Omuteende ogw’Akakkumi n’Ana: Empagi y’Eddembe ly’Omu Amerika n’Obwenkanya

Mu kiseera kya Reconstation, kyakolebwa okunywereza ddala eddembe ly'abantu ab'envuma mu kiseera kya Amereka, okussaawo emitindo gy'amateeka gisobole okusinziirwako mu mateeka era n'okuteekawo emitindo gy'eggwanga egyatundibwa obutuuze, okwenkanankana, n'obusosoze. Ekikongozesebwa kino kisigala ku mutima gw'eggwanga nga kiwandikiddwawo olukalala olw'enkizo ezisinga okuleetawo ebbeeyi, eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu, era n'enkomerero ezisaanira ez'obuyinza bwa gavumenti. Ebigereke bisatu ebisinziirwako okusobola okubeera obutuuze, obutuuze, n'obusobo, n'obutebe bw'okukuuma obujjuvu mu ngeri y'eby'enkola ya Clauslaus, era n'okulongoosa mu ngeri y'enkola y'enkola mu ngeri enfunze, enfumbo, era n'ennamba ey'enkola ya Amerika eyinza okumanyibwa ennyo okumanyibwa. Okutegeera obulungi ensonga enkulu ennyo ennyo.

Ebyafaayo: Okuzimba Omusingi Omuggya Oluvannyuma lw’Olutalo olw’Omunda

Ebyafaayo ebikwata ku Amereka ak'ekkumi n'enamba ebiwereddwa bitandikira ku lutalo olw'omu ggwanga. Conferate bwe yawangulwa mu 1865, Amerika yayolekagana n'omulimu ogw'amaanyi ogw'okugatta ensi eyamenyesemenyeka ate era ne byoleka embeera y'abantu b'omu Afirika abaakamala okusumululwa. Omutemu ogw'ekkumi n'ena mu kkumi na nnya, ogwakkirizibwa mu Ddesemba 1865, gwaviirako okulekerawo ebibuuzo eby'amaanyi ebikwata ku buddu, obutuufu ku buwagizi obwa mateeka n'enkwasibwako.

Mu kukola ekyo, Congress eyafuga ekitongole kya Civil Rights Act mu 1866, eyalangirira nti abantu bonna abaazaalibwa mu Amerika baali batuuze era nti balina okukuumibwa mu mateeka. Pulezidenti Andrew Johnson yaddira obulagizi mu kifo ekyo naye Congress yayisa etteeka lye mu kifo ekya waggulu. Kyokka, yafaayo nnyo ku mateeka ga gavumenti n'ensonga zaago ezaaviirako Conseilsences okumanyisa emisingi gyago egyali gigifuga. Ekiragiro kyavaako nga 1450 Constem Constantion eyayita ku kuva mu Jjuuni 18666 era n'ekkirizibwa mu bitundu bisatu ebyabulikkiro mu mwaka gwa 1868.

Okutereeza kwali kusoomooza kwa maanyi eri kkooti ey'amaanyi mu Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857), eyagamba nti teri Mufirika n'omutuuze wa Amerika eyandibadde nga muweereza wa Amerika. Era kyali kigendererwa okusazaamu amateeka ga Banka era n'okukakasa nti gavumenti erina obuyinza okulwanirira eddembe ly'abantu erizingirwamu eritabaganye ne littuukirwa. Ebyakolebwa mu Amerika eby'okukyusiza mu kusoma ebitongole bya Union. Eby'obufuzi biraga nti ekigendererwa kyayo ekyasooka kyali kireetawo ekiragiro ekipya eky'okussaawo amateeka agakwata ku busika obuva mu mateeka.

Enteekateeka: Obutuuze, Enkola Egeeyolekera mu Bintu by’Ogenda Okutambula, n’Obukuumi Obwenkanankana

Omuteende ogw’ekkumi n’ena gutegekeddwa mu bitundu bitaano, naye ekitundu ekisooka kirimu ennyiriri ssatu ezikutte ennyo ku mateeka g’Abamerika:

OBUtuuze bwa Claus

Ekirango ekisooka eky'Ekitundu 1 kitandika okunnyonnyola obutuuze obw'eggwanga: "Abantu bonna abazaalibwa oba abaakulira mu Amerika, era nga bafugibwa amateeka gaayo, batuuze ba United States ne gavumenti gye babeera. Ekiragiro kino kyafuga Dered Scott[ era ne bateekawo omutindo ogw'obusika okusinziira ku busika, ka kibe nga ggwanga ki oba ggwanga.

