obukuumi buno mu Lukiiko lwa Ddewo nga bwe busobola okukakasa abajulizi nti obukwasibe. Leero, obukuumi obwo tebukwata ku gavumenti y'ensi eyo yokka naye era bukwata ne ku gavumenti nga kiyitira mu kkooti eya 1450 eddirinvu mu kkooti nga bwe kibeera mu [FL:0].

Engeri Zonna Ze Tulaba: Ensonga Ezisinga Okuyiga

Okutegeera akabi ak'emirundi ebiri okusobola okutaasa obulamu bw'omuntu, kyetaagisa okumanya ddi omuntu avunaanibwa lwokka okusobola okumukuuma. Mu kkooti y'abalamuzi, okusaliriza kubaamu okusazesaamu era ne kussaawo aw'okussawo akakwango. Mu kulonda abalamuzi abalagirwa (mu lukiiko olukulu awatali balamuzi), omuntu afuna obubenje singa omujulizi alayibwa. Singa omusango gukoma mu nsonga ezo, obukuumi buba tebuvuddewo. Singa ensonga eteekako omusango ku mbala eyo. Kkooti essaze essaze ku mu nkola y'okusazesemba.

Ng'ekyokulabirako, singa omuwawaabirwa yavunaanibwa naye omusango tegutandika olw'okugobebwa awatali kusosola, gavumenti eyinza okuzza omusango. Kyokka, singa akabenje kabaamu era singa omusango guba gumaze okusalirwa, tewakkirizibwa kusalibwawo.[1] Wadde nga okusalirwa omusango okwo kwesigamye ku nsobi y'omulamuzi. Kkooti esinga obukulu ebaddeko obukakafu nti omuntu aggiddwako omusango gukomye, nga bwe kiragiddwa mu United States v. Scott[F:1][18]

Ebisinga Obusosoze mu Misango gy’Abamenyi b’Amateeka

Wadde ng’akabi ak’emirundi ebiri kawa obukuumi obw'amaanyi, gavumenti ekkiriza omuwawaabirwa okutulugunya oba okugattirawo enkola ez'enjawulo.

Ebizibu era Ebiraze Obwetaavu

Olukiiko bwe luba terunnasala musango mulala nga terunnasalirwa musango mu bujjuvu olw'abalamuzi abaavunaanibwa, oba olw'embeera endala ez'enjawulo. Mu mbeera ng'ezo, okugwa mu kabi ak'emirundi ebiri tekusobozesa kuddamu kunoonyereza. Olwo nno, okunoonyereza okwo kwakolebwa nga "nyangu. Etteeka eryo lyasibuka mu musango ogw'enkomeredde ddala'ennamba. United States v.[[FLM:1] [1824], kkooti enkulu w'ekkiriza nti eyinza okukomyawo olukiiko olukulu olw'asalirwamu (otasobola kutuuka ku mukolo) liremebwamu n'okuwozesebwa. Embeera endala ziyinza okuzingiramu obulwadde bw'omulamuzi oba obusaze. Kyokka, singa kkooti eyinza okuvumula omusango ogw'okubiri, oba obutasobola okukyusizaamu.

Obujulizi Obukolebwa oluvannyuma lw’Okugikkiriza

Singa omuwawawawawa asalirwa omusango era n'atuuka ku buwanguzi, okugwa mu kabi ak'emirundi ebiri tekuziyiza gavumenti kuzza musango. Ekyawula kiri nti omuwawaabirwa yawaayiriza eddembe okulumiriza obutuufu obwo. Omusingi guno, ogumanyiddwa nga "okulwawo obuteefu" enjigiriza, guleka gavumenti okunoonyereza ku nzikiriza eyo oluvannyuma lw'okuzza obujjanjabi obw'okubiri. Naye singa kkooti egoberera ejulizi ezuula obujulizi obumala, teyinza kuddamu kugiwanirira, ensonga ziyinza okuziyimirizibwa kubanga okuzuula obujulizi obumala kiba kyenkanankana n'okuvugibwa. Kino kyayigibwa mu [[FLT:] v[FLT].[FLF:1][FL]][FULD][12]][2][19]

