Okuyingira Omusango gw’Eby’Eby’Omu mateeka

Enteekateeka y'amateeka efuga amateeka era nga y'ekola mu buyinza obw'okuwuliriza n'okusala omusango. Awatali mateeka amatuufu, wayinza okubaawo obutakkaanya: ebiwayitivu biyinza okutwalibwa mu kkooti engwira, okusala emisango nga kikontana, era enteekateeka yonna ey'amateeka eyinza okubulamu obusobozi n'obwenkanya. juristiciation esalawo ku[[[FLT:]] era singa [FLT] olukiiko [[FLT:]] terusalawo [[[FLT]], era singa olukongozzi lwo oluliko lubaako ne lweruwanjula, obuyinza obuyinza n'obukulu, obuyinza obuyinza ne k'obugaziwanjula amateeka bwe busobola okugaziya.[FLT:]

Omusango Ogukwata ku Mateeka Kye Ki?

Obuyinza bw'omu mateeka ge maanyi g'omu kkooti okusala emisango n'okusala emisango. Ekigambo kino kiva mu Lulattini era nga kirina obuyinza obwoogezi.[1] Mu nkola ya kakyo kano, obuyinza obwo bufuga emiwendo egitali gimu: livvunvu, ssemateeka, n'amateeka aga bulijjo. Kkooti z'eggwanga, okussaawo amateeka ga gavumenti, ekika kya gavumenti okukoma kkooti z'ensi mu mateeka ga gavumenti, ebizikkiriza okuzza emisango oba amateeka agafuga oba amateeka agafuga gavumenti (omugavumenti y'obutuuze oba amateeka) era n'ebiwandiiko ebizingiramu obutuuze oba ebisukka mu bungi mu bbanga $75,000 (obukulembeze bw'omulembe obuyinza obufuga). Kkommenti, enkiiko z'eggwanga, okusobola okussaawo obuyinza ku mateeka n'okufuga ensonga zonna eziba tegattiddwa mu kkooti z'ensi.

Ekiragiro kino bwe kiba kigattidwa, tekirina kubeera mu biti bisatu ebikulu: enfuga eya buli muntu, enfuga ya buli nsonga, ne 'foractive'. Buli mutindo gulina okubaako w'oyogera ku buyinza bwa kkooti, era byonna ebisatu biteekwa okubaawo mu kkooti okuwuliriza omusango. Bwe wabaawo ani abuze, kkooti terina buyinza era ekyo kirina okugaana ensonga eyo. Wabula bwe kiruwa okuziyisa mu ngeri eyo nga(obungi) tekusosososoosa, ekiwaawe ekiwaawe nga ek'ensonga eyo kigikkiriza okuzza obusonga obubadde mu nviiri nga buterekero.

Emirandira gy’Etteeka n’Egy’Amateeka

Consert ya Amerika etaddewo amateeka agafuga enfuga za kkooti z'ensi, naddala 28 eza U.S.C. 31: 1331-32. Amakampuni ga gavumenti gaayisa mu ngeri y'emu amateeka agakwata ku ngeri gye gayinza okuyisibwamu oba okuyisibwa mu kkooti z'omulembe. Okugatta ku ekyo, amateeka agafuga enkola eno galina okukakasibwa mu buli kika kya Cevil Procedure(8) era singa ekibiina tekibaako kye kigatongoza. Okutegeera ensibuko zino tegalina kuba nsonga za konnyisi oba kukakasibwamu mu mateeka.

