Table of Contents
Alexander Hamilton yazaalibwa nga Jjanwali 11, 1755 oba 1757, era n'akula okuva mu Caribbean n'afuuka omu ku bazimbi ba sistemu ba Amerika ab'amaanyi. Ng'omubaka wa Ssente eyasooka mu U.S.S. okuva mu 1789 okutuuka mu 1795, enkola za Hamilton ez'okwolesebwa n'obuteefugenzi bwa gavumenti ey'amaanyi, bye byakyusa omusingi gwa Amereka era byakyusa omusingi gw'ebyenfuna. Ssente ze eri Amerika ne bye bikyusa ebizirimu eby'eby'enfuna bye.[2]
Ebyatuuka ku Bulamu mu Caribbean
Okuzaalibwa n’Ebikwata ku Maka
Yazaalibwa mu kibuga Charlestown, Nevis, emyaka gya Alexander Hamilton egyasooka gyalimu ebizibu bingi era nga tewaaliwo butebenkevu. Bazadde be baali James Hamilton, omusuubuzi w'omu Scotland ow'omu St. Christopher ne Rachel Fawcett, eyali yagattululwako obufumbo bwe obwasooka. Kkooti yamugaana okuwasa oba okufumbirwa omusajja oluvannyuma lw'okugattululwa, era ekyo kyakkirizibwa mu bitundu by'e West Indies, naye si waayo walala wonna. Embeera eno ey'obugwenyufu eyago yali egoberedde Hamilton mu bulamu bwe bwonna, era ng'abalabe b'eby’obufuzi baakozesanga Hamilton okuwakanya endowooza ye.
Kitaawe, James Hamilton, yamwabulira awamu ne muganda we James nga bakyali bato, n'aleka amaka ge mu mbeera embi ennyo ez'eby'enfuna. Mu 1768, maama wa Hamilton, Rachel Faucette, yafa olw'enkano. Hamilton yali mulekwa wa myaka nga 13. Ebimutuukako ng'okufiirwa yabyabulibwa era n'amanyibwa nti yali atuuse ku buwanguzi.
Okuyiga n’Okufuna Omulimu
Wadde nga Hamilton yali mu mbeera nzibu, yayoleka obusobozi obw'enjawulo okuva mu buto. Maama waabwe bwe yali nga bakyali bato, Alexander ne James Jr. Baayigirizibwa era ne bayigirizibwa mu ssomero lyabwe eryabwe eryali liryirirwa Abayudaaya ab'emitwemisten ate Alexander n'ayongera ku kusoma ebitabo ebiwerera ddala 34. Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa maama we, Hamilton yafuuka kampuni mu Beekman ne Cruger, ekitongole ekikolera ku magdaalimu mu nsi eyo ekyatunda obutunzi y'ebwe nga kircaafu ky'ebwe mu New York ne New England.
Wadde nga Hamilton yali akyali mutiini, yasobola okusigira kampuni eyo okumala emyezi etaano mu 1771 nga nnannyini kampuni eyo ali ku nnyanja. Omulimu guno ogwakolebwako gwayamba nnyo Hamilton okumanya ebizingirwa mu by'obusuubuzi mu nsi yonna, eby'ensi yonna, era n'eby'obusuubuzi ebyandimusobozesezza okumanyisa gye yandikomye nga Ssente. Okusinziira ku mutabani we John, Hamilton yayogera ku mulimu guno nga "ekifo ekisingayo okuba eky'omuganyulo mu buyigirize bwe."
Ebbaluwa n’Olugendo olw’Okugenda mu Amerika
Hamilton yawandiika ebbaluwa eri kitaawe ku bikwata ku muyaga ogwasaanyawo Abakristaayo nga Agusito 30, 1772, ne ku Mufunvu w'eggwanga lya Presbyterian Reerend Hugh Knox, omutwazi era omuyigiriza wa Hamilton, eyawandiika ebbaluwa mu Royal Danesh-American Gazette.
His intelligence, writing, and administrative abilities were recognized by local benefactors who created a fund to provide him with a formal education in the North American colonies. In 1772, Hamilton arrived in New York City, marking the beginning of a new chapter that would transform him from an orphaned clerk into a founding father of a new nation.
Obuyigirize n’Obukakafu Obw’Endowooza nti Ebintu Byajjawo Byokka
Okunoonya eby'obugagga ku koli ya King
Mu 1773, Hamilton yasomera mu ttendekero ery'oku yunivasite mu Elizabethtown Academy mu New Jersey, era oluvannyuma n'aweebwa ku King's College (kati Columbia University). Bwe yali eyo, yamanyibwa mu William Livingston, omukugu mu by'obufuzi ow'omu kitundu eyamukubiriza ennyo, era n'awugulibwa ne Livingstonstons Academy nga ayiga. Okuyiga endowooza ez'enjawukana ku nfumo n'abakugunjufu mu byobufuzi kyayamba Hamilton okutandikawo endowooza z'ebyobufuzi.
Ng'omuyizi, yeenyigira mu nsonga ez'enkyukakyuka era n'awakanya obufuzi bwa Bungereza mu nkuŋŋaana z'ekibiina, era yafulumya n'ebitabo bibiri ebikulu ennyo: Okukkirizisa kwa Konqueror ne Farmer Refured. Ebitabo bino ebyasooka byalaga ekirabo kya Hamilton eky'okuwakana mu by'obufuzi era n'obusobozi bwe okufulumya emitindo gy'amateeka mu lulimi olulabika.
Obuweereza bw’Eby’Eby’Eggye mu Lutalo olw’Endowooza Enkyamu
Oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo I, Hamilton yalonda akakiiko akaakulira ka kampuni y'omu New York Artillery. Obusobozi bwe obw'eby'amagye yabusikiriza mangu abantu. George Washington yasooka kutwala amagombe mu kiseera kya New York ne New Jersey Campaign, era Washington yategeera Hamilton okuba omunyiikivu, okutegeka era n'okunywerera ku nsonga.
