Enteekateeka z'eby'obufuzi n'enkola ya bantu bissaawo enkola y'okufuga mu buli bantu. Entalo z'eby'obufuzi zisalawo bizibu ki ebiyinza okufunibwa, ebisobozo ki ebiyinza okugonjoolwa, era ebisaze ebisaasaanyawo. Abasomesa, abayizi, n'abatuuze abeeteeseteese okumanyira awamu, okutegeera kino si mutendekero gwa bannatemufu, okusobola okumanyisa enkola ya demokulase, oba okulonda engeri gavumenti gye zikolamu, era n'obusuubuzi obugenda nga zigenda nga buli lukuguudo. Kino kyeyawunyisa kiva ku ndowooza enkulu, ebizingirwa mu by'empagiro, ebitongole, ebitongole ebikola ku nsonga za disitulikiti, ne ku ku nsonga za bulijjo eziraga engeri enkola y'eby’obufuzi ey'okwegatta.

Okulaga eby’Obunnabyabufuzi n’Eby’Obukulembeze

Eby'obufuzi bye bikola ng'abantu bonna okusobola okusalawo ku nsonga ez'enjawulo. Bitwaliramu okuvuganya ku buyinza, okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku abo abalina obuyinza, n'okukozesa obuyinza. Bannabyabufuzi batera okubyeyita "ani afuna kye, ddi, ne mu ngeri ki" (Lassell, 1936). Kino kiraga bulungi nti eby'obufuzi birina akakwate n'okugabanyiza eby'obugagga, eddembe, n'obuvunaanyizibwa.

Okwawukana ku ekyo, enkola ya gavumenti y'ekola okuva mu nkola z'eby'obufuzi nga($] amateeka, ebiragiro, n'ebiragiro, ne programu gavumenti bye zigoberera okugonjoola ebizibu bya bannabyabufuzi. Okugootaanya tekusalawo kwa mulundi gumu gwokka; kusalawo kwa bannabyabufuzi okukolebwa (oba obutakola). Reference[ Kino kitegeeza enkola ya bantu bonna nga "ssommenti enfunze eza munnabyabufuzi oba ekitongole kya bannabyabufuzi ebikwata ku ku ku kusalawo okw'okutuukiriza ebiruubirirwa byabwe mu mbeera ereeteebwa bulijjo. Bwe kityo, ne bya bufuzi bwe biwandikirwa mu kifo kya bannabyabufuzi.

Okutegeera enjawulo eriwo kikulu nnyo kubanga kitegeerekeka bulungi nti enkola terina buwagizi.(eba y'emu n'empandika ezaakulagibwa mu bya bufuzi.)

Engeri Enjigiriza z’Eby’obufuzi gye Ziyinza Okukuyamba

Enjigiriza z'eby'obufuzi zikola ng'endabirwamu eziyamba abantu n'ebibinja okugonjoola ebizibu by'abantu era ne biwa amagezi ku ngeri y'okugonjoolamu ebizibu by'abantu, so ng'ate endowooza zitera okugobererwa mu bika by'abantu, buli kibinja kirimu ebintu eby'enjawulo era ebikyukakyuka okuva mu bulamu obw'ekiseera ekiwanvu.

  • [[NKULA] Empandika[[FULT:0]] essa essira ku bulombolombo, n'obuwagizi bwa gavumenti. Abo abassa essira ku butaka obwa bwereere, obuvunaanyizibwa, n'okwegendereza enkyukakyuka ezikolebwa ku nkyukakyuka mu bantu. Enkola eno etera okuggya mu nkola ez'ekika kya bulijjo ezifuula obukwasiro, okukoma obunene, n'okwerwanako okw'amaanyi mu ggwanga.
  • [[Act:0] Obukyayi Abawagizi ba gavumenti enkola okutumbula obwenkanya mu bantu, okwenkanankana, n'entegeka zaabwe. Liberals bawagira okusemba omutemwa gw'eby'enjigiriza, eby'obujjanjabi, n'obutimba, awamu n'amateeka agakuuma abaguzi n'obutonde.
  • [[[NKULU] Obusobozi obukulembeza ebintu ebikulu[ obuwangwa bw'eggwanga oba obwannanyini ku ngeri ez'okukola era n'ekigendererwa eky'okukendeeza ku njawukana mu by'enfuna okuyitira mu nkola za demokulase. Enkyukakyuka ezikolebwa mu ntegeka ya demokulase zikkiriza eby'enfuna eby'enjawulo naye nga zissa essira ku mirimu egikolebwa abantu bonna mu nsi yonna n'obukuumi bw'emirimu egy'amaanyi.
  • [[Act:0] Obulyi bw'enzikiriza ya buli omu butwala eddembe ly'abantu ng'ery'omuwendo omusingira ewala eby'obufuzi. Abakungu ba gavumenti nzikirivu --ereme okukomako okukuuma eddembe n'enkakwa (* era bawakanya enkola z'omusolo, amateeka, n'enteekateeka za gavumenti.

