Okusookera Ddala Kye Ki?

Enjigiriza y'obufirosoofo ey'enkola ennyo mu kunnyonnyola endowooza z'abantu ab'edda egamba nti ebigambo bya Constitution ya Amereka birina okutegeerwa okusinziira ku makulu gaabyo mu kiseera eky'okukmanya. Enkola eno enoonya okuwanirira okutaputa kwakyo okwa bulijjo mu makulu amatuufu mu byafaayo mu kifo ky'okuleka abalamuzi okuggya ekiwandiiko mu mpandikano eza bulijjo. Enjigiriza zajjawo mu nkyukakyuka zaayo mu 1970 ne 1980 ez'ebyo abavugivuzi abamu bye baatwala ng'okusala emisango egy'enjawulo nga Roe v. Wade era [FLT:] [FLT] [2] [FLT]] n'ebibuuzo ebisookerwa mu n'omulembejja.[FLT].[FLTLD][FF:3][Flate][F.]][Flat3]]] [Exmas] Kino ekiri mu kukolebwa mu kukolebwamu ey'ensonga enkulu ekola y'ebiboneroomu nga [E

Waliwo emikutu ebiri egyasooka egy'enjigiriza eyo. Ekiruubirirwa ekyasooka eky'okufuuka project ennukkulu kissa essira ku makulu g'okussaawo obwa bulijjo. Enkyusa eno yeekenneenya ebiwandiiko ebyabwe ku bwabwe, okuwakana, n'ebiwandiiko eby'ennamba ebisooka nga James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, ne George Washington. Kino kitegeeza nti abantu baatandikira ku ndala yonna gye bali. [[FLT:] era nga gye baanoonyezza ebigambo ebya bulijjo ebitegeeza enfunze mu bitundu ebya bulijjo. Justicess Scial Davialism, gye yamanyidde amakulu aga waggulu mu , era n'ensonga ez'omulembe omulembe omulembe ogumu.

Endowooza ya Claus: Empandiika n’Ekigendererwa

Ekiragiro kino kisangibwa mu Kitundu I, Ekitundu 9, Ekitundu kya Claus 8 ekya Constitution. Mpapula zaakyo zonna zigamba: " Tewali mutwe gwa busibe gukkirizibwa mu Amerika: era tewali muntu alina Ofiisi ey'Essente oba Essentensipaani, ajja kukkiriza nti buli kakiiko akazzewo, Emlument, oba Ofiisi, oba Olutimbe, kalina ekintu kyonna ekiva eri Kabaka, Omulangira oba gavumenti endala yonna. Ekiragiro kino kye kimu ku ngeri ez'enjawulo eziragiddwa mu mateeka okusobola okukuuma obugolokofu bw'abgaanyi ne ku bannaggwanga.

Olulango luno lulaga omulimu mu ntegeka y'Amerika. Olukalala olwo luziyiza abafuzi ba gavumenti okukkiriza ebirabo, okusasula, ebitiibwa, oba ebifo okuva ku gavumenti z'amawanga awatali kukkirizibwa. Ekigendererwa kwewala okuyingira mu buyinza bw'amawanga amangi mu Amereka. Nga balagira olukiiko okukkirizibwa, olukalala olwo lutandika enkola ey'okutuukiriza obujulizi n'okuvunaanyizibwa mu nkolagana y'abakungu ba gavumenti.

Ekiwandiiko kino kyawukanira ddala ne Claus Claus mu Katundu II, akaasalibwawo 1, Claus 7 era n'ebiwandiiko ebikoma ku mateeka ebirala ebitegekeddwa okukuuma obulyi bw'enguzi oba obusosoze mu nsi endala.

Ebyafaayo Ebikwata ku Claus

Mu kiseera ekyo Abamerika we baatandikira okufuga ensi, abakulembeze b’amawanga agaali gakola obwannaakyemalira baali babaddeko mu Bulaaya nga bakozesa ssente ze bawa abakungu ba Amerika.