Omwaka gwa Maaki 1777 we gwatuukira, Hamilton yali anyweredde ku mujaasi wa Washington era ng'aweereza ng'omugabuzi w'omuduumizi w'eggye. Hamilton yamala emyaka ena ng'akolera ku ludda lwa Washington, ng'akulira amagye, ng'ategeka amagye, era nga afunye okutegeera okw'omuwendo ku bizibu ebiri mu kufuga n'okuwagira olutalo wansi w'Ebitundu eby'ebyamasaza ebinafu.
Okufaananako abalala bangi abaaweerezanga mu Continental Army, Hamilton yanyooma Congress ng’etalina kukkiriza kwonna, ekyamuviirako okuba omukakafu nti Amerika empya yali yeetaaga gavumenti ey’amaanyi.
Empandiika z’Abasawo: Okuwagira Okugubwawo kw’Etteeka
Ensibuko n’Ekigendererwa ky’Omulimu gw’Okufuga Ensi
Oluvannyuma lw'okukomekkereza Convention of stustitution mu Ssebutemba 1787, ebbeeyi y’amateeka yayolekagana n’okuziyizibwa okw’amaanyi, naddala mu bitundu ebinene nga New York.Hamilton, awamu ne Virginian James Madison ne munnange John Jay, baawandiika ekiwandiiko ekyatandika okuyitibwa The Federalist Papers, ekyakubibwa mu ngeri etamanyiddwa linnya, ekyawakanya etteeka.
Magazi ga Federalist Papers gasengekeddwamu ebitundu 85 ebyawandiikibwa Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, ne John Jay nga bagoberera enfuze eya "Publius" okutumbula obukyamu bw'amateeka g'omu Amerika. Ennaku ensanvu mu musanvu ku ebyo, byafulumiranga mu magazini eyitibwa Independent Journal, New York Packet, ne Daily Adversitorr wakati wa Oktobha 1787 ne Apuli 1788.
Hamilton's System
Hamilton ye yakulembera omuwandiisi w'emboozi, nga yawandiisa 51 mu kuwandiika emboozi, Madison nga yawandiisa emboozi 29 ne Jay 5. Emboozi za Hamilton zaalimu ebintu bingi ebikulu okusobola okutegeera enkola y'eggwanga, nga mw'otwalidde n'obunafu bw'ebitundu ebigaba ebitegekeddwa mu kugatta awamu, obwetaavu bw'ekitongole ekikola ku matabi, n'obuyinza bwa gavumenti.
Ssente Hamilton ze yawaayo eri The Federalist Papers zalimu emboozi eziwerako ezikyatwalibwa mu mateeka. Mu Federalist Na. 1, yalaga ekifo eky'ebbeeyi omulimu ogwo kye gulina okukolebwa era yaggumiza obukulu bw'okusalawo kw'abannamerika. Hamilton yeeyongera okulumba gavumenti nga agoberera kaweefube eyabanga wansi w'obubonero nga yeeyambisa akakiiko akalaga ensobi nnyingi ezibakwata ku buzibu bwe balina obw'okwerwanako oba okukuuma enkola eya gavumenti.
Mu Federal List Na. 70, Hamilton yakolawo eky'amaanyi ku mukungu omu era ow'amaanyi. Na. 70 alaga nti omukozi omu yekka (Obwannampala) alina okuvunaanyizibwa mu maaso ga gavumenti. Yalaga nti obuyinza bwa nnakyewa bwetaaga okukozesebwa mu muntu omu okusobola okukakasa nti obuwanguzi, obutuufu, n'okuvunaanyizibwa ku buli muntu, byekubiddwawo mu Amerika birina okubeera nga bye bikola ku penteence eya Amerika okuva olwo.
Hamilton era yawandiisa Federal List Na. 78, eryayogera ku ttabi erisalirawo emisango. Na. 78, annyonnyola ekifo kya balamuzi n'ensonga lwaki kikulu okulambula. Mu ssomero lino, Hamilton yawanukula omusingi nti abalamuzi basaanidde okukebera ku buyinza bw'amateeka, n'okuteekawo omusingi gwa Kkooti Esingirayo ddala obukulu oguyinza okumanyibwa mu Marbury v. Madison.
Emiganyulo n’Amakulu Agakyayibwa
Mu matandika g'ekyasa ekya 19, akakiiko akafuzi kaafuna ettutumu ennyo okusobola okunnyonnyola amateeka ga gavumenti, era Omulamuzi Omukulu John Marshall yagawandiika mu kkooti enkulu mu ngeri eyateekawo enkyukanya gamba nga Marbury v. Madison (1803) ne McCulloch v. Maryland (1819). Ebbaluwa ezo zaakozesebwa nnyo okusobola okutegeera ebiruubirirwa by'abawandiisi n'obufirosoofo bw'eggwanga lya Amerika.
Mabaluwa ga division devision dast Papers gakyali makulu nnyo eri buli muntu yenna asoma Amateeka oba obufirosoofo bwa Amereka, era kino ne kiwa okutegeera ebiruubirirwa by'abo abagattika gavumenti era n'ekizibu ekiyinza okusobozesa abantu okufuna eddembe erisaanira mu buyinza. Abeekenneenya eby'amateeka, abalamuzi ne bannabyabufuzi beeyongera okuwandiika ebikwata ku mateeka nga bannyonnyola enteekateeka z'amateeka era nga bakuba obukulembedde obuyinza obwa bulijjo.
Okutandikawo Entegeka y’Eby’Eby’Enfuna
Okulondebwa Okuba Omuwandiisi w’Essente
Omukulembeze wa Washington yalonda Hamilton okuba omu ku bawandiike ba Ssente abaasooka, gye yasigira omusingi gwa ssente mu Amerika.
Hamilton yatuuka ku kizibu kino n’amaanyi era n'alaba, n’afulumya alipoota ezaali ziraga nti waaliwo enteekateeka ey’amaanyi mu by'enfuna mu ggwanga. enteekateeka ye ey’eby’enfuna yasinziira ku musingi ogutali gumu: okutandikawo amawooza ga bantu okuyitira mu kubalirira amabanja, okuteekawo banka y'eggwanga, okukola emirimu nga bakugira obukiiko bw'eggwanga, n'okusasula emisolo.
