Ekitabo ekiyitibwa Aumement Protection Claus of the 14th Constitution mu United States kirina kinene kye kikoze mu kugonjoola obutali bwenkanya buno. ekitundu kino kyogera ku byafaayo bya Claus, ensonga enkulu ezikwata ku kkooti enkulu, obusosoze bweyolekera mu mawanga ge gamu, n’engeri gye butyo obusosoze gye bukola mu kugoberera omusingi guno ogw’amateeka.

Ekitabo kya Claus ekyenkanankana n’Ekya Claus: Ekitabo kya Nassaayansi

The Aumetic Protection Claus, eyagugibwa mu 1868 nga ekitundu ky'Ekiwandiiko ekya 148 Amendment, egamba: “Tewali ggwanga... eririna okugaana omuntu yenna ow'omu buyinza bwalyo okukuuma amateeka mu ngeri y'emu.”

Etteeka ery'okwekuuma abantu mu ngeri y'emu terikkirizidwa ddala [1] alwogerako nti gavumenti zisobola okuteeka mu langi ez'enjawulo abantu olw'ensonga ezikkirizibwa, gamba ng'emyaka egy'okuvuga emmotoka oba okufuna ssente ezikozesebwa mu misolo. Kyokka, okulonda abantu basobole okufuna eddembe ery'okutumbula oba et'enkalo gamba ng'eggwanga oba eddiini, kkooti zeeyongera okunoonyereza. Amateeka ageesigamya obwetwaze gago agaviirako okwawukana mu bantu okuva ku ku kululu oba ku bufumbo.

Ekiragiro kino kikeberanga Ekiwandiiko eky'embalirira n'ennyiriri eziriraanye mu by'edda, nga kitegeeza [[NKULULA]. Ekitongole eky'amateeka ekifuga ennyimpiro z'ekiwandikiro n'ebitundu ebisooka ([FLT: 1]).

Ebyafaayo Ebikwata ku Kukuuma Claus Alinga Claus

Agumect Claus yasituka butereevu okuva ku kabi akaali mu Ssematalo wa Kisibe era n'okufuba okunnyonnyola eddembe abantu obukadde buna mu Afirika abaasumululwa. Mu kiseera kya Reconfriptionon (1865-1877), gavumenti yanoonya okuddamu okuzimba South era n'okukakasa nti abaddu abaaliko n'obusika obw'enkomeredde. Ekiragiro kya Black Code, kyayisibwa gavumenti z'e Bukiika Ddyo mu 1865 ne 1866, era ne kikugira ennyo eddembe ly'abantu ba Baddu ery'okwefunira ebintu byabwe, ne bagenda mu n'eddembe. Mukiddamu, Consementation Covil Rights Act of Constigation of Drection (Emperact) yakkirizibwa okumenya amateeka agakwata n'okusosolamu ne mu 186566.

Wadde nga waaliwo ekisuubizo kino, ebigambo ebyo kkooti enkulu yabinnyonnyola busukkulumako mu kyasa ekya 19. Cases-Nyumba (1873), olukiiko olwo lwasala ekiwandiiko ekikoma ku ddembe ly'eggwanga eryo lyokka, era ne kiziyiza okulumba kwalwo Plegnerv v. Ferguson [18966], kkooti yalina obuvunaanyizibwa obw'amaanyi obw'okulonda langi ez'enjawulo wansi ‘ naye nga kyenkana ate nga mulina enjigiriza, era nga ekiraga nti okukuuma obutundu obwa Clauslaus tekukugira kwalina kwawuka kwa langi okwava mu mawanga nga bwe gateenkana. amateeka agamu agamu.

Ekiragiro kino kyatandika okukakasibwa mu ngeri ey'amaanyi. Brown v.Court of Education (1954) kye kyasalawo obutakkirizibwa Plegy, era n'ebiwandiiko ebirala ne bigaziwa okusobola okwewala okusosola abaami, obulema, n'okusosola mu by'okwetaba. Ebyafaayo bya 'FLT' biraga nti obusosoze obw'amaanyi buva ku nnukuta ey'ebika eby'enjawulo mu langi.