Enjigiriza y’Obufuzi Obumu

Emu ku ngeri ezisinga okuleetawo akatyabaga emirundi ebiri kwe kuba "gavumenti ezaawukana" oba "obufuzi bw'abantu". Nga wagoberera omusingi guno, omuntu ayinza okusalirwa omusango olw'enneeyisa y'emu eyo ey'amaanyi ekolebwa gavumenti y'ensi emu ne gavumenti olw'okuba nga zaawuddwawo bokka. Buli nnannyini alina amateeka ge ku bubwe era n'ebigendererwa bye. Ng'ekyokulabirako, omuntu bw'aba obubbi amenya amateeka ga gavumenti ne gavumenti (nga, ng'abba bankani banka), amasaza gombi gayinza okuzza emisango egyawukana awatali kusukka musango emirundi ebiri. Mu ngeri y'emu, gavumenti nnyingi ziyinza okugaana obujulizizo singa embaawo ennyiriri z'empalo zimenya amateeka ga gavumenti.

Enjigiriza ez'obufuzi obw'emirundi ebiri ziwagiddwa enfunda n'enfunda kkooti enkulu, naddala mu Ggueg v'omu Amerika (2029), kkooti gye yaddamu okukiggumiza etteeka erikwata ku ku kusoomooza kw'amateeka. Abakugunjaanyi bagamba nti enjigiriza eno ereetera obuyinike obw'emirundi ebiri ng'ekkiriza ekibonerezo ekiba kikoleddwa. Abawagizi baakirizza nti eteeka essira ku byetaago bya gavumenti ez'enjawulo ne ku bukuumi.

Kikulu okumanya nti enjigiriza eyo tekola singa omu ku bakulembeze abaamu aba "tool" ku mulala. Singa empaka z'eggwanga ziba za kuddamu kutongoza gavumenti, kkooti ziyinza okusigira olukalala oluddirira wansi w'omutemwa ogwa "agw'okukubisaamu emirundi ebiri" gwennyini.

Obubi bwa Mibiri mu Mitawaana y’Abatuuze: Bugazi bwa Njawulo

Obukuumi obw'emirundi ebiri bukwata ku musango ogw'abamenyi b'amateeka gwokka, so si ku kuvunaana oba okugoba obujulizi. Olwo olukalala olw'ebiragiro "Okwawukana ku mulembe gwa taano kussa obulamu oba omusingi," ebigambo ebikwataganyizibwa n'okubonerezebwa kw'abamenyi b'amateeka gamba ng'okufa oba okusibibwa mu kkomera. Emisango egizingiramu obusambaanyi obuva ku bintu, endagaano, oba ebibi ebikoleddwa wakati w'ebibi ebitongole bya nnakyewa, tegiba na bukuumi bwe bumu. N'olwekyo, omuntu ayinza okusasulwa emirundi mingi mu nsonga ze zimu, wadde emisingi nga gifaananako n'es justicata (espreclusion especious espency) era ne k'empeeerner asssss emirundi mingi tegibwa bukuumibwa ku nsonga ze zimu.

Kyokka, enjawulo eriwo wakati w'abamenyi b'amateeka n'abamenyi b'amateeka eyinza obutategeerekeka singa gavumenti enoonya ekibonerezo mu mateeka. Kino kiwagidde gavumenti okunyaga ebintu ebikwataganyizibwa n'ebikolwa bya bamenyi b'amateeka naye nga tebbeeyisa. Mu biseera eby'edda, Kkooti enkulu ekuumiddwa mu United States v. Omuntu omu wa 89 mu muliro, [[FLT:] [19984]] (okutundimuwawamu) singa okufiirwa tekubaako ensonga ezikubisaamu emirundi ebiri. Naye mu misango egisinga obungi egyakayita, Kkooti eyo ekkiriza nti okubonerezebwa okumu kuyinza okuba nga kubonerezebwa okw'o ookkujjufu. [FT]] [5] [5]