Ebika by’Eŋŋaano

Omusango Oguvunaanibwa Abantu ab’Enjawulo

Kkooti enkulu ey'omu Amerika ereeteddewo enkola za kkooti ez'enjawulo ezikwata ku bantu kinnoomu oba ebibiina ebiwandiikiddwa mu kkooti. Enkola eno ekakasa nti omuwawaabirwa takakasibwa kulwanirira nsonga mu kifo ekitali kya bwenkanya. Kkooti enkulu ey'omu Amerika yateekawo entegeka ez'enjawulo ezikwata ku buyinza bwa muntu kinnoomu, ezeesigamiziddwa ku ndowooza egamba nti “bannassaayansi basse" n'abo abali mu ggwanga. International Shoe. v. Washington (1945) ekkiriza nti gavumenti eyinza okwetongoza obuyinza ku muntu kinnoomu ku ggwanga eri mu ggwanga singa omuwaabiizi w'omuwaabi wa gavumenti alina enkolagana eyamala ne gavumenti ey'omuwayiti bw'etaayiti ng'eta mu kifo ekikontana n'ensonga. Ekiramya “enkola enfumbo ezisaanira n'ez'ez'obwenkanya zikontana. Washington Washington[FFFF.])

Obwetwaze bwa muntu buyinza nga bulimu engeri ssatu:

  • [[NKULULA] Mu Muntu: Amaanyi ku muntu omuwayitirwa, agateekebwawo oluvannyuma lw'okulabira ddala, okusemba (nga mu kiwandiiko) oba ebikolerwamu ebikolerwamu ebikolerwamu emikono. Eno ye ngeri esingayo okuba enfuze era ewa kkooti obuyinza ku muwaayirwa obwa bulijjo.
  • [[Act:0] Mu Rem Juriscion: Amaanyi ku bintu ebiri mu nsalo za kkooti. Kkooti esobola okusalawo obwa nnanyini ku bintu oba okugabanyamu ebifo ne bwe kiba nti nnannyini kyo tayinza kutuuka ku kkooti. Kyokka, omusango ogusalibwawo gukwata ku bintu so si ku nnannyini kyo.
  • [[Act:0]Quasi Mu nzijukiso: Amaanyi ku muwayirwa asinziira ku kifo kyabwe mu nviromenti, agakozesebwa okusala omusango ogutali gukwatagana n'ekintu ekyo. Ekiragiro kino kisalawo ku nsonga ez'ekika kya nviro.

Ebintu Ebituyamba Okwesalira Omusango

  • [[Act:0] Ekirala oba Domicile: abantu bafugibwa enfuga yaabwe mu mbeera ya mu nnyumba; amakolero gali wansi w'obuyinza ku ntegeka yaago mu mbeera ya bya bizineesi oba ekifo ekikulu eky'ebifo bya bizineesi.
  • [[NKUMBO]] Ekirala kikkirizibwa:[ Erapatiss ziyinza okukkirizibwa okufugira awamu ne byo bwe zitwalibwa mu kkooti (endabika y'ebiragiro), nga zikola endagaano (mu nnukuta ez'ekika ekimu) oba nga zigaana okubaako ky'oyingiza mu nkola eya bulijjo.
  • [[NKUMBO:0] Obuwayiro obutono ennyo obukola nga omwanjulwa akkirizibwa, bubako n'obuyinza obw'enjawulo. Obubonero obw'enkola bwe buba singa omuwayirwa afuna enkizo ez'okukola mu mboozi, era omusango guba guzzewo okuva ku mirimu egyo. Ekiragiro kibawo n'obuyinza bwe kiba nga abawandiisi beeyongera nnyo era nga bagoberera enkola ya “mu maka” mu kizimbe (mu n' DAMLER AG v. , 2014]).
  • [[AML:0] Empandika ez'omu nfumbo:[ Amasaza gonna gataddewo amateeka agagoberedde kkooti zaago okusobola okutuukiriza ebizingirwamu mu ggwanga (nga kiragiro, ekireetawo obubenje, oba ebikolerwamu). Amateeka gateekwa okuba nga gakolaganira n'ebiruubirirwa ebyago.

Okuvunaanibwa Omusango (Amaanyi ku Kika ky’Omulango)

Ssaddaaka y'obuyinza ku nsonga ezikwata ku kkooti ekiikirira okuwulira emisango mu ngeri emu oba okukwata ku kifo ekimu eky'amateeka. Obutafaananako gavumenti eya muntu kinnoomu, gavumenti tezisobola kutongoza nsonga. N'olwekyo, amateeka oba amateeka okuzikkiriza oba okuzikkiriza tekigasa. Omusango ogusalibwa kkooti talina buyinza ku muntu yenna.