Okumanya ebisingawo ebikwata ku kkomo erikkirizibwa mu kizimbe ekya 14 oba okutaputa nga kyakatandika, laba Etterekero ly'eggwanga.

Emisango Emikulu mu kkooti

Buli musango ogwasalibwawo guyambye abantu okutegeera emitindo egikwata ku kwenkanankana n’emitindo egikwata ku kusosola abalala.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Oboolyawo ensonga emanyiddwa ennyo ey'okukuuma obungi bw'eddiini, Brown v. Board of Education yagamba nti enjawukana mu langi mu masomero ga gavumenti tezisobola kufuuka za mulembe. Kkooti, nga ekulemberwa Keekulu Judget Earl Warren, yaguunika enjigiriza “eyo naye nga yenkana” okuva ku Pleby v. Ferguson. Endowooza yagamba nti, enjawukana mu bifo by'enjigiriza teziri zinywevu,” kubanga okusoosa abaana abaddusebwa obwa wansi era obwabaawula ku ndowooza eyo tekwasisaako. Ekyo kyasalawo si ku ttendekero lya bannakyewa kyokka naye kyakozesebwa okugatta ebitongole ebikola by'oleka eddembe ly'abantu.

Long v. Virginia (1967)

Mu [[NT:0] mu Virginia v., kkooti yasaze amateeka agaawera obufumbo obw'enjawulo. Omusango gwalimu Richard Loving (omusajja omuzungu) ne Mildred Jeter (omukazi Omulambo gwa Amerika ow'ensi) abaasalirwa mu Virginia olw'okufumbiriganwa ebweru w'eggwanga. Kkooti yali ekkiriza nti amateeka alwanyisa enjawukana mu mawanga gaamenyese etteeka lya Claus ne Status Programme Classiace. Ekiragiro kyatongoza nti obufumbo buteekwa okusalibwa ng'obugwana obutuufu era nti n'etteeka obufuga langi buli buteekwa okusalibwa mu ggwanga okusobola okutongozebwa ennyo, okusobola okukomya etteeka erikwata ku nsonga za langi.

Reed v. Reed (1971)

Omusango guno gwayisa etteeka ku mulundi ogwasooka kkooti enkulu mu kitongole ekola ku busosoze mu biwayi by'ebifaananyi. Reed v. Reed lyalimu etteeka eryaleetera bataata okwagala bamaama nga bawa abaana baabwe eby'obugagga. Kkooti yasalawo nti okusosola abaana ab'obufa okw'ekikula kusaanidde okuba nga kyenkanankana, nga ewandikiro n'okussaawo obwetaba kusaanidde okuba nga buwagizi obwa gavumenti.

United States okugyeko. Windsor (2013) & Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Obubonero obwo bubiri bwakyusa ekifo mu by'amateeka ku LGBTQ+ eddembe. United States v. Wimsor, kkooti yakubawo Ekitundu 3 ku lukalala lw'obufumbo bw'obufumbo. Ekiwandiiko kyannyonnyola nti obufumbo buli wakati w'omusajja n'omukazi omu. Kkooti eyo yagamba nti DOMA yamenya ekika kya Claus nga yatandikawo ebibinja bya bafumbo bya njawulo. Emyaka ebiri oluvannyuma, mu Obergefell v. Hodges, kkooti yakkiriza nti okufumbiriganwa kwa abafumbo bombi kwalina ekifo ekikulu mu nteekateeka y'okufumbiriganwa mu ngeri eyo. Enkola eno ey'okukwata ebikyamu tekwatagana.