Omuntu okusobola okugonjoola obutakasaanya obwo, aba alina okugaana obukujju n'okukakaatika endowooza z'abantu. Ng'ekyokulabirako, omuntu agoberera enkola za gavumenti, asobola okuwagira enkola y'abakungu ba gavumenti okusobola okukuuma amakampuni nga bwe kikkirizibwa, ate nga waliwo enkola ey'okutumbula ebiteesiteesi gamba nga carbon prigragration okusobola okumanyisa obutonde. Okutegeera nti obusosokezi buno kiyamba mu kutegeera lwaki okutunda ebintu eby'obuwandiisi tekwewalibwa: tewali ndowooza n'emu eyinza kutuukiriza emitindo gyonna egy'omutindo.

Omulimu ogusabidwa ku sisitemu

Wadde ng’eby’obufuzi tebitera kugobererwa mu mitendera mitono, bannasayansi bagezaako okubyekenneenya basobole okutegeera obulungi engeri gye bikolamu eby’obufuzi.

Eddanyuma lya Agenda

Enteekateeka ya Agenda eyinza okumanyisa ensonga eziba zituukiriziddwa gavumenti. Ebizibu biyinza okwegattika ennyo okuyitira mu ndowooza ya bantu, emikutu gy'empuliziganya, kaweefube ow'okusikiriza abantu, oba okutegeeza ebibaawo gamba ng'obutyabaga n'ebizibu by'eby'enfuna. Abakulembeze b'eby'obufuzi bayinza okuleetawo ensonga ezimu naye ne babuusa amaaso endala. Endowooza ekwata ku "policy" (Kingdon, 1984) ennyonnyola engeri ekizibu, n'embeera ennungi mu by'obufuzi gye biteekwa okugonjoolamu ensonga.

Kkomola enkola y'ekitongole kya Programme

Bwe wabaawo ensonga ekwata ku nsonga eyo, abakwasi b'obutongole baleetawo engeri eziyinza okugonjoolwa.

Okutwalibwa

Okuzaala abaana kye kintu ekikkirizibwa akakiiko akafuzi ka gavumenti oba ab'obuyinza mu buyinza. Kuno kwe kusinga okulabika: okukuba obululu, okulongoosebwa, era n'okussaawo awamu. Enteekateeka ya gavumenti //backimerial oba palameya, n'obubaale bw'ebirango, n'obuwagizi bwa bidaral. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu United States, okwawulwawo kw'obuyinza kutegeeza nti etteeka liteekwa okuyisa amayumba ga bakkulu ga kampani oba olukiiko olukulu olwa prezidenti era ne liba nga lisobola okuwonawo.

Okutuukiriza

Okutuukiriza enkola y'ensi kifuula enkola y'okussaawo enteekateeka eno. Ebitongole bya gavumenti, ng'emirundi egimu bikolagana ne bannabyamizannyo kinnoomu oba abatafuna magoba, bituukiriza kalonda. Omutendera guno gubaamu okusoomooza kwa maanyi: amaanyi g'ab'obuyinza, ebipimo by'ensimbi, ebikeerezi by'abantu be baagala okukomyawo, n'ebiragiro ebitategeerekeka bulungi bisobola okukomya byonna ebiba bigendereddwa. Nga Pressman ne Windavsky (1973) bwe baawandiika, ebikolebwa bye bino bye "obusobozi bw'okukwatagana n'akabonero akago kagootoffa k'aka akak'aka akakolero akakwataganyizibwa n'ebyo ebivudde mu nkola ereeteego.""""