Abamenyi b’amateeka Abakola Emikolo egy’Eby’Obubi Bawakanya Omumenyi w’Amateeka

Okufiirwa ebintu kulimu ebika bibiri: abamenyi b'amateeka, nga basala omusango mungi era nga bagaana gavumenti okukola ku bintu. Olw'okuba okufiirwa ebintu kitwalibwa ng'okuvaako okusattululwa okw'emirundi ebiri, okusigirwa kw'abamenyi b'amateeka abagoberera okufiirwa gavumenti oba okufiirwa gavumenti. Naye singa gavumenti etandika okuvunaanibwa oba okuvunaanibwa mu mateeka, kkooti ziyinza okukebera obanga ekibonerezo kya gavumenti kya "Resuerment" mu by'eggwanga. v. United States Ursery, kkooti enkulu ekkiriza nti okukosebwa kw'abantu okubonerezebwa tekuyinza kuba nga kuvunagibwa olw'emirundi ebiri, naye ne kulekebwa obwerula okukkirizibwa okukkirizibwa mu nsonga eziba nga zikosebwa.

Okuyigganyizibwa n’Okukubibwa Obubaku

Gavumenti etera okukomya obukujjukujju mu kunoonyereza ku nsonga z'abantu n'ez'abamenyi b'amateeka. Ng'ekyokulabirako, okusibawo obuwanguzi ku nsonga kiyinza okuviirako abalamuzi okukakasibwa oba okubonerezebwa mu mateeka mu ngeri ey'enjawulo. Kyokka, omuwawaabirwa tasobola kuteeka kabi kungi okuwera okukugira essomero olw'omumenyi w'amateeka olw'okuba ali mu kiseera kye oba ng'agonjodde. Entik'ensonga enkulu erina kukolebwa kweyoleka nti obutegosoozi buva buteezebwa bubiri nga butyo.

Endowooza Entegeke Obulungi Egiri mu Miti Gyonna

Omusingi ogufuula obuteekusifu bw'ebipimo bibiri, ogumanyiddwa nga bisne bis mu nkola z'amateeka agafuga enfuga n'amawanga, gukkirizibwa mu nsi yonna, wadde nga obunene n'obusosoze bya njawulo. Mu Canada, ekitundu 11(h) eky'ekitongole kya Canada ekikwata ku ddembe n'eddembe biwa obukuumi bwe bumu. Canada era kigoberera "amateeka agaziyiza enzikiriza ez'enjawulo" naye tegoberera enjigiriza ez'obufuzi ez'emirundi ebiri mu kigero kyekimu ne U.S. Omuntu aggibwako omusango mu Canada teyinza kuddamu kutwalibwa mu ggwanga olw'aw'okuba nti kkooti za Canada zibalagira ebitundu by'omukungu omu.

Mu Bungereza, omusingi ogwo gwasibuka mu bibi eby'amaanyi ebyakolebwanga abantu mu ggwanga. Naye mu 2003, omusango ogukwata okwemulugunya gwatandikawo ebibi eby'amaanyi singa wabaawo "baggya era nga bakwata" obujulizi obulaga nti waliwo obutuufu. Enkyukakyuka eno yakolebwa ku misango egyava ku bantu abaa lutate, nga bavunaanibwa oluvannyuma ne babaako omusango. Mu ngeri y'emu, Australia egoberera amateeka agaago naye n'ekkiriza okuvunaana "malesenses" (umg., okuvunaanibwa obusa obujulizi obuva mu mateeka ga gavumenti.)

Mu European Union, Charter of Fundamental Rights ne European Convention on Human Rights (Protocol 7, Article 4) ewa obukakafu nti wajja kubaawo obwannannyini obutasalirwa musango gwe gumu. Kkooti ya Bulaaya esala emisango yannyonnyolanga nti: "Bbaasas mu nkola y'ekiragiro", nga biremesa obutereevu mu buli ggwanga okunoonyereza okusobola okukakasa obujulizi bwe limu. Kyokka, okubonerezebwa okw'eby'obufuzi tekusibuka mu butonde.

Amateeka gano amangi galaga nti okugwa mu kabi ak’emirundi ebiri si kituufu, wabula omusingi abantu gwe basinziirako okwewala obwenkanya n’okumalirizibwa.