Okwebaza Ebbanja n’Okusaasaanya Amabanja
Mu lipoota ye ey'okusooka ku kirindiro ekyaweebwa Congress mu Jjanwali 1790, Hamilton yawa amagezi nti gavumenti evunaanibwe amabanja g’eggwanga n'ag’eggwanga gonna agaagwa mu Ssematalo ow’Obuggya.
Hamilton yagamba nti okuteebereza kwali kwetaagisa okutandikawo ebbanja lya gavumenti y'ensi eyo era n'okuteekawo obumu mu by'enfuna. Gavumenti bw'esobozesa gavumenti okufuna amabanja mu ggwanga, yandikoze ekibiina ky'abo ababanja abawa obuwonera awamu n'enkulaakulana ya gavumenti.
Mu lukalala olwo, baayisa Kongress nga kitundu ky'ekibiina ekimanyiddwa ennyo ekiwandiikiddwa mu 1790, Hamilton mwe yakkiriza okuzuula ekibuga ekikulu eky'ensi kiri ku Mugga Potomac nga bawagidde obuwagizi obwa Southern. Okwesambajja kuno kwakolebwa nga bayambiddwa Thomas Jefferson ne James Madison, baayoleka engeri Hamilton gye yali omukugu mu by'obufuzi n'obumalirivu bwe yalina okuzuula ebigendererwa bye.
Banka Esooka ey’omu Amerika
Mu Ddesemba 1790, Hamilton yawa lipoota ye ey'okubiri ku byuma ebikola ku byuma ebikola ku byuma ebidduukirira gavumenti, eyagamba nti: Banka y'Amerika yandikoze emirimu egitali gimu: yandibawadde obuwagizi bwa gavumenti, yayambanga mu kusolooza emisolo, yawa gavumenti ne bizineesi eza kinnoomu ssente, era n'ewandisizza ssente z'eggwanga.
Ekiteeso kya banka kyaleetawo okukaayana okw'amaanyi mu mateeka. Thomas Jefferson ne James Madison baawakanya nti etteeka eryo teryawa Conseil obuyinza okuwa banka ekiwandiiko, era nti singa likola ekyo, liyinza okumenya amateeka agakwata ku Amereka ak'Ekkumi n'ekkumi. Hamilton yayogera ku ngeri ey'okulwanirira amaanyi ag'ekika kya Claus, nga bagamba nti enteekateeka ya Claus ey'okukwata ku ngeri yonna ey'okukwatamu ensonga eyo, era nti ekkirizibwa mu ngeri yonna, teri nzikkiriza kugoberera buyinza bwa Creasko.
Hamilton bye yayigiriza ebikwata ku maanyi ag'omuddiriŋŋanwa, ebyawulirwa mu kiwandiiko kye ku kiwandiiko ky'amateeka ga Bank, byafuuka ebigambo ebikulu ebikwatagana n'okutaputa kw'amateeka. Pulezidenti Washington yadda ku ludda lwa Hamilton era Banka ey'oku Sayamooni eyasooka ey'omu Amerika yafuna ekiwandiiko kyayo mu Febwali 1791. Banka eyo yasobola okuddukanya obulungi emirimu gyayo okumala emyaka amakumi abiri, ne kisobozesa enkola y'eby'ebyenfuna mu Amerika okukulaakulana.
Lipoota ekwata ku Kuyamba Abalala
Mu Ddesemba 1791, Hamilton yawa lipoota ye ekwata ku Manufactures ku Congress, ng'alaga kwolesebwa okutaasa okukolebwa kw'amakolero ga Amereka. Mu lipoota eyo, yawakanya okukolebwa kw'eby'ensimbi n'okutumbula amakolero. Hamilton yakkiriza nti Amerika yalina okukola ebbeeyi y'eby'enfuna okusobola okufuna obwetwaze obwa nnamaddala era n'okuvuganya n'amawanga ga Bulaaya.
Alipoota yawagira okusobola okukuuma abakungu ba gavumenti nga batunda ebintu ebiba bikoleddwa, ssente eziva ku nfuna zaabwe, n'enkungo eziba zifuniddwa abakola mu maka, ne gavumenti eziwagira enkulaakulana mu by'enkola.
Yawagira ekibiina ekiyitibwa Society for Accounting of Illustration of Implificial Manicting (U.M.), era ng’awagira entegeka eno, Hamilton yateekateeka okubumbula enkola y'eby'enfuna mu nsi yonna ng'akola amakolero. Mu 1792, S.U.M., yagula mayiro 700 ez'ensi ezikwetoolodde amafaamu Great Falls era n'atandikawo ekibuga Paterson, New Jersey, era ng'emyaka egyasooka gibaddemuzibuwaza ssente, Paterson agambibwa okuba ekibuga kya Amerika ekyasooka okukolerwamu amakolero ga bya byamakolero ate n'enkyukakyuka mu makolero ga bya bya byabulimirwamu mu Amerika.
Wadde nga Congress teyakolera ddala programu ya Hamilton ey'okukola ebintu mu kiseera kye, kwolesebwa kwe yalina okw'okuvumbula Amerika omukugu era gavumenti okusobola okutumbula okukulaakulana mu by'enfuna mu Amerika, naddala mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'ekkumi n'esatu, enkola y'eby'eby'enfuna mu Amerika ey'okutegeka mu byaenfuna.
E nkola y’Enfuna n’Omusolo Ogukulukutwa
Okusobola okufuna ebbanja lya gavumenti n'okuliwagira, Hamilton yali yeetaaga okussaawo ensawo ezeesigika. Yawa amagezi ku kusasula emisolo gy'ebintu by'omu nsi eyo n'emisolo ku bintu ebikolerwako. Ekintu ekyasinga okuleetawo enkaayana ku misolo egyo kwe kugigoba ku myoyo emibi, egyayitibwanga omusolo gwa whiskey.
Omusolo guno gwakoma okusasulwa ennyo abalimi abaali bagabana ensawo ne bagisuula mu katale basobole okufuna ensumbi ey'okutwala obuguzi obutonotono. Okuziyizibwa kw'omusolo gwali kwa maanyi nnyo, naddala mu bugwanjuba bwa Pennsylvania, ne kuviirako Wiskey Gaunder mu 1794.