Alexander Hamilton yayogera butereevu ku nsonga zino ku [[Fort:0] Federal No. [2], gye yalabula nti obuyinza okuva mu mawanga kye kimu ku bintu ebyandibadde eby'akabi ennyo eri gavumenti z'eggwanga. Yagamba nti obufuzi okuva mu mawanga amalala buyinza okuggya mu buyinza obwa bulijjo ettuttumu oba omululu ku bakungu ba Amerika. Emoluments Claus yakolebwa okuggyawo obuteefugeeteeteefu nga bateekawo etteeka ekkakafu eriwagira ebbeekwa eriva mu mateeka. James Madison yannyonnyola ensonga zino mu Convention, ng'abagamba nti gavumenti erina okuba n'obuyinza okuggya mu buyinza bw'omuntu yenna ali mu buyinza okubeera munnaggwanga."

Ebyafaayo biraga nti bannabyabufuzi baali beeraliikirivu nnyo ku ngeri gye bannabyabufuzi gye bayinza okutwalirizibwamu amawanga ga Bulaaya. Omuze ogw'okuwa abakungu ba Amerika ebitiibwa eby'ekitiibwa gwakatwalibwa ng'ogwa kabi nnyo kubanga gwandireese abantu abeesigwa ebweru wa Amerika. Emolumentss yayogera ku kabi kano ng'egaana abantu okuweebwa ebitiibwa okuva mu mawanga amalala. Etteeka erikugira okusasula ebiweebwayo n'okukkiriisa likakasa nti ekiwandiiko ekyo tekissa kitiibwa kyokka naye era nti n'ebintu ebirala ebiyinza okubaako kye bikolako.

Mulembe ogwo ogwatandikibwawo era baanoonyereza engeri obuyinza okuva mu mawanga amalala gye bwayambamu okuddirira ebitongole by'eggwanga era ne bagezaako okuzimba amateeka okusobola okugonjoolera ddala amateeka.Emoluments Claus kye kimu ku bintu eby'enjawulo ebyoleka okufaayo okw'amaanyi eri obulyi bw'enguzi n'okweyingiza mu nsi endala, awamu n'okugaana Prezidenti okussaawo ebitiibwa ebiva mu nnukuta y'emu era n'ebyo ebizingirwa mu kuteekawo ekirayiro eky'okukuuma, n'okukuuma, n'okulwanirira Amateeka.

Okunnyonnyola Ebikwata ku Claus

Okusobola okunnyonnyola obulungi ebigambo ebiwandiikiddwa mu ngeri eyo, kyetaagisa okwekenneenya ennyiriri z'obwannasayansi eziriraanye. Ekiwandiiko kino kinnyonnyola amakulu g'ebigambo ebyakozesebwanga mu kutandika kw'olukalala lw'ennono, ebyabanga mu lukalala lw'amateeka, ebiwandiiko ebiwandiikiddwa ku bantu aba bulijjo, n'ebiwandiiko by'abantu abangi gamba nga Hamilton, Madison, ne John Jay.

Amakulu ga “Okukkiriziganyizibwa ”

Ekibuuzo ekikulu mu mpaka ez'omu kiseera kino ezikwata ku Emoluments Claus kye kitegeeza ekigambo "emumment". mu kutandikawo enkozesa ey'enkola, "empera" kitegeeza ku magoba, kwefunira, oba kuganyulwa mu buweereza. Enkuluze y'ekigambo kino eya bulijjo eya Samuel Johnson's [ [] Dictionary of the English Lulimi[, ekitegeeza "emmusoole"; omuganyulo. Enyinnyonnyola nti enzijjuvu y'omulimu ebaliramu esobozesa okufuna ebintu, so si ssente oba enguzi. Abakulembezza ekiwandiiko eby'ebya bya bulijjo bazudde nti ekigambo ekyo kikozesebwa mu n'eby'eby'eby'obufuzi, n'ebiwandiiko ebirala.

Kyokka, obunene bw'enkola eno bubadde buwaanyisiddwa nnyo. Abeekenneenya abamu ab'edda bagamba nti ekigambo kino kyataagibwa bulungi mu nnyiriri eziriraanyewo Emoluments Claus nga kitegeeza ssente eziweebwayo oba emiganyulo egyaweebwa mu buyinza. Abalala bagamba nti etteeka eryo lyalina ekigendererwa eky'okutuuka ku miganyulo gya ggwanga eritali lya bulijjo nga bannabizineefube. Ekibuuzo kino kirina amakulu ag'amaanyi mu ngeri eteeka essira ku ngeri ebigambo ebyo gye biganyulamu embeera z'omulembe guno naddala singa abakungu ba gavumenti ab'ensi endala gye babaako ssente ezisobola okuganyula abantu okuva mu nsi endala.