Okukaayana n’Ebirowoozo

Abakulembeze ba Baibuli bagamba nti okugoba obukyayi mu mateeka kiwa obukakafu emirundi ebiri. Bagamba nti okugoba obukyayi mu mateeka emirundi ebiri. Basala omusango ogw'okugoba abakungu ba poliisi mu kkooti nga bagoberera etteeka erigobererwa eddembe ly'obuntu (nga kyalagirwa mu ggwanga Rodney King) ng'ekyokulabirako eky'ensonga z'obufuzi obw'emirundi ebiri, naye era nga guwa ebyokulabirako ku nsonga eziyinza okusobozesa obufuzi obw'emirundi ebiri okulwanirira omusango gwe gumu.

Abawagizi abamu bawa obukakafu obulaga nti singa omuntu aggibwako omusango oluvannyuma lw'okuggibwako omusango, kiba tekikkirizibwa mu mateeka ga gavumenti, era nti bwe kityo bwe kiri ne bwe kiba nga kibadde nga bwe kyatuuka ku KK, omuntu yenna avunaanibwa talina bujulizi bwa DNA.

Era wabaddewo n'ensonga endala ezikwata ku kubonereza abaana okuva mu ggwanga gamba ng'okubonerezebwa oba obweyamo obukolebwa abakungulwa oba abo abanyazi.

Ebisaanyizo Ebiganyula Abayizi n’Abakugu mu by’Omu Mateeka

Okutegeera nti omuntu yenna eyeekenneenya amateeka oba enkola yaago kikulu nnyo. Abakungu ba bannamateeka, enjigiriza eyo nkulu nnyo: singa omuntu tasazibwawo, ekibonerezo kiyinza okusalibwawo era nga tekiyinza kuziyizibwa gavumenti. Abawaabi ba gavumenti, kitegeeza nti balina okuteekateeka obulungi n'okukakasa nti emisango gyonna gitwalibwa mu kkooti emu bwe kiba kisoboka. Wabula, obufuzi obwa nnaddala buteekwa okutegeerwa okwewala okulwanyisa ensobi ez'amaanyi.

Eri abali ba kawumpuli, ebigambo ebigwana okugwa ku kabi ak'emirundi ebiri tebitera kulabika, naye okumanya engeri y'okugonjooleraamu ensonga n'enjawulo y'okugonjoolera ddala, kikulu nnyo okubuulirira bakasitoma nga bakwate obutuuti n'obw'abamenyi b'amateeka.

Makulu Nnyo Okutuuka ku Makulu g’Enkomerero

Ekiragiro kino kikakasa nti omuntu okuggibwako omusango oba obujulizi bwago bukola ekintu ekikulu ennyo; okugwa ku kabi ak'emirundi ebiri tekusinziira ku kutulugunya gavumenti oba okukuyisa obubi. Wadde nga okugateeka okwo tekukoma ku butaka ku kunoonyereza okw'obulimba, okusiikiriza oba okulagira obulango obwannannyini ku mateeka.

Okukyusaamu mu by'amateeka nakwo kulaga nti abantu mu nsi endala basobola okusala emitindo egy'okugoberera akadde ak'okuteeka mu nkola omusingi awatali kugyesamba ddala. Abayizi n'abasomesa bwe balaba akabi ak'emirundi ebiri, kibasobozesa okukola emitindo gy'amateeka egitali gimu: obwenkanya, obwetaavu bw'okuwozesebwa mu bwenkanya, n'enkobyo obufuzi bwa gavumenti.

[[Akawayiro:0] Obubonero obw'omu nviromenti obw'okusoma ebirala:[[AK'AWATANDIKWA:1]

  • [[Act:0] Ekitongole ekikola ku by'enjigiriza mu buwandike obwa bulijjo – Ebitundu eby'Okubiri eby'Emboozi ebikolebwako biri[[[Akabonero:1]
  • [[AK'AMUTANDIKA] K'AK'AWULA for Ekiragiro ekikoma ku kuwandikawo ebikwata ku fayiro z'empandika eya bulijjo [[:0]
  • [[AK'AWULA][AWULA] Ekitongole Ekiramuzi – Criminal Resource Manual on Haffice Jeopardiy