Hamilton yatwala obujeemu ng'ekintu eky'omutindo eri ab'obuyinza era n'akubiriza Washington okukola kye kimu. Pulezidenti yayita amagye okuva mu bitundu ebitali bimu, ate Hamilton kennyini n'awerekerako abaserikale nga bagenda e bugwanjuba bwa Pennsylvania. Obwewagguzi bwagwawo nga tewaaliwo kuyiwa musaayi mungi, nga kiraga nti gavumenti y'ensi eyo yalina obusobozi n'obumalirivu okukwasisa amateeka gaayo.
Obufirosoofo n’Okwolesebwa kw’Obusosoze
Obuwagizi eri Gavumenti ey’Amaanyi
Mu mulimu gwe gwonna, Hamilton yalwaniriranga gavumenti y'eggwanga ey'amaanyi esobola okubaako kyakolawo mu nsonga enkulu ennyo ez'eggwanga. bye yayitamu mu kiseera kya Ssematalo eyatandikawo mu Bukyufu, bwe yalaba nga Consental Congress takwate n'okuwagira ddala amagye, yamumatiza nti gavumenti emu ey'amaanyi yali egenda kuzikiriza eggwanga lyonna.
Hamilton yakkiriza nti gavumenti ya gavumenti yali yeetaaga amaanyi amamala okutegeka eby’obusuubuzi, okukuuma amabanja ga bantu bonna, okuwa obuddukiro, n’okukulaakulanya eby’enfuna.
Okwolesebwa kuno okukwata ku buyinza bwa gavumenti enzijjuvu kwaleetera Hamilton okukontana ne Thomas Jefferson ne James Madison, abaatwala eky'okunnyonnyola obuyinza obwa gavumenti era n'obuteefunyi obusingawo okuba obwa waggulu ku bufuzi bwa gavumenti. Obutakkaanya buno obukulu ku ntegeka ennungi wakati w'obuyinza bwa gavumenti ne gavumenti kyaviirako Hamilton okuba mu nteekateeka y'ekibiina esooka mu Amerika, Hamilton gye yakulemberanga Federalists ne Jefferson okukulembera Democratic Republicans.
Akatundu Akafuga Obufumbo
Hamilton yatandikawo ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekyasooka mu Amerika, ekiyitibwa Federalist Party, mu 1791. Abafuniya baawagira programu ya Hamilton ey'eby'enfuna, era ne bawagira enteekateeka ey'amaanyi eya gavumenti mu Bungereza ekulemberwa bannabyabufuzi abayivu. Hamilton yafuuka omutwe ku kimu ku bibiina ebyasooka mu Amereka, Federalist.
Ekibinja kya Federalist Party kyafuna obuwagizi okuva ku basuubuzi, bannabizineesi, ne ku bannabizineesi abaaganyulwa mu nkola za Hamilton ez'eby'enfuna.
Okwolesebwa kwa Hamilton okw'eggwanga kwassa essira ku bumu mu ggwanga, okukulaakulana mu by'enfuna, ne gavumenti ey'amaanyi. Yalowooza nti Amerika yalina okuteekawo amaanyi gaayo ag'eby'enfuna n'eby'amagye okusobola okuvuganya n'amawanga ga Bulaaya era n'okukakasa obwetwaze. Kino kyali kyetaagisa gavumenti y'amaanyi mu ggwanga eyali esobola okuteekawo amateeka agakwatagana, mu kifo ky'okugattika gavumenti ez'obwetwaze ezinoonya ebyago.
Okunnyonnyola Amateeka n’Amaanyi Agaakozesebwa
Hamilton kye yasinga okukolawo ku nzikiriza ye eya Amereka ye njigiriza ey'amaanyi. Okulwanirira amateeka ga banka y'eggwanga, Hamilton yagamba nti Amateeka gaamu galina okutaputa buli kimu okusobozesa gavumenti okukozesa engeri yonna obutawera kutuukiriza buyinza bwayo.
"Okwawulibwawo" okw'amateeka kwali kwa njawulo nnyo ku kuzimba kwa Jefferson okwa "ruwala," okwali kugamba nti gavumenti ya gavumenti yalina amaanyi ago geetongodde okusinziira ku Mateeka. Enkola ya Hamilton yassibwawo, okuteekawo omusingi nti gavumenti y'ensi erina obuyinza bwa nnene okugonjoola ebizibu mu ngeri ez'enjawulo.
Kkooti enkulu yawagira endowooza ya Hamilton mu McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), ng'Omulamuzi Omukulu John Marshall yajuliza endowooza ya Hamilton mu bbanka ey'okubiri mu Amerika. Endowooza ya Marshall yayise mu nnyinnyonnyola ya Hamilton ey'etaagibwa ku kika kya Cream ne Environment Claus, eteekawo ekyokulabirako ku maanyi g'ensi yonna ageeyisa mu mateeka leero.
Hamilton's Ebikwata ku buyinza
Okukyusa Addisity ya Washington
Nga Ssayaaka w'Ebintu era omu ku bakungu ba Pulezidenti Washington be yali yeesiga ennyo, Hamilton yakola kinene mu kuteekawo eb'obuyinza ku ttabi. Yali akkiririza mu bukulembeze obw'amaanyi era yagaziya obuyinza bwa pulezidenti mu nsonga ez'amaka ne mu nsi endala.
Hamilton yalonda empapula za gavumenti ezisinga obukulu eza Washington nga mw'otwalidde n'ebitundu by'eddiriŋŋanwa ye ey'e Farewell. Hamilton yawandiika bingi ku Tdiresi ya George Washington, gye yalangirira Washington nti tajja kudduka omulundi ogw'okusatu nga prezidenti. Ow'endagiriro eno emanyiddwa ennyo yalabula ku bubi bw'enjawukana mu bannaggwanga n'embi, emisingi egikwata ku nkola y'omu Amereka egyandikulembedde emirembe mingi.
Hamilton era yawagiranga mu buyinza bwa bannabyabufuzi mu nsonga ezitali za mu nsi.
Entegeka ya Kabiina n’Ebigambo Ebifuga
Hamilton yassaawo ekikodyo kya kakiiko ka pulezidenti akaateeka obwesige bwabwe obusinga ku kakiiko akaakulira omulimu. Yakola ekitongole kya Ssente mu ngeri entegeke obulungi, era n'ateekawo enkola ez'okuddukanya emirimu egyakolebwanga mu bitongole ebirala.