Mu nkola ya kkooti z'omu Amerika ez'emirundi ebiri, ensonga ezizingirwamu zaayawulwa wakati w'enkiiko z'eggwanga n'ez'eggwanga:

  • Obudde obwa bulijjo:[[FOLT:1] Obusobozi bw'enkyusa bwa buliko ekiragiro kye kiba kifuga. Bayinza okuwulira emisango egizingiramu:
    • Assisition Jurisdictiction (28 U.S.C. 761]]:[[] Amateeka oba ebiragiro mu nsengeka ey'omu mateeka ga U.S.
    • [[Akatundu] Diversity Jurisdition (28 U.S.C. 1332):[ emisango wakati w'abantu mu bitundu eby'enjawulo (oba wakati w'omutuuze w'Amerika n'omutuuze omu atamanyi) w'akabubonero gye gisukka doola z'Amerika 75,000.
    • [[Act:0] Admiralty ne Maritime Juristition: Obubonero obukwata ku mazzi agayinza okubunyisibwa oba obusuubuzi bw'amadaala g'amayanja.
    • [[Aka 'FLT'] Bankruptcy, Paten, Purce, and Federal Crimes: Ebitundu ebimu eby'emitwe gy'endwadde birimu entegeka ya njawulo.
  • State Juridition: Kkooti z'eggwanga zirina obutuuti obwa buli nsonga obufuga(*) ezisobola okuwulira omusango gwonna ogutaweebwa kkooti za gavumenti. Kino kitwaliramu amateeka, enkaayana ez'amaka, enkaayana ez'amabanja, enkaayana ez'ebintu, n'obuzzi bw'abamenyi b'amateeka obusinga obungi.
  • Erax vs. Juridition:[FULT:1] singa kkooti z'ensirimu ne gavumenti biba n'obuyinza ku buli nsonga (umg., obuba bukwata ku mateeka g'eggwanga ag'enjawulo), entegeka y'enkola ekwatagana. Omukkusi w'enkola wayinza okulonda empandika eya pulogulamu, nga y'asobola okugyawo omuwansi. Enkola eya bulijjo ne bw'eba nga bw'eti bw'eba nga okyungibwawo obwa kko n'okkeroyi y'esobola okumenya amateeka.

Obuzibu bw’Okutuukiriza Obwesigwa

Okusonga obanga omusango “guyimiziddwa wansi w'amateeka” guyinza okuba nga mwangu. Kkooti zigoberera etteeka “olwoomu ery'okwemulugunya,” eriba liteekeddwa ku mukungu yekka okulaba obanga guwagidde buli ggwanga. Singa oludda oluwagizi luyitiddwa, teruleetawo gavumenti. Mu ngeri y'emu, okusobola okuleetawo enjawukana mu mawanga, ebibiina biteekwa okuba nga byawukanya buli wamu.Nkulembe zino tezisobola kugabana mu ggwanga.

3. Okulabula Okukwata ku Bulaaya n’Ebitundu Ebibuulirwamu

Ekiragiro kino kissa essira ku kifo awabanga olwazi oluba lwokka oluba lwolekedde okuwandiisa emisango mu ddwaliro. Wadde nga kirina akakwate n'obuyinza obwetwaze, kkooti eyinza okuba n'obuyinza ku muwayitidwa naye nga terina buyinza ku bitundu bya njawulo singa kino kibaawo mu lukiiko lwa gavumenti mu New York. Ng'ekyokulabirako, kkooti efuga e New York tesobola kuwulira musango ogukwata ku kabenje mu California, okuggyako nga amateeka ag'amaalwa ag'enjawulo gago gago gaba gagoberedde.