Ensonga Endala Ennyo Ennyo

  • Bush v. Gore [2000]: Wadde nga waaliwo okukaayana, omusango guno gwakozesa ekiwandikiro Ekikola ku kukuuma Florida okukoma mu kulonda pulezidenti mu 2000, nga essira lissa ku mitindo egikyukakyuka egikwata ku kulonda obululu.
  • [[AWULA:0]] Akawayiro n'ak'awuluza v. Bollinger (2003)[2003]]: Kkooti yawagidde okukkirizibwa mu masomero agakkirizibwa mu mateeka, nga kikakasa nti omubiri gw'omuyizi ogw'enjawulo gwagala ebbeeyi era nti enkola ey'okukkiriza enkaluggyamu teyinza kusigala nga yesigika singa ziteekebwamu kkopi.
  • [[NKULULA] Fisher v. University of Texas (2016): Yanyweza enteekateeka z'amateeka naye era yalina kkooti okuteeka mu nkola ensengeke mu nteekateeka z'okukkiriza obukwasiro n'enkula y'enjawukana, nga zikakasa nti tezirina ngeri ntono zikugira kukola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo.

Ku mulundi guno, kebera omulimu [[NKUMBO]OYEZ[[[AK'AMUTANDIKWA].]

Omukuumi Agenkana ne Claus Ayogera ku Busosoze

Kkooti enkulu ekoze olukalala: ensenyi enfunze ez'enkola ez'okwekenneenyezebwa zisobola okukozesebwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Enkola eno ereetebwawo engeri z'enkola ez'okusala emisango ezizingirwamu. Kkooti enkulu etaddewo olukalala: okunoonyereza ennyo mu bibinja ebiteeberezebwa (ebirala, ensibuko y'eggwanga, eddiini), n'okwekenneenyezebwa kwabyo okusobola okuzuula enkyuka ez'enjawulo (enkola, obulema, embeera y'eby'eby'enfuna).

Obusosoze

Enjawulo eziva mu langi zisengekeddwa bulungi nnyo. Gavumenti y'evunaanyizibwa okulaga nti etteeka oba enkola esobozesa embeera okukkirizibwa era nti eyinza okusobozesa etteeka okutuuka ku biruubirirwa ebyo. Omusingi guno gukifuula kizibu nnyo okunywerera ku mateeka agasinziirwa ku langi ez'enjawulo. Obubonero obukulu buzingiramu Brown v. Board of Education (Escational) ne Long v. Virginia (omufumbo gw'ensi). programuni ezikola ebizingirwamu era ziyoleka bulungi nga zirabibwa mu Grutterum ne Fisher, naye zisobola okuwonawo singa zituukiriza ekyetaagisa ebizingirwamu.

Obusosoze

Ebipimo eby'ennyiriri eziragiddwa ku digiti ennukuta enzijjuvu bikeberwa nnyo. Ekiragiro kino kiba kyetaagisa gavumenti okulaga nti okussaawo kubaamu ebiwandiiko bya gavumenti ebikulu era nga kulina akakwate n'okutuukiriza ekyo. Omutindo guno gwateekebwa mu Craig v. Boren (1976][[FL:1]]. Ebyokulabirako bitwaliramu United States] v. Virginia (1996)[FL] , ogu'a'awula enkola eyamenyemenyemenyemenyemenyemenyemenyemenye'ekitongole ky'omujani, ne [[FLT:] v. [FLT:] Kino kitwaliramu ekiteeyambibwa mu n'omutindo. Enziro wa waggulu mu by'oteekako obunene mu n'okkakka wansi mu bungi bw'okkakkati.

Obusosoze

K'awunziko ne 'Clected Protection Classine' kikuuma abantu nga balina obulema naye ate enkola egoberera enkola eyo tebeeramu k'akawayiro akakulu. Kyokka, amateeka g'ensi mu 1990 gayamba abantu okuba n'obukuumi okusinga ku bulombolombo obwa bulijjo. Etteeka ek'oku nti Linuty of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center (1985)

Obusosoze mu Myaka

Embalirira z'emyaka abantu gye baafunira obwesige obuba businziira ku kwetegerezanya okw'amagezi, omutindo ogusingayo okuba ogw'enjawulo. Murgia (197) Kkooti yawagidde ddala emyaka 50 egy'okuwummula ku ba poliisi, nga giwandikidwa bulungi okusobola okubeera abanywevu mu mubiri. Kyokka, okukwerinda okw'ekika ng'ekya 'Adric' mu project (AA) kuwandibwa k'omukono gwa kompanyi, wadde nga tekutegeeza kuweza myaka gyonna egy'okuwummula.