Alipoota ze eri Congress ku nsonga z'eby'ensimbi zissaawo ekyokulabirako eri abakungu b'amatabi abawa ebiwandiikiddwa mu lukiiko olukulu olw'ebiragiro.Hamilton yakkiriza nti abakungu ba ba paapa b'obuyinza, nga balina obumanyirivu era nga basobola okufuna obubaka, balina kinene kye bakola mu kuteeka amateeka mu nkola so si okuteeka obukwasibwa gavumenti gavumenti.
Wadde nga Hamilton yalina endowooza eno ku ngeri y’okukulemberamu abantu mu bifo eby’obuvunaanyizibwa, ebiseera ebimu yakontananga n’ab’omu kkanisa y’abakkopooti eyali akitwala nti obuyinza bwe yalina bwali bwa maanyi nnyo, yassaawo ekyokulabirako ekirungi mu kuddukanya emirimu gy’abakulembeze mu gavumenti.
Omulimu ogw’Amaaso n’Engeri gye Twakolamu
Okuzza Obulala n’Okuddayo mu Kitongole eky’Ebweru
Hamilton yeekutula ku Ssente mu Jjanwali 1795, oluvannyuma lw’okumala emyaka egisukka mu etaano ng’aweereza mu ddwaliro, nga mw’otwalidde n’okuvunaana omusango gw’eby’enfuna gwe yawakanya, kye kyamuleetera okusalawo okuddamu okubeera omulamu ku lulwe.
Wadde nga yava mu kifo, Hamilton yeeyongera okwenyigira mu by'obufuzi ng’omukulembeze w'Ekibiina kya Federalist. Yeeyongera okutegeeza Pulezidenti Washington era oluvannyuma n'akyusa mu nkola y'enkola mu kiseera kya John Adams, wadde ng’enkolagana ye ne Adamu yateranga okuleetawo okuyomba.
Okutongozebwa kwa 1800 n’Okuddirira kw’Eby’obufuzi
Hamilton kennyini bwe yakubawo akalulu ku kakiiko ka prezidenti mu 1800, yasalawo mu Nnyumba y'Abakiikirira. Wadde nga Hamilton yalina obutakkaanya ne Jefferson, yawagira Jefferson Burr, gwe yatwala ng’omutawaana gwa maanyi.
Hamilton yawakanya nnyo eky'okuvuganya okwaliwo mu bantu okwava mu ggwanga eritali lya gavumenti olw’okuba yali akyayira ddala eky'okufuga ekiwayi ky’ekibiina.
Ebibonerezo eby’Obutawaana
Obulamu bwa Hamilton bwakoma nga Jjulaayi 12, 1804 bwe yalumizibwa Junice Aaron Burr, omupakasi mu by'obufuzi. Olutalo olwo lwava mu myaka mingi egy'obukyayi mu by'obufuzi ne mu bye yayogera Hamilton okubuusabuusa omumbo gwa Burr mu mpaka za mu mwaka gwa 1804 New York.
Ku makya nga Jjulaayi 11, 1804, Hamilton ne Burr baasisinkana Hamilton mu kibuga Weehawken ekya New Jersey, ekifo kye kimu mutabani wa Hamilton omukulu Philip gye yafiira emyaka esatu emabega. Burr ne Hamilton baalwanira mu Weehawken, New Jersey, ne Burrr baafako ekiwundu mu New York City, era Hamilton yafiira ku myaka 49 egy'obukulu. Ensawo ya Hamilton ya Amereka yakendeererawo obulamu bw'omu ku bannabyabufuzi ab'omu Amereka, ne banyaasuza ebiwaawa bye.
Obusika n’Ebirungi Ebiyinza Okuvaamu
Ekikwata ku Kakwate k’Eby’Eby’Eby’Enfuna mu Amerika
Enkola ya Hamilton ey'eby'enfuna yatandikawo omusingi okusobozesa okukulaakulana kw'eby'enfuna mu Amerika. Enkola ye yaleetawo essente entebe, ebbanja eryawunzika, era n'etumbula okukulaakulana mu by'obusuubuzi ne mu makolero. Emisingi gye yalaga nti gavumenti yandibadde ya kukola kyonna esobole okuleetawo enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna, era nti eby'enfuna byayo bisobola okuleetera eggwanga okututumuka n'okuwagira enkola y'eby'eby'enfuna mu byafaayo by'eggwanga.
Enkola ya banka, abakuumi b'eggwanga, abakungu ba gavumenti, n'obuwagizi bwa gavumenti ku ntegeka z'ebintu ne kampuni . Ekiragiro Hamilton yalwanirira obutongole bwa Amerika obwavaawo mu byafaayo mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'essatu ne kimu n'ekya 20. Mu nkomerero, endowooza ye ey'eggwanga ery'amaanyi era erikulaakulana mu by'enfuna, eryasobola okuvuganya n'ensi za Bulaaya zaatwala emyaka mingi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe.
Eby’Essanduuko y’Amateeka n’Eby’Eby’Etteeka
Ebyo Hamilton bye yawaayo ku nnyinnyonnyola za mateeka bibadde nga binywevu. Enjigiriza ye ekwata ku maanyi agafuga ensi agakkirizibwa okulwanirira banka, yafuuka omusingi gwa banka y'eggwanga. Kkooti Sumpuka ey'omu Amerika yayogera enfunda n'enfunda ku ngeri Hamilton gye yannyonnyolamu ennyinnyonnyola endala ez'obuyinza mu gavumenti wansi wa Claus, Ebbee ate ne Emfanele Claus, awamu n'amateeka amalala amalala agafuga.
Ekiragiro kino, naddala ebyo Hamilton bye yawandiika, bisobola bulungi okunnyonnyola amakulu g'amateeka. Abalamuzi, bannamateeka, ne bannasayansi bakyebuuza bwe baba bannyonnyola etteeka lya mateeka era nga babuuza ebibuuzo ebikwata ku buyinza, eby'okweyawulawo ku buyinza, n'entegeka z'abantu kinnoomu.