Abakozi b’Eby’Omwoyo Balina Obumalirivu Okussa mu Nkola Abagwira

Ebikwata ku bannabyabufuzi b'eggwanga kyongera ku nsonga enkulu ereetebwawo okutaputa ensonga. Ebiwandiiko ebya Convention of the Constitution biraga nti ab'oluganda baali beeraliikirivu nnyo ku bikwata ku kulya enguudo mu Amerika enguudo, okulya ebisale n'ebintu ebirala. Charles Pincney ow'omu South Carolina ow'e South baateekawo enteekateeka eyafuuka eddiini y'Abamaleetebwa Claus, era ekkirize nga tewali kuwakanya kugattikaa.

Mulembe guno ogwatandikawo, bannabyabufuzi ba Bulaaya baakyerabirako n'obuyambi gavumenti za Amerika bwe zaateekawo mu kukozesa ebirabo mu kukubiriza abakungu mu gavumenti ennafu. Ebyo ebyakolebwa mu Amerika wansi wa kakiiko akayitibwa Steating of Confederation byayoleka nti gavumenti eyinza okuba nga terina buyinza kuyisa bubi bannagyo. Emoluments Claus yakolebwa okusobola okuggyawo obutemu obwo ng'ateekawo amateeka agaagyetaasaamu nkola. Abakungu bameefereevier baali tebayinza kukkiriza mikisa gya mu nsi ndala okuggyako nga Consentingrce yabakkiriza okukola ekyo, era nga baasosebwa olw'okukkiriza obuwinjabi.

Puloguramu endala

Ekibuuzo ekikulu mu nnyinyonnyola y'emu ku nnyinyonnyola y'ebiwandiiko ebyasooka kiri nti Emoluments Claus ekola ku Mukulembeze w'eggwanga. Olugambo luno lutegeeza "Omuntu yenna ayingiza Ofiisi ey'empandika oba Ebbeesi mu mpandika wansi waayo," nga koogera ku ofiisi eziri wansi w'obuyinza bwa Amerika. Ekiragiro kino tekikweka omukulembeze ate ekiwandiiko kya Ssaasaawo kiraga nti obukulembeze wa gavumenti y'omu mateeka ga gavumenti kifo ekikkirizibwa mu kifo kino.

Enkakaanya ezibaawo mu kiseera eky'okugattaganya ziwa obukakafu obulala obulaga nti omukulembeze w'ekitongole kino asobola okuteeka mu nkola ebigambo ebyo nga bikozesebwa ku Pulezidenti. Na., Alexander Hamilton yageraageranya Pulezidenti ku Kabaka wa Great Britain era n'akiraga nti Prezida wa ddembe okuweebwa ebirabo oba okuggibwawo. Okugeraageranya kuno kulaga nti abaterekezi baategeera Emoluments Claus essa mu ofiisi y'ettabi eri waggulu. Abeekenneenya ebikwata ku nsonga eno baakiri nti Omukulembeze ajjuzibwa oluvanyuma lw'omukitundu, wadde nga wabaddewo okukaabya ku ku ku buli omuweremerero ogutuufu ogw'okuva mu mateeka.

Okunoonyereza ku Lukwata n’Okuwa Obulagirizi mu Kiseera Kyaffe

Mu byafaayo ebisinga obungi eby'Amerika, enkola ya Claus ebadde tetegeerekeka bulungi, era ekyo kyaleetawowo okusattulula kutono oba okuyingiza obukwasiro mu nkola ya Prezidenti Donald Trump, eyalina bizineesi nnyingi era nga yagaana okubunyisa ku kutuuka ku Mukulembeze w'obusuubuzi akyewa. Mu kiseera ekyo, okukuba obusambattumu ku mateeka ne ku malala, byaleetawo okubuusabuusa ku ngeri ebigambo ebyo gye bikozesebwamu.

Ekitongole Ekirabula Ekirala eky’Eby’Obusuubuzi

Baajulira omuwaabi wa Prezidenti Trump nti okukkiriza kwe okusasula ebisale okuva ku gavumenti z'amawanga okuyitira mu bizineesi ze kwamenya ebbeetu za Claus. Misango gino gyagamba nti gavumenti z'amawanga bwe zaatwalanga obuwoota, amawooterezo, ebisulo, n'ebifo ebirala, baalinga bategeeza Pulezidenti nti baali bawagidde bannaakyewa ba Conseil awatali kugaana kkaalu, bannamateeka abafuga, n'amakolero g'omululu aga Trump agavuganya n'amakanisa aga Trump.