Engeri Endala: Ensibuko y’Eggwanga, Eddiini, n’Eby’Okwetaba

Ensibuko y'eggwanga n'eddiini bitwalibwa ng'enkola ezikeeberebwa, nga zinoonyezebwa nnyo, nga zigoberera ofell v. Hodges era [FLT]] .Esso .1969], kirabika kitwalibwa nga kiwandikiro eky'omu kiti kya quasi-uspect, wadde nga Kkooti tetaddewo ddala omutindo. [[FLT:][FLT]][FLT:][5] era nga n'ensonga ez'okulawulizo ezifuga ennyinzi [[FLT:]] zireetebwa ku nnukuta ey'ekiragiro eky'okulaga obubonero. Enkola ey'okulaga obubonero. Enkola y'okulaga obufaananyinyisiike.[FLT]

Omulimu gwa Gavumenti ne Kkooti

Gavumenti(-federal, ssemasaza, ne ""s ekikwasiddwa okugoberera ekitongole Ekikola ku mulimu oba enzivvuunuzi ya Claus. Congress yateekawo amateeka ag'enkanya obuyinza okukwasisa olukalala, naddala olukulu olukulu olw'ebigambo bino: Civil Rights Act(]], ekiziyiza okusosola okwesigamiziddwa ku langi, langi, eddiini, okwetaba, oba enzivvuunuzi ey'eggwanga mu mulimu, oba enzivvuunuzi ya gavumenti. Akakwakko ka ddembe erya ne [FLT:] Akakwakko [FLT:]][FG]][FLT]] Akakwakko. Era kalaga emitindo egikwata ku Ku Khulemberwako.

Kkooti ze zisinga okunoonyereza ku ngeri gye zisengekebwamu. Ziraga oba nga etteeka lino likwatagana bulungi ne "/littual textum", wakati, nga lituukirawo bulungi. Ekibuuzo eky'okulambuza n'okunoonyereza ku nsonga. Eky'okulabirako kino kiba kya “nfuze, naye nga mu butuufu kiviirako okufa” (ekigambo okuva mu Judge Thur Good Marshall), wadde nga mu kifo kya bulijjo kiba kyewandikidde nti okkiriza. Okunoonyereza kukwata ku mateeka tekukakali era nga n'obwekenneenya kusinziira ku nsonga tekusinziira ku nsonga endala tekuyinza kuba kwanguyira kukka, ate nga waliwo amateeka agayinza okugobeetaasa.

Gavumenti ewa obukakafu ku ngeri gye kiyisibwamu, era abantu abamu kiba kibeetaagisa okulaga obusosoze.

Okusobola okumanya ebipimo by'eggwanga erikebera ebitongole ebikola ku by'okusalako emisango, laba ekitongole ekifuga amateeka mu ggwanga.

Ebizibu Ebibaawo mu Kiseera Kino n’Ebiba Bikyaliwo

Wadde nga wabaddewo okukulaakulana kungi, ekibiina ekiyitibwa Accompate Protection Claus kisigala mu kifo awateekebwa ennyo enkaayana mu by’amateeka ne mu by’obufuzi.

Bannaddiini Abassaako Ekisiikirize n’Abafu

Ssaawo tekimanyibwa mu kuyigiriza kwa waggulu. Oluvannyuma lwa Feiser v. University of Texas, kkooti yawagira okukkirizibwa mu langi naye nga yeetaaga okwekenneenya. Mu 2023, kkooti yasalawo Obujulizi ku Fair Adjugicts v. Yunivalu ya North Carolina , obusobola okukugira oba okulemesa enkola ey'okuwagira emitindo gya langi. Abawakanya enkola y'eggwanga okumenya amateeka ga Claus Claus mu ngeri eyawukana n'okukwata abantu abangi, ate nga abawagizi bawagidde nti abo abasosolaganaganaganaganagana.