Ebintu ebikulu ebikwata ku ngeri ebifo gye biddukanyizibwamu bizingiramu:

  • [[NKUMBO:0] Ekifo ekya KKOLEBWAKO:[[FULT:1] Mu mbeera eza bulijjo, kkooti mu ssaza oba mu disiturikiti awali ebikosebwa oba olubu lw'ekikongozzi lwokka wakati w'ekiwandikiro oba olubu lw'esangamu ekifo. Amateeka agakwata ku nsonga ez'enjawulo.[NAMBA] "NAMBA] Sobuttudermine kye kisaanyizza emirundi mingi mu mateeka.
  • Ebifunzidwa mu [[Act:0] Bikoledwako:[ Kitongole ekifuga ebizinero mu ssematabiro kiyinza okukkirizibwa mu ngeri eyo singa ebitongole ebyo biwandisibwa okuva mu bizineesi eyo, ne bwe biba nga biri awalala wonna.
  • [[AFLT:0] Amateeka ag'empandika eya Armtes:[ Amateeka ga gaayamba nnyo kkooti okuba n'obuyinza ku bantu abatali bamemba, gamba nga okukola ebitoowere, okuyingira mu ndagaano, oba okukozesa ebintu ebifa ku nzimbe.
  • [[Act:0] Ekimu ku ebyo ebikolebwa mu Forum Non Conveniens:[[FULT:1] ne bwe kiba nga waliwo amateeka agakwata ku mateeka, kkooti eyinza obutakkiriza omusango bwe kiba nga waliwo oludda olumu lwokka olwo kisaanidde okukolebwako, naddala mu butaka obw'ensi yonna.

Ebintu Ebiyamba mu Kusalawo

Tteeka mu kkooti ezissa emisango gyonna egiba mu kkooti, era ne beekenneenya ensonga eziwerako okulaba obanga amateeka ga ddembe:

  • [[NKUMBO]] Era ' Era nga bwe kyayogeddwako, enkyusa y'ensonga esinziira ku mateeka oba ku mateeka g'ensi. Obusobozi bw'eby'obusuubuzi businga obutwe buleetawo ebibuuzo ebikwata ku busuubuzi obw'ensi n'obukiika kkono.
  • Ekifo ekya [[FOLT:0] mu Paries: Ekifo eky'okutuulamu, domicile, n'ekifo ekikulu mu by'obutunzi ebya buli ggwanga birina okulowoozebwako. Ekiragiro kino bwe kiba nga buli kibiina kisalawo ku lunaku oluba lukyasibirwa omusango.
  • [[NKULA] Ekiragiro ekifuga enkola y'ekitongole ekigabana n'empandika za gavumenti ezigoberera enkola eya ' Kiragiro kya 'Process' n'ebitundu bya gavumenti emirundi mingi enziragiro ezigoberera amateeka agafuga ekika kya '“Act Act Fairness Act' mu 2005, kyagaziya obuyinza obuyinza abantu ku mirimu eminene.
  • [[NKULULA] Bayiti Ennene Empandika z'Emirimu: Enkyukakyuka ez'okutaano n'ekkumi n'ena zikuuma abantu obutatwalibwa mu kkooti ey'ewala naye nga tewabeewo n'ekiragiro ekimala. Kkooti zikozesa ekigezo ekisaanira okulaba obanga omuwayitirwayo alina obwenkanya, nga zitunuulira omugugu ogwalimu, nga gavumenti efaayo ku ku kulaga ayagaanyi okutaasa, n'omukkirizo omukkirizi w'okuyingira mu lukiiko olw'ewayinjanjanja.
  • Obubonero obuli mu [[AK'AWULA: 0] Amateeka mangi gagala emitendera egitakomako mu by'ensimbi (SS. $75,000 (obunene bw'amasaza agafuga engeri ez'enjawulo). Eb'enkola bw'enyongeza bw'otomanyidde ddala, olukiiko luyinza okubaamu obubaka obutegeerekeka obulungi.
  • [[Akawayiro:0]] Abalwanirira balina okuyimirizawo ebik'obwana okusooka nga[1] Bwe kiba kitegeeza nti bateekwa okubaako kye bakolawo nga basaba oba nga babaako kye baddamu. Bwe kitaba kituufu, obuyinza bw'ekika kyonna buyinza okulemesa okwerwanako.