Kkooti ey'okubiri ey'ekitundu eky'okupikiriza yaleetawo ebibuuzo eby'enkomeredde, nga bakubawo n'ensonga ez'enjawulo ku bikwata ku ngeri gye baatwalamu ensonga nga basinziira ku ngeri gye baawangulamu ensonga. Kkooti ey'okusatu ey'okuna ey'okupimiramu n'ey'okubiri ewandiisa obujulizi yakkiriza emisango gy'okutuukirizaamu ensonga nga bwe gyatakkirizibwa, era ne bagaana okuwa emboozi nti Pulezidenti Claus Clausces. Kkooti Esinga obukulu yagaana okwogera ku nsonga ezo, mu kifo ky'okugaana ebigambo ebimu nga moot ng'okusittuuk'okuva mu kifo eky'omukulembeze Trump n'aweebweko, ne kileka omusango ogutaputa okugobeetaagibwa nga gumaze okugo.

Olupapula oluwandiikiddwa lwa Trump lwalaga enjawulo wakati w'ennyinnyonnyola y'enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna ey'ekika kya leero. Abakoddirizi baasuubiranga Pulezidenti eyakola emirimu gy'obusuubuzi mu nsi nnyingi. Abalamuzi n'abayivu baafuba nnyo okukozesa olulimi olw'enkola eya ssaataano mu nnusu mu mateeka ga ssatu mu nteekateeka za bizineesi. Abamu baawakanya nti amakulu amagazi g' "obutebenkefu" mu kutandikawo enkola y'eby'obusuubuzi, baatunda ebiva mu mawanga agatali gamu, ate abalala baagamba nti amateeka gaagendererwanga okufuna obuwanjufu mu by'obusuubuzi, n'okusasula ebisale by'obusuubuzi eby'omulembe.

Ebibuuzo Ebitagambika n’Empaka Egenda Eyitawo

Enkaayana ezikwata ku ttwale lya Trump tezikoma ku kunnyonnyola bukulu bukwata ku mateeka, n'enkola za gavumenti za Amerika. Ebiwandiiko ebyasooka eby'eddaakulabirako birina okukontana n'obukakafu nti endowooza z'abagwira zikola mu ngeri ya njawulo ku eyo eya mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omunaana. Gavumenti za Amerika leero zisobola okukubiriza abakungu ba Amerika nga bateeka mu kaweefube, nga bawanyisa, oba nga bawanyisa ebintu ebirala bye baali batasuubira. Emoluments Claus eyinza okumanyibwa oba nga zisobola okutuuka ku ngeri zino ez'okumanyiira ku makubo naye nga bakyanywera ku makulu gaalyo.

Abeekenneenya abamu bagamba nti ebigambo ebyo birina okuvvuunulwa okusobola okutegeeza engeri zonna ez'eby'ensimbi eziyinza okuganyulamu gavumenti z'amawanga, nga mw'otwalidde n'amagoba agava mu kukola bizineesi, kubanga abo abaateekamu enkola eyo baategeera akabi k'abagwira mu ngeri zonna ez'enjawulo. Abalala bawagidde nti obuwagizi obukoma obukoma obulagira nti obuwangwa n'okusasula ssente birina ekigendererwa eky'okuziyiza obulyi bw'enguzi obwali bubaddewo mu Bulaaya. Empaka zino ziyoleka obutakkaanya obw'amaanyi wakati w'enkola y'enkola y'enkola y'amateeka agaago okusobola okusobozesa embeera ez'enjawulo okubaawo nga tezisuubirwa.

Okuvumirira n’Obulimba

Abakugu abawagira enkola y'amateeka ga nkyusa y'enkola eyo bagamba nti, okutandikawo enkola y'enkola eyo tekikwatagana na mitindo gya bafuzi ab'omu kiseera kino. Bagamba nti omuntu eyatandikawo ennyinnyonnyola y'enkucete z'amawanga yali agimanyiko bulyi bw'enguzi, gamba ng'ebirabo n'ebitiibwa eby'omu buyinza, era nti okusoosa okutegeera okwo okukwata ku nkyukakyuka mu bya bizineesi kikontana n'obulombolombo.