Obutategeeragana mu Buwangwa n’Eby’Enjawulo

Ekitongole kyekifuula eddembe eri ku buzibu kitera okuseebeezebwa okulaba nti amateeka g'enkola eza Politiki gagobererwa, era n'ebiragiro ebikugira okulonda mu langi nga zakatandika. Shelby County v. Homer (2013) Kkooti yasaanyawo enkola ya Oromu Drect, era yaleetera gavumenti okuyisa obulabirizi amateeka agataasanguza ku bantu batono. Okuva olwo, kkooti zigenda nga zigoberera ebyo ebiteego ebiteeyambisibwa mu ku bannazo.

LGBTQ+ Rights

Wadde nga munnaabwe alinga eyenkanankana nga bagonjoose, wakyaliwo n'ensonga endala ezikyakolebwa. Etteeka liragira abantu okugenda mu bifo gye basula, okwenyigira mu mizannyo, n'okulabiririra eby'obulamu. Bostock v. Clayton County (2020) ligamba nti, Olukalala VII lugaana omuntu okusosola abantu nga yeesigama ku ndala ey'okwetaba oba ey'ekikula eky'ekikula, naye lwesigamizibwa ku nnukuta y'amateeka ennyonnyola enkola ya Acialcial Claise.

Obusosoze n’Eby’Obuwangwa

Ekiragiro kino kiwa alipoota ku poliisi ezikwata ku nkola z'ekika ekimu ez'ekika kya Balack Lives Matter okulaga obusosoze mu nkola za poliisi, ne mu kusibibwa. Alipoota ezigeraageranya enkola za poliisi ezikwata ku kusosola mu langi ziyinza okuziraga mu langi kubanga abakungu bannaazo balina okusosoosa obusosoze mu bugenderevu, so si okusoosa obuva mu Shynton v. Davis (1976)[[FL:1]

Obusosoze mu by’enfuna

Kkooti eno tekkiriza nti obusosoze mu ssente zikozesebwa bannaavu busobola okukontana n'enkola ezo eziragibwa mu by'obwavu. San Antonio Independent School . Rodriguez v [1973], kkooti yagamba nti okugaba kw'eby'obugagga mu ssente tekukontana na tteeka lya nnukuta okuva obuyigirize bwe butali bukulu wansi w'amateeka. Mu ngeri eno, ekika kya kampuni eky'enjjulufu ky'eby'enfuna kisinga okusobola okutuuka ku kirengo kya nviro, ekiviiriddeko okuvumirira obunyookkereza.

fundikira

Kye ky'''omulembe ekiyitibwa aumete Device Claus kye ky'ayamba abantu okumanya amakulu g'enkola eya Amerika. Okusalawo mu mateeka okusobola okugatta obufumbo n'okugatta abafumbo ab'obukaba, kibadde kyangu nnyo okuleetawo obwenkanya. Kyokka, tekisoboka. Omuntu yenna ayagala okulwanirira eddembe ly'enkola, okulonda, okukuuma obusosoze, n'obusosoze mu mawanga, akiraze nti olukalala olwo lukyasinze okuwanirira emitindo gy'enkola.

Ng'enkyukakyuka zigenda zibaawo, eky'obusika eky'abantu eky'ekika ekyo tekiyinza kumalirizibwa wabula kyesigamye ku kuba nti abantu, abawagizi, ne kkooti ezinyweredde ku kiruubirirwa nti tewali gavumenti eremesezza omuntu yenna okukuuma amateeka nga bwe gateenkana.

Obubonero bwe buba buliwo kati era n'obwekujjukanya mu mateeka ku nsonga ezigezesa, kebera [[NKULA] Amerika Eddembe eri wakati w'abantu abangi[[KYAMU:1].