Engeri Claus gy’Addukanyaamu Ebifa ku Kintu

Century Claus yagamba nti tewali ggwanga linaafuga "bukuumi bwonna mu bulamu, eddembe, oba bintu nga tewali ngeri ya kufuga ntuufu ya mateeka". Ekiragiro kino kitandikira ku nkola ey'okutaano okusumulula ewa obuwagizi eri gavumenti ne gavumenti z'omu kitundu. Endowooza emanyiddwa nga entegeka. Ekiseera bwe kigenda kiyitawo, Kkooti enkulu ekozesezza enkuumi z'entegeka ya Cetassis mu Bill of Rights, eddembe oba obwa obuvunaanyizibwa mu buli ggwanga. Edde nga eddembe ery'okusiir'okusituliramu eby'okulwanyisa ebiteetegeera era n'okuziyiza okunoonyereza okutali kwa maanyi //toolekawo. Enkola eno era erina n'obukkulembedde mu n'obusobo bwonna obukkirizibwa mu n'obufunze. Ekiwandiiko ekyo kirina n'obusoboosobo obutuufu bw'obulombolombo, n'okita mu maka.

Ekintu Ekiraga nti Claus Akuumibwa

The Aumeth Protection Claus eragira nti tewali ggwanga lirina "kutuukiriza muntu yenna w'afuga obukuumi obw'enkuka n'obusobozi bw'amateeka. Ekiragiro kino kye tteeka ekkulu erifuga aba Amereka erikwata ku kusosola. Mu ngeri y'emu, abantu abamu bayisibwa mu ngeri y'emu, era kiwa amaanyi kkooti okusala amateeka agakuba mu langi, mu bakazi oba mu biwayinja ebirala ebiteeberezebwa. Ekirabo ekya Nhlangano ekya Claus ebadde emmotoka ez'enkomerero z'entegeka ez'abantu abangi mu byafaayo bya Amerika, okuva ku ku kuddaakakwakko kw'amasomero agaakulagatiddwamu ne kivaamu obufumbo obw'ekikula.

Ensonga Ezaaweerwako Omusango mu Kkooti Ennyo Ezaali Zitegeeza Okuteebwa kw’Enkola eyo

Amakulu g'empewo ey'ekkumi n'ena gagobererwa okuyitira mu misango emikulu egya Kkooti Enkulu egigezesezza era egigaziye.Emisango egimu ku egyo gye gisinga okumanyibwa nga gino:

[[Akawayiro:0][Akawulubu' v.Gooti ey'Essomero[[:1] (1954)

Oboolyawo tewaaliwo musango gwonna ogukwataganyizibwa n'okukyusizaamu BrowN v. Akakiiko k'Essomero. Ku nsonga emu, kkooti enkulu yalangirira nti okusosola mu langi mu masomero ga bantu kwamenya ekiragiro kya Claus ow'okugatta ekitongole kya Assembrial Leatment. Kkooti eyo egaana "Kyonna ate nga yenkana" enjigiriza eyateekebwa mu .[FLT] [186]], nga ebizitone by'enjigiriza byayo byatyo byawuka. [[FLT:] Brown] tebyakoma ku kukakatawo olukalala, naye yateekawo omusingi gwa mu mateeka n'ogezi oba ku bikwata ku ddembe ery'enkola ya kakiiko akafuzi akafuzi k'eggwanga (G.T.T) nga nga nga nga kw'ekibiina kya K'egobeegobeego, nga kw'ewamu k'ekussa akak'e Gaa

[[AK'AMUTANDIKA] Roe v[[AK'AWULA] (1973]