Endowooza y’Abamerika ku by’Eby’obufuzi
Obufirosoofo bwa Hamilton mu by'obufuzi − bussa essira ku gavumenti ey'amaanyi, obumu mu ggwanga, era n'okukulaakulana mu by'enfuna, kye kyava ku ndowooza z'eby'obufuzi za Amerika zonna. Endowooza ye mu bukulembeze obw'amaanyi yakyusa ekifo ekya Amereka eky'obuyinza ku bufuzi bwa gavumenti. Eky'obuyinza bwe ku gavumenti kyava mu mpaka z'ekiwandiike okusiikiriza enkaayana ez'ensi eno.
Wadde ng'endowooza ya Hamilton ey'okwerowoozaako n'ebiruubirirwa bye ku demokulase bivumiddwa, okutegeera kwe okukulu okw'okuba nti gavumenti esobola okugonjoola ebizibu by'amawanga(*egonjooleka.''enkaayana wakati w'abo abawagira eddembe ly'eggwanga n'abo abawagira eddembe ly'ab'eggwanga, n'obuwagizi bwa gavumenti obutono byeyoleka ku kukaabya Hamilton ne Jefferson.
Okutegeera Obukulu Obutuufu bw’Eby’Obuwangwa n’Eby’Omu Kiseera Kino
Hamilton abadde n’essente kkumi, omu ku basajja babiri bokka abataali pulezidenti mu Amerika eyalina obwesigwa ku ssente z’Amerika (omulala ye Ben Franklin).
Mu myaka egyakayita, obulamu bwa Hamilton n'eby'obusika byesiimo byazzibwayo ku nnyimba z'omu Lin- Manuel Miranda ze yaggula ku Broadway mu 2015. Ennyimba ziyambye obukadde n'obukadde bw'abantu okwetooloola ensi yonna okwongera okussaayo omwoyo ku ebyo Hamilton bye yawaayo mu byafaayo by'Amerika ne ku ntandikwa y'ebibyabuna byabyo.
Hamilton kye yalaba mu Amerika kirimu amaanyi, era nga kya maanyi nnyo mu by'obusuubuzi era nga kirimu gavumenti ya gavumenti ey'amaanyi esobola okutumbula obulamu bw'abantu kirabiddwa. United States yafuuka kampuni y'eby'enfuna n'ebyamagye Hamilton mukirowoozo, nga erina gavumenti erina ekifo eky'enkola mu kulabirira eby'enfuna, era eyamba okukuuma eggwanga era n'okugonjoola ebizibu by'eggwanga.
Okugeraageranya: Hamilton's Federalism v. Jefferson Republicanism
Enjawulo Ezisingayo Obukulu mu Bufuzi
Ekiragiro Hamilton yawa endowooza ez'enjawulo ku bikwata ku biseera bya Amerika eby'omu maaso. Hamilton yatunuulira ekibuga, eby'obusuubuzi, ne amakolero nga kirimu gavumenti ey'amaanyi etumbula eby'enfuna. Jefferson yayagala ekitongole ky'eby'enfuna ekirimu abalimi abeefuga bokka era nga kirimu gavumenti entonotono era nga kyefuga.
Hamilton yakkiriza nti obutonde bw'omuntu bwetaagisa gavumenti okuba ey’amaanyi okusobola okuleetawo ettuttumu n'ebiruubirirwa ebigya mu kifo eky'okutuuka ku buwanguzi. Yalowooza nti gavumenti yandikulemberwa abantu abayivu abaali bamanyi ebintu eby'enjawulo.
Okwolesebwa kuno okwalimu okuvuganya kwakyusa embeera z'eby'obufuzi mu Amereka okumala emyaka mingi. Obukuubagano wakati w'obuyinza n'obufuzi bwa gavumenti, wakati w'obugattirizi n'obufuzi obukugira, wakati w'obusuubuzi n'emitindo gya bannalukalala, busibuka ku Hamilton-Jefferson eyasooka okugabanyizibwamu.
Ebikwata ku by’Eby’Eby’Obugagga
Hamilton yassa essira ku kukola, okukolera, n'okuteekawo essente. Yalowooza nti Amerika yalina okukola obusobozi bwayo okusobola okufuna obwetwaze mu by'enfuna n'obuyinza bw'eggwanga. Ago ge “‘ Abakuumi ba gavumenti, banka y'eggwanga, amabanja, obuwagizi, n'ebigendererwa eby'okutumbula obukolero bw'eby'obusuubuzi n'eby'amakolero.
Mu kunoonyereza kwe ku by'enfuna, Jefferson yali yeesigama ku by'obulimi era yali atya nti okusaasaanya ssente, okukola amakolero, n'okusuubula ebibuga kyandiviiriddeko abalimi okwemalirira okuba abalungi era nti okukulaakulana mu by'obusuubuzi kwandireese enjawukana mu by'enfuna n'enguzi.
Ebyafaayo bya Hamilton byalaga bulungi endowooza ya Hamilton ku by'enfuna. Amerika yafuuka amaanyi amangi mu makolero ne mu by'obusuubuzi, nga gigoberera enkola Hamilton gye yalagula mu kifo ky'eyagalirira ya Jefferson. Kyokka, okufaayo ku njawukana mu by'enfuna, amaanyi ga kampuni, n'ebbeeyi y'eby'enfuna eya kampuni, n'ey'okusaasaanya ensaaaw'amacaanyi .[1] Jefferson yaleetawo okukankani nga(*'asigala nga y'ensonga mu mpaka zago ezigoberebwa mu kiseera kino.'ensonga.
Obufirosoofo Obukwata ku Gavumenti
Hamilton yali mu buyinza bwa gavumenti ey’amaanyi era ng’esobola okugonjoola ebizibu ebiba bizzeewo mu nsi yonna, yali akkiriza gavumenti okukozesa engeri ezitali zimu okutuukiriza ebiruubirirwa byayo.
Jefferson yayagala gavumenti ntono era nga erimu n'ennyinnyonnyola ya groupystem, obwetwaze bwa gavumenti, ne demokulase. Yatya nnyo okugattika obuyinza era n'alowooza nti gavumenti esingayo okuba ennungi y'efugibwa entono. Yalina okukkiriza ku magezi agagasingawo era nga yeeraliikirira nti enkola ya Hamilton yandisobodde okuleetawo obugagga n'obuyinza.