Obukulu bw’Okusalira Omusango mu Kiwandiiko ky’Amateeka

Obulombolombo businga butegeeza nti omuntu alina obukugu mu kukwata amateeka, naye obwetaavu bwago bukulu nnyo mu mateeka.

  • [[Akabonero:0] Obubonero eri abali mu kifo eky'ekika ekimu:[[FULT:1] Amateeka gakugira abawayiri okukaka abawayirwa okutambula empanvu ez'amaanyi okwerwanako. Bakakasa nti ensonga ziwulirwa mu kifo ekirina akakwate.
  • [[NKULA] Obulungi n'obusobozi bw'okusala emisango: Ekiragiro ekifuga enkola enzijjuvu tekibaamu kuyisa mu kkooti ey'obulimba, oba okuyisa mu ndala, oba okuyingiza obutereevu bw'emisango. Kyokka, obuyinza obw'oku demokulase buyinza okukulembera enzijjuvu mu maduuka(*) naye kino kiyinza okukozesebwa nga kitwalibwa mu kifo ekimu n'enjigiriza eziba tezikwatagana.
  • Olukalala era n'okufuga butakyuka: Ebifugabuuti omwo bifuuka ebya bulijjo. Ebifuga biringa International Shoe, [[FLT]]] DAILER[, ne Brisbol-Mers Squib Co. v. Kkooti enkulu[[FL:7]]] Kikooti ekifuga ennyitole eky'ebiragiro ebirala ebigoberera enfuga, ekikyusa enkumi n'enkumi n'enkumi n'enkumi n'ebya ebirala.
  • [[Act:0] Ekirabo kya maanyi: Justition ekkomo likugira obuyinza bwa kkooti okusinziira ku nkola za bannaago n'abakulu ba buyinza. Kkooti esukka obuyinza bwayo ku mateeka agabaganyizidwa. Kino kikakasa nti amaanyi ga matabi ga gavumenti tegalina kifo kya njawulo.
  • Ekiragiro [[[NKULU]] : mu Amereka, enfuga esala oluwango wakati w'obuyinza n'obuyinza bw'eggwanga. Essadda mu buyinza obwa gavumenti nga zikkiriza okussaawo amateeka agaazo era nga zikakasa obukulu bw'eggwanga we liyinza okuteeka ensi mu kabi.

Obuzibu mu Kukomya Omuzeyituuni ogw’Okukola

Wadde nga waliwo emisingi mingi egigobererwa, abantu batera okubuuza ebibuuzo ku makyusa g'amateeka.

Ebikolwa n’Ebikolwa Ebitali Bimu

Bigambo ebikolebwa mu kibiina kino bitwaliramu enkumi n'enkumi z'abantu okuva mu bitundu eby'enjawulo. Munsi w'ekitongole ekifuga ebitundu ebiyitibwa Clade Action Fairness Act, obuyinza obufuga gavumenti businga okukigatta singa wabaawo enjawukana ntono era omuwendo gw'enjawukana gusukka mu doola obukadde 5. Kyokka, okulonda obutuuze bw'abantu abali mu kibiina ekitamanyiddwa lukalala kiyinza okuba nga kizibu era n'okukaayana obukaabya ku ngeri gye bakiikiriramu emirundi egimu gye kiyinza okuba eky'amazibu.