Mu [[NKULA:0] .Awu., kkooti enkulu yakkiriza eddembe ly'omukazi okuggyamu olubuto wansi wa Claus. Kkooti yakkiriza nti obwannannyini obw'okwegamyo, obwali busangibwa emabega bulabika mu ndowooza ey'enkyukakyuka eya 14 ey'eddembe, obwali bugaziye kimala okugattawo okusalawo kw'omukazi okumalibwawo olubuto. [ Roe y'emu ku ku misango egikyasinze mu byafaayo bya Amerika, era mu nkomerero yavuunibwa mu [FLT:].[5]

[[Akawayiro:0]Obergefell v. Hodges[[:1] (2015)

Mu [[NKT:0] obergell v. Hoddegs, kkooti enkulu yagamba nti Kkooti eno ekkiriza nti okuyisa ettuluba lya 141 mu ngeri eyo, kyetaagisa okuwandiisa era n'okukakasa obufumbo obw'ekikula kye kimu. Kkooti yawa buwandiisi mu kusalawo kwayo okw'omu kika kya Claus, okusobola okukuuma eddembe ery'okufumbiriganwa, ne ku Kkomo erisinziirwako ne ku ky'okusosola mu by'okwetaba. Ekiragiro kino kyali kiwandikiro ekya LBTQ ne kyakulabirako eky'okumanyisaamu obusobozi bw'okumanyisaamu obuvunaanyizibwa n'okumanyisattulukukanya.

Ensonga Endala

  • [[NKULA:0][[AK'AMU]] Gitlow v. New York (1925):[[FLT]] Obubonero obw'eddembe obwasooka okugattibwa ku mateeka bwakozesebwa mu nkola emanyiddwa nga Claus, okutandika omulimu ogw'okuyingizaamu.
  • [[AGUMENTI] v. Virginia (167,67): Amateeka agawera obufumbo obw'ebika eby'enjawulo, nga gagamba nti amateeka ng'ago gamenya enkola eya Claus ne Claus ebitegekedwa mu ngeri esaanira.
  • [[AGUMENTI] v. '[FLT'] (1971]] Court yatandika okukola nga etteeka erikwata ku by'okwetaba erikkirizibwa mu Claus edditoole okumenya etteeka eritwala obukwasi.
  • [[AGUMENTI][[AK'AWULA]] McDonald v. Chicago [2010]] (20:] Yagattamu omuteeso ogw'Okusoosa okw'Okubiri ogw'okuteekamu eddembe ery'okukulembedde okuwamba n'okusitula okulwanyisa gavumenti n'okusitula okulwanyisa gavumenti z'omu kitundu okuyitira mu nkola eya Clausle.

Ekiyinza Okukolebwa ku Ddembe ly’Obwannannyini n’Obwenkanya mu Kitundu

Omutemwa ogw'ekkumi n'ena gukyakozesebwa mu kulwanirira obwenkanya n'enkola ey'enkola eyaawukana.

Okusosola Obusosoze

Okulwanyisa obusosoze mu langi kwesigamye nnyo ku kitongole ekinoonya obusosoze mu mawanga ekimanyiddwa nga Aumetic Claus. Obujulizi obwakamala bukkiriziganyizza ku kweyisa mu buyigirize obwa waggulu, eddembe ly'okulonda, n'ensonga z'abamenyi b'amateeka okulongoosebwa. ] Obufumbo mu Fair Adgings v. Harvard[ [2023], kkooti enkulu mu kkooti enkulu mu by'egamba nti, programu ezikkirizibwa mu ttendekero lya yunivize zit'empaka z'empaka ez'enjawulo.

Okulingana kw’Olulyo n’Omuntu

Kkooti enkulu ekiikirira enkola y'okukuuma abakazi. Ekirala kikozesezza amateeka agayisa abasajja n'abakazi mu ngeri ya njawulo nga tegasinziira ku nsonga enkulu.