Gavumenti ya Amereka yeegattiddemu okwolesebwa kuno okw'emirundi ebiri. Gavumenti ya sistemu Hamilton ekola enteekateeka egattiddwawo, naye mu nkola y'ebigezo n'okwesalira omusango mu nkola ya demokulase, ebyoleka nti Jefferson alina ekikyamu kye yeebuuza.
Hamilton's System
Fiscal Direction
Hamilton yassaawo omusingi nti gavumenti y'ensi eyo yandibadde n'enkunsi esobozesa okufuna ensawo ez'enjawulo era n'obusobozi bw'okulabirira ssente. Nga tannakyusa nkyukakyuka eyo, gavumenti y'ensi eyo yalina okugyaka obubeezi okuva mu gavumenti, ekintu ekyateranga okusatyolwa. Enkola ya Hamilton ey'okusasula emisolo, ey'amabanja g'eggwanga, n'okuteeka ektongole kya banka byawa gavumenti gavumenti obwetwaze era n'obwesigwa.
Bwe yaleka gavumenti okufuna amabanja, yateekawo ekibinja ky'abo ababanja abaafuna obuwanguzi mu ggwanga era n'ateekawo omusingi nti gavumenti y'eggwanga yavunaanyizibwa olw'ebyo ebyakolebwa olw'ensonga emu.
Enkola eno empya yatandikawo enkola ya gavumenti mu Amerika. Obusobozi bwa gavumenti obw'okusasula, okwewola, n'okusaasaanya ssente okusinziira ku masaza, kyeyoleka nga kya mugaso nnyo mu kufuga eggwanga, okuva ku kuwagira eby'obufuzi, okusobola okutandikawo enteekateeka z'eby'enfuna okusobola okugonjoola ebizibu by'eby'enfuna.
Obusuubuzi
Hamilton yali akkiriza nti gavumenti ya gavumenti yalina okussaawo n’okuwagira obusuubuzi mu nsi yonna, enteekateeka ze ez’okugunja amateeka, okuwagira omulimu gw’okuzimbira, n’okulongoosa eby’emirimu gy’ensi ebyo, byonna byayoleka endowooza eno ekwata ku busuubuzi.
Yagamba nti ekibiina ky’eby’obufuzi ekyatandikawo enteekateeka ya Claus kyawa gavumenti obuyinza obw’okuyingiza mu by’enfuna mu nsi emu, wadde nga mu kiseera kye waaliwo okukaayana ku nsonga eno, kye kyatandika okuteekawo amateeka amanene agakwata ku by’enfuna mu kyasa ekya 20.
Mu kwolesebwa kwa Hamilton okw'eggwanga erimu obumu, nga gavumenti etaddewo enkola y'eby'obusuubuzi era n'eggyawo enkonge ezikugira obusuubuzi mu nsi ezisukka mu emu, ekyatuukiriza ekigendererwa kyayo. United States yakula okubeera enkola emu, ey'eby'enfuna ey'enjawulo awamu, nga erimu amateeka g'eggwanga agafuga enkola ez'eby'obusuubuzi ez'omu nkola emu era ne kiziyiza okuvuganya okw'akabi mu ggwanga.
Obukulembeze bwa Gavumenti
Hamilton, eyali Syaazine, yassaawo enkola eyagobererwa mu kukulaakulana kw'ettabi era nga y'ekola ku nkola eza gavumenti, yawa abakungu ba gavumenti emirimu okusinziira ku biruubirirwa byabwe, era n'ateekawo emitindo gy'obutongole egikola ku mulimu gwa gavumenti.
Ekitongole ekikola ku nfuna ye kyassaawo ekyokulabirako ekirungi mu ngeri y’okuddukanya ebintu, nga kiraga nti gavumenti y’ensi yandisobodde okuddukanya obulungi emirimu gyayo.
Hamilton yasimbyewo sistemu ya gavumenti ez'omu kiseera kino. Essira lye ku bukugu, n'obukola bw'obugunjabi byago byakola ku kukulaakulana kw'enteekateeka y'omulimu n'okukulaakulanya kw'ebitongole ebifuga.
Endowooza n’Endowooza Ebikyamu ku Balala
Ebiri mu kakiiko ka Hamilton
Okwolesebwa Hamilton kwe yafuna okukwata ku gavumenti za Amereka kwasoomoozebwa nnyo mu byafaayo byonna. Abavumirira Baibuli bagamba nti okussa essira ku buyinza n'obukulembeze obwa waggulu kyateeka mu kabi emisingi gya demokulase era n'obufuzi bwa gavumenti. Enteekateeka ye ey'eby'ensimbi, abawaka bawaayiriza, baasiima nnyo ababanja abagagga n'eby'obusuubuzi era ne babbanga abakozi aba bulijjo nga babbeesasuza.
Jefferson Republicans yavunaana Hamilton nti yali agezaako okuzzaawo engeri y'obufuzi n'ey'obukungu obwa Bungereza mu Amereka.
Abanoonyereza ku by'obufuzi ab'omu kiseera kino bagamba nti okwolesebwa Hamilton kwe yalina okw'okufuga nga bannaddiini abayivu kwayoleka endowooza ezitakwata ku ani asaanidde okufuga nga demokulase. Endowooza ye ku demokulase era n'enzikiriza ye nti abagagga n'abatuuze abalungi balina okusimbula gavumenti ekontana n'emitindo gya demokulase.
Obuddu Obuzibu Obuleeta
Enkolagana Hamilton gye yalina n'obuddu yewuunyisa nnyo. Yazaalibwa era n'akulira mu Caribbean, gye baabeeranga abaddu bonna naye nga bawakanya enteekateeka eyo. Yali omu ku abo abaatandikawo ekitongole kya New York Manugig Society, ekyakola okukomya obuddu mu New York.
Kyokka, Hamilton yagezaako okuwakanya obuddu mu ngeri etuukiridde. Yafuga empewo ez'okusasula abaddu ab'omu maka ga mukyala we era teyazifuula ntebe yaazo mu by'obufuzi. Ssente ze, naddala amabanja ga gavumenti, zaaganyulanga nnyo abaddu abaali babadde babanja obuddu mu kiseera kya Prajuana.