Omusaalaba n'emitwe gy'ensi yonna

Ekiragiro kino kisalawo ku bikwata ku by'obusuubuzi ne ku Intanethi. Ng'ekyokulabirako, omukutu gwa intaneeti nga gusobola okumanyibwa ne gukutulamu buli ggwanga eribeera mu masaza 50, nga gusinziira ku ngeri gye gufugamu mu ggwanga lyonna. Kkooti enkulu ekola nga bw'eraga obwannannyini ku nsonga z'eby'obufuzi mu nsi yonna. Mu nnyiriri eziriraanyewo mu , Walden v. Fiore [[FLLD]] [2001] (19]]]][2001]]]] (206: ezitegeeza nti omuwayizzi w'obuyinza bw'omuwaze abadde ali mu ggwanga erina, so si ku mu ssawo ababeerayo ababeerayo.

Enkyukakyuka ku Internet n’Ebikwata ku Mikutu gya Misingi

Kampuni ezigoberera enkola eno zigoberera enkola za bannaazo ezirina enkola nga ezo: “abazikolamu abatonotono” bagezaako okukebera oba okukebera ebifa ku mukutu gwaffe ogwa Intaneeti. Emikutu egya sitomu si kwe baggula bubaka, naye nga giwandikidwa buwandiike ku buwandiike, oba ku buli kantu koppi z'osobola okugula ebintu, oba okuziwandiisaamu. Kkooti enkulu tesaanidde kulekeza kkooti ennene kuyisa mu nkola eya bulijjo.

Ebyakolebwanga mu Bukiikaddyo Bitatuukiriza Buvunaanyizibwa Bwo n’Okutuusibwako

Ne bwe kiba nti waliwo obuyinza mu kkooti, ensonga eziba ziteekeddwawo ziyinza okukkirizibwa mu njigiriza y'ekitongole ekimu ekimanyibwa mu nsi endala singa empewo y'emu ekkirizibwa mu ngeri eyo. Enjigiriza eno emanyiddwa nnyo mu mbeera z'abantu ab'amawanga ag'enjawulo, gamba nga obubenje bw'ennyonyi oba ebitoffaali ebizingiramu abakungu bannaagyo. Kyokka, mu Amerika, kkooti eyinza okutwala omusango mu kitundu ekirala ekiri wansi w'Amerika nga muwantaana 28C. 76 1404(a) ku lw'obujulizi obw'ebitongole eby'enjawulo, singa kooti etwalibwa mu kifo ekirala era ne mu kifo awatongole ekyo ne mu kifo ekirala.

Etteeka Eryoleka Eggwanga Eddanyuma ery'Edda

Ekiragiro kino kifuga amateeka g'ab'ensi eyo agafuga amatwale amawanvu oba ag'okukola endagaano. Ng'ekyokulabirako, gavumenti ezimu kati zirina obuyinza ku abo abatali bannaazo abasala enziro nga bayisa bubi gavumenti. Amateeka agafuga emikono gasoomoozebwa buli kiseera.

fundikira

Okutegeera obuyinza bw'amateeka kikulu eri buli muntu yenna agoberera enkola y'amateeka.[1] Ka kibe nti omuyizi, omusomesa, omusomesa, oba omusawo, ekiwandiiko kino kikakasa nti kkooti zikolera mu buyinza bwabwe, abawawaayibwa ne batawalirizibwa kwenkana na mu ngeri ey'obwenkanya, era nti ensonga zigonjoolebwa mu ngeri esaanira. Okuteeka mu nkola amateeka ga gavumenti, ensonga ezizikwata ku muntu kinnoomu, oba ennyinyonyi zireetawo olukalala lw'obuyinza bwa gavumenti. Tebiinabiina n'eby'obusuubuzi bweyongera okukendeeza ku buwanvu bw'amateeka, naye emisingi egya ebikozesebwa mu mateeka, n'obutuufu busigala nga bukyaliwo. Okutegeera ensonga enkulu, ensonga eziyinza okusalirwa mu kkooti ziyinza okugobererwa mu ngeri eyo.

Ekiragiro kino kikebera ebifa ku lukalala ebya ' ne Ttiving Treader translation translate of trainment, AS[[LT]] Kino kitegeeza ennyinnyonnyola enfugeko za kkooti [, ne Law]Duka amateeka ku Personal Juliction []