Okukkiriza Eddembe

Ekitundu 2 ku kitongole eky'e 14th Amendment kiba kigasa okukendeeza ku bufunze bw'enkola eya gavumenti singa egaana obwannannyini kulonda abantu abasaanira. Wadde nga enteekateeka eno tebadde ya bulijjo kukolebwako, emitindo gy'enkola egitakkirizibwa okugonjoolebwa okusobola okulonda amateeka ag'ennamba, okugeranya, n'emize emirala gye kiggula ekigamba nti kigoba abantu abalondeddwa, n'okusalawo okw'abasinga obungi. Kkooti ey'oku nti abantu abaagattiddwa nti bakkirizibwa okulonda abatuuze aba bulijjo. Kkootikko ya Sset'okukkulu ebadde kitegekebwawo mu [FLD:0] Theilby County v. Baker[FLT][F:3]

Eddembe ly’Abagwira

Obwannakyewa buyambye nnyo abaana b'abagwira, nga bwe kibadde nga kikakasa nti omuntu yenna eyazaalibwa mu Amerika mutuuze ka babe nga bazadde be babeera mu kifo ki. Omusingi guno guwaaniddwa nnyo mu mpaka z'eby'obufuzi naye era guwagirwa kkooti. Ebiwandiiko bya Cream Claus era bikuuma eddembe ly'abantu abatali ba mu Amerika abagwira, ne kibawa obuddukiro mu ngeri ey'obwenkanya mu bibatuukizo ne mu bikolwa ebirala ebya gavumenti.

Obwenkanya n’Obukungu

Ekiwandiiko ekiyitibwa Statual Process Claus ekola ku nkola y'abamenyi b'amateeka mu Amerika, nga kyetaagisa okuwozesebwa mu bwenkanya, okusalirwa enzivuunula z'amateeka, n'obukuumi okuva ku buli omu okusobola okwewala okubuuzibwa ebibuuzo. The Complumement Protection Claus erese okusoomooza okulonda eggwanga, okusalira abantu omusango, n'ebintu ebirala ebikosa abantu abatono. emirundi mingi ekibiina kya poliisi okuzza enziji mu bwenkanya n'ensonga z'ekibonerezo kigamba nti ebiwandiiko 14 by'ebiwandiiko ebyo by'ewandisizza obujulizi.

Okuyigirizibwa n’Okuwummuzibwa okw’Ekkumi n’Ekkumi n’Ebiri

Okutegeera Omutemwa ogw'ekkumi n'ena, kikulu nnyo eri abayizi n'abasomesa okuteekawo enteekateeka esobozesa okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku ddembe ly'abantu, obwenkanya bw'abantu, n'ebyafaayo bya Amerika.

Okuyigiriza

  • Yogera n’abaana ku nsonga ezikwata ku kizimbe eky’ekkumi n’ena eky’Emitendo Eginaago, gamba ng’okukkiriza okukuba akalulu, n’okuva mu nsi endala.
  • Wekkaanye emisango emikulu ennyo egya kkooti enkulu mu kibiina, ng’okozesa ebintu ebikulu gamba ng’ebiwandiiko bya kkooti n’ebibuuzo ebireetebwawo mu mimwa.
  • Kubiriza abayizi okunoonyereza n’okulaga engeri enkyukakyuka ezo gye ziyinza okukosa abantu ab’ekika ekimu, omwali abantu ab’ekika ekimu, abakazi, abantu aba bulijjo, n’abantu abatali ba ggwanga limu.
  • Kozesa enkola ey’okuzannya ng’omuyizi akubaganya ebirowoozo ku nsonga ezikwata ku mateeka, ne kimuyamba okutegeera emitindo egitakwatagana mu Kkubo ery’Okuyisa Obukulembeze ery’Akataano.
  • Geraageranya Omuteende ogw’ekkumi n’ena n’enteekateeka y’ensi endala, gamba ng’ebiwandiiko eby’enkola eya Canada ebikakasa nti abantu benkanankana mu Kitabo ky’Eddembe n’Eddembe oba mu Mateeka g’Enzikiriza ya Buyindi.

Enkola zino ziyinza okuyamba abayizi okutegeera amakulu g’Emitemere Esooka mu Kibiina kya Leero era n’okubateekateeka okumanya, n’okubeera abatuuze abeeteeseteese okufumbiriganwa.