Kino kiraga nti waliwo enjawulo nnyingi wakati w'ebibaawo mu kiseera eky'okutondebwa kw'ensi, abakulembeze bangi bwe baawakanya obuddu naye ne babugoberera. Eky'obusika kya Hamilton, nga bwe kyali eri abaatandikawo abalala, kirina okutegeerwa nga tusinziira ku mbeera eno ey'okwekkiriranya mu mpisa.
Okweraliikirira Ebikwata ku Buyinza
Okufuga kwa Hamilton kwaleetawo okweraliikirira okw'ensonga ku bikwata ku kujooga era n'okukozesa obubi obuyinza. Abawakanyi be beeraliikirivu nti gavumenti ey'amaanyi ennyo yanditadde obulamu bw'abantu mu kabi. Ebiruubirirwa bino bikakasa nti waliwo engeri ezimu ez'amaanyi obuyinza bw'ensi gye buzze bukula, nga bwe kitera okuviirako ab'obuyinza okukomya era n'okumenya eddembe ly'omuntu.
Enjawukana eriwo wakati wa Hamilton n'abatuuze mu Amereka ku bikwata ku gavumenti ez'amaanyi n'ettuttumu ereetera bannabyabufuzi okukaayana. Okuzuula empaka ennungi wakati w'obufuzi obulungi n'obutebenkevu n'okwetongoza, kikyasoomooza abafuzi n'abatuuze.
Oluwumbayi: Enkola Ennywevu ya Hamilton ku Buwanguzi bwa Amerika
Ebyo Alexander Hamilton bye yawaayo eri enkola ya Amereka byakyuka ne bisigalawo. Mu biwandiiko bye, naddala The Federalist Papers, yateekawo omusingi omugezi eri gavumenti n'obuyinza bw'eggwanga. Ng'omuwangaabawandiisi wa Ssente eyasooka, yassaawo enteekateeka y'eby'enfuna eyasobozesa okukulaakulana mu by'enfuna y'eggwanga. Ng'omukulembeze w'eggwanga era n'omukulembeze w'ekibiina, yakola enteekateeka ezisobozesa abafuzi ba Amereka okuteekawo obwetwaze.
Hamilton yafuna okwolesebwa kwa gavumenti ey'amaanyi esobola okutumbula okukulaakulana mu ggwanga, okuteekawo obuwagizi obw'okwerwanako awamu n'okugonjoola ebizibu ebizze bibaawo. Mu kiseera kino, Amerika yakulaakulanye ne efuuka eggwanga Hamilton lye yali alaba: eby'enfuna eby'amaanyi, eby'obusuubuzi, era nga lifugibwa enteekateeka y'ensi eno ey’amaanyi esobola okubaako ky’ekola mu bwangu.
Kyokka, enkaayana Hamilton yayamba mu kutandikawo `Tayimooni') ku bikwata ku ntegeka ennungi wakati w'obuyinza bwa gavumenti n'obw'abantu kinnoomu, wakati w'obukulembeze obwa waggulu n'obufuzi obwa demokulase'ebwetwale() zeeyongera okuleetawo eby'obufuzi mu Amerika. Ekyewawandikiro kino si kigo ekigonjo kyokka eky'okwogera ku ngeri gavumenti gye ziyinza okuleetawo entegeka ennungi era n'eddembe omuntu kinnoomu.
Okutegeera Hamilton kye yakola mu kuwagira enkola ya Amereka kyetaagisa okusiima ebyo bye yatuukako era n'ebyo bye yalaba mu kwolesebwa. Obukugu bwe mu by'enfuna, amateeka agafuga, n'obukulembeze mu by'obufuzi byalina okusobozesa Amerika okutuuka ku buwanguzi. Mu kiseera kye kimu, endowooza ze ez'obuwangwa, amaanyi ge, n'enkola ye ey'obuddu bitujjukiza nti n'abantu ab'amagezi ennyo baali bakola nga bali mu kiseera kyabwe.
Hamilton akyakola emyaka egisukka mu 200 oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe, era nga Hamilton akyali muntu mukulu mu ndowooza z'ebyobufuzi mu Amerika. Endowooza ze zeeyongera okuleetawo enjawukana ku buyinza bw'ensi n'enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna, n'okunnyonnyola kw'amateeka. Omuntu k'akwata oba okubuuza obukugu ku ngeri gy'alabamu ebintu, Hamilton alina okuteekako ssente z'awaayo okusobola okutegeera gavumenti ya Amerika n'okutuukanya obulungi eddembe ly'omuntu kinnoomu.
Abo abaagala okutegeera ensibuko y'obufuzi bwa Amerika, obulamu bwa Hamilton n'omulimu bye biwa amagezi ageetaagisa. Ebitabo bye, naddala The Federalist Papers, bikyalina amaanyi okusobola okutegeera emisingi gya mateeka. Ebyo bye yatandikawo mu by'ensimbi biraga engeri enkola ya gavumenti gy'eyinza okuleetawo enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna. Abakulembeze be mu by'obufuzi balaga ebyo ebiyinza okubaawo n'akabi k'obufuzi.
Aba Amereka bwe beeyongera okukubagana empaka ku kifo ekituufu eky'obufuzi, enjawulo wakati w'obuyinza bwa gavumenti n'obw'eggwanga, era n'enkolagana eriwo wakati w'enkola y'eby’enfuna n'obutebenkevu mu nsi, ebyo Hamilton bye yawaayo mu kukubaganya ebirowoozo bino bikyali bya mugaso nnyo.
Okuyiga ebisingawo ebikwata ku Alexander Hamilton ne ku ntandikwa y'ekiseera kya Alexander Hamilton, genda ku Literary of Congress Alexander Hamilton Papers, genda ku kkomo eri [[[FLT:]] Hamilton], genda kukebera [[[FLT:]] Fingerinton National Ekijjukizo [[[[[FLT:]]] Finderton] mu kibuga kya New York , soma ebijjuvu [[[[FLLT:]], ebinoonyeze ebikwatagana ne] ebiva mu ngeri gye bikwatagana ne nyulwamu.[FLT:]