Abanoonyereza abalala bagamba nti abalamuzi tebatera kutegeera ngeri ebyafaayo gye byajjawo, era nti abalamuzi abasooka basobola okwesiga ensibuko y'ebintu okusobola okutegeera amakulu ga "empaka" nga basinziira ku ndowooza ez'enjawulo eziragiddwa mu byafaayo. Abakugu abamu bagamba nti abantu abaaliwo mu biseera bya Baibuli baalina endowooza ez'enjawulo ku nsonga nnyingi, ne kiba nga kizibu okutegeera amakulu g'enkola y'amateeka.

Abawagizi ba Baibuli bagamba nti okunoonyereza kuno kutegeera bulungi engeri omubereberye gye yataputiramu ebigambo. Bagamba nti, Oluyonaani tekikwetaagisa kumanya mu bujjuvu amakulu agali mu kutandika, naye kiba kyetaagisa okufuba okusobola okumanyisa obulungi amakulu g'ennyiriri ezeesigamiziddwa ku bujulizi obuliwo. Wadde nga bulijjo wajja kubaawo obutakkaanya, abaasooka bagamba nti enkola ekugira abalamuzi okuba abenkanya obuyinza era n'okunnyonnyola amakulu g'ensonga mu ngeri esobozesa abalamuzi okwekema emitindo gyabwe. Emoluments Clausisce, mu ngeri eno ewandikidde eyinza okukakasibwa ku bujulizi obw'edda obukwata ku ekyo ekyabanga kigattiddwa mu nnukuta eyo.

fundikira

Enkola ya Claus ekiikirira ekimu ku bintu ebikulu ebikuumibwa mu ttwale lya Amerika eri obukugu obuva eri gavumenti y'ensi. Okunnyonnyola okwasooka okw'ennyiriri ezo kukkaanya ebigambo ebiri mu mpandiika eyo, okusobola okukozesa amakulu gaabyo mu kiseera kino. Enkola eno ewagirwa nnyo okuva ku bujulizi obw'ebyafaayo, nga mw'otwalidde n'ebiwandiiko bya Convention detation, empanyi ezisookerwako, n'ebiwandiiko eby'abasibuka ku n'abasibukako abaasooka nga Hamilton ne Madison. Amakulu g'ensonga agamu aga "emoluumment" mu kutandika n'okutandika n'okuteeka mu nkola ewandikibwa, k'empakaawewa k'obuwandikiro.

Mu kiseera kino, endowooza ezizingirwa mu nnukuta esooka ez'ekkumi n'ennya ezisukka mu bbiri ziggumiza amaanyi n'obunafu bw'ennyiikivu mu nnyinyonnyola n'obukulu mu kutegeera nnyiriri. Wadde nga mu lusooka buwandikiro busobozesa omuntu okwekenneenya amakulu g'olulimi olw'ennamba munaana mu nkumi n'ekumi esooka, era bulaga n'obuzibu bwonna obuva mu kukozesa ebigambo ebifuga ebifuga ebisooka. Ekiteesobozesebwa ku bukulu obwa 'National Archiverations,' kijja kwetaagisa okunoonyereza n'okunoonyereza okusingawo ku Emmu n'enkyukakyuka. [FFFF]

Nga togyeyosa butakkaanya mu by'amateeka era n'okunoonyereza ku Emoluments Claus, kyakulabirako ekiraga obutakkaanya obw'amaanyi obuli mu mateeka ga Amerika wakati w'obwesigwa ku makulu agasooka n'embeera ez'omu kiseera kino. Enjigiriza eyo y'enkola ennywevu nnyo mu kutegeera Amateeka nga kiwandiiko eby'omu mateeka naye okugakwata kwago ku kkomo eriggya ejja kweyongera okuleetawo obutakkaanya. Emluments Claus, nga kino kyali kya bulijjo kyafuuka ekifo ekigezesebwa mu ku bikwata ku nkola y'okugoberera enkola y'okusikiririzaamu n'okumanyisa obutuufu bw'okunywerera ku gavumenti ya Amerika. Ekiteebibuuzo bino ebinnyonnyola kijja kusobozesa tteeka erikuuma obutonde okuva ku ndala y'obwetwaze.