Okusoomooza n’Okuwakanya Ebibaawo mu Kiseera Kino

Mu Amereka ak'ekkumi n'ena, egenda mu maaso okuleetawo enkaayana ez'amaanyi mu mateeka ne mu by'obufuzi.empaka eziwerako ziraga nti enkyukakyuka eyo yeeyongera mu maaso:

Obutuuze Obwandizadde

Omuntu okubeera Omutuuze ayolekaganye n'okusoomooza okutali kumu okuva ku abo abagamba nti obusika buleetera abantu okugenda mu nsi endala mu bukyamu. Abakola amateeka abamu bawa etteeka eribalagira okunnyonnyola amakulu g'olupapula olwo, naye abakugu mu by'amateeka bakkiriza nti enkyukakyuka yonna ekwetaagisa okukomyawo amateeka. Kkooti enkulu teyogera butereevu ku bukulu bw'obutuuze bwa Claus okuva ku mukolo gwa 1898 [FL:0] United States v. Wong Kim Arks[, ekiwandiikibwa obwannakyewa abaana abatali bannakyewa

Engeri Enkola gy'Eteetera Okukolebwa

Enjigiriza ekwata ku ngeri ey'okukkirizisaamu ekikolerwako esigala nga kyawukana nnyo. Abavumirira Baibuli bagamba nti kisobozesa abalamuzi okusoma ebibanyumira mu mateeka, so ng'abawagizi bagamba nti kikuuma eddembe ekkulu eri abantu ab'eddembe. Okukaanya okw'amaanyi okuva ku kukyusa Roe v. Wade, nga n'abalamuzi abamu babuusabuusa obwetaavu obw'okutuukiriza enkola ekkirizibwa mu mateeka, era n'abalala nga bakwegayirira kukwata enkola eno ey'okwerinda.

Obukuumi n’Ebikolwa eby’Okulaga nti Oli Muddu wa Yakuwa

Okusalawo kkooti enkulu okwakayita kwaleetawo ebibuuzo ebippya ebikwata ku makulu g'obukuumi bwenkanankana. Abakugu mu nsonga za Fair Admacts kkooti yatwala nti okutongoza enkola y'okussaawo enkalo mu buyigirize obwa waggulu kwasobya enkola y'obuyigirize obwa waggulu, naye kwaleka okukkirizibwa nti empaka z'enkulano zisobola okulowoozebwa mu nnyiriri endala, nga mu by'amagye. Okusalako kuleetedde ba yunisite okunoonyereza ku ngeri endala ez'okuleetawo enjawukana mu Amerika, era kweyongera enkaayanjo ku nsonga ezikwata ku langi.

Empeera: Omulongo ogw’Emitemere Ekkumi n’Emirundi Ekkumi n’Emirundi Ebiri gulina Okuweebwa

Mu kiseera kino, wabaddewo okusoosa kwa demokulase eya 14 mu Amerika. Ek'okussa essira ku kwenkana era n'okutuukirizibwa kw'amateeka kye ky'abadde kikola ku kulwanirira eddembe ly'abantu era kikusobozesa okulwanirira eddembe ly'abantu. Okuva ku Ntalo y'omu Buwangwa lwe yatandikawo mu nsonga ezisinga okukasa okukaanya mu kyasa ekyamakumi abiri mu sooka, enkyukakyuka zibaddewo nti okulongoosebwa kw'obwenkanya bunywevu nnyo era nti okumanyibwa kw'amateeka okugobererwa kw'ensonga eno kintu kikulu eri buli muntu yenna eyeekenneenya ebyafaayo bya Amerika n'ensonga zeeyongera. Tekiri buwandikiro obutuufu obutuufu obukubiriza buli mu mulembe ogumu okufumiitiriza ku makulu, eddembe ly'obusika, n'okwenkanankanankana wansi w'amateeka.

Okusobola okwongera okusoma, kebera ebifa ku kiwandiiko kyonna ekya 'LW' nga oyitira mu ' National Tterekeror, okwejjukanya obujulizi obwa kkooti ey'ekika ekya waggulu ku Eproject[, oba okwekenneenya ebiwandiiko ebyagikwata ku nyiso enzivu z'empadde okuva mu [[FLT:]][FLT]][FLT]]]