Okwetegereza

Mu nkomerero, ekebera oba enoonyeza oba nga enkola etuuse ku biruubirirwa byayo era ne ku ssente. Okukebera kuyinza okukolebwa abalaguzi ba gavumenti, abanoonyereza oba ebibiina ebyawunzi ku bwabwe. Ebivaamu biyinza okuzzibwa ku nkalala, ne kiviirako enkola okukyusibwamu, okukomezebwawo, oba okukoma ku nkola eyo. Kyokka, ensonga z'ebyobufuzi ziyinza okukendeeza obujulizi: programu eyinza okusigala nga tewagirwa ate nga eyo esobola okuganyula ate nga eyo eyinza okuwerezebwa.

Obusuubuzi mu Kakwate

Obusuubuzi busangibwawo kubanga eby'obugagga byabulibwa butakkekwa era n'okukontana emitindo gy'empisa. Buli nkola ebaamu okusasulira akalulu. N'olwekyo, omuntu bw'asalawo obutabaako ky'akozewo okusobola okuzuula emitindo gy'empisa, kimwetaagisa okugulayo akakisa. N'emiganyulo egiva mu butanoonya kifo kya kulonda ekintu ekirala. Okutegeera obuwandiisi n'okuggyayo obuwabudde kiyinza okuleetawo okunoonyereza ku nsonga ez'amaanyi.

Okweyongera kw'eby'enfuna okukontana n'embeera z'eby'obudde

Obukuubagano obw'amaanyi buva ku nkola ezisobozesa eby'enfuna okuvaamu n'ezo ezikuuma eby'obugagga eby'omu butonde.

Obukuumi mu bantu bukontana n'Eddembe ly'Abatuuze

Ebipimo by'osobola okulwanyisa obumenyi bw'amateeka oba bannalukalala nga okulaba obulambe obuba buzze, okukomako n'okulekawo n'okuteekamu obusibe oba okuteekamu enzijanjaba, bisobola okwongera ku bukuumi naye nga bisobola okusobozesa omuntu okwekweka, enkola esaanira, n'eddembe okutambula. Obunene bw'enkola eno bunoonyezebwa nnyo. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Kkomo eriko akawayiro aka '-FLT' K''''''''''eteekako akawayiro akatabo bwonna emirundi mingi nga ssawanjufu w'amateeka okukkutegeeza okukkumanya ebifa ku bukuumibwa n'enkola ya bantu.

Obulungi bw’Okwanukula Obulungi

Bufuzi obugendererwa okukendeeza et'enjawukana --ssente ezikendeezebwako, amateeka agakendeezeddwako mu misolo, oba enzijanjaba y'eby'obulamu, biyinza okukendeeza ku ntegeka y'eby'enfuna nga bigootaanya oba nga biteekawo ebbeeyi y'eby'obuyinza. Ku luuyi olulala, enkola ezisobozesa eb'enkola ey'okweyawulayawulamu okukola obulungi. Abakulembezza ku nsonga z'eby'eby'enfuna okusobola okusalawo ku nkyukakyuka eziba zaayo.

Obuyambi obw'ekiseerabuseera v. Obuwanvu bw'obuwanvu

Obuyambi, okugula ssente ezikozesebwa mu by'obufuzi, oba okukendeeza ku misolo kiyinza okusobozesa ebbanja lya mangu naye kiyinza okuleetera ebibanja okusukkuluma oba okulemesa ebikolerwa mu by'ennono, obuyigirize, oba embeera y'obudde okugobererwa.

Eddembe Lyennyini Lirimu Ebirungi

Obulagirizi obuweebwa abantu, etteeka erikwata ku by'obujjanjabi, n'amateeka agafuga enfuga, biraga obusosoze mu bantu n'obuteeyagalidde.

Engeri Abantu gye Bafaayo ku by’Okwesanyusaamu

Ebibinja eby'ebyagala `byategekebwamu abantu kinnoomu oba ebibiina ebikola ku nkola za gavumenti'(] ngeri ya maanyi esobozesa enkola z'eby'obufuzi okugobererwa. Bikola nga ebikugu, ebikoleeze, era nga biwa abavvuzi ssente ez'okuwagira kaweefube, naye era bisobola okulemesa abantu bonna okukendeeza ku ngeri gye bakwatibwako.

  • [[AK'AMUTANDIKI] Obusuubuzi n'o'obusuubuzi Associations:[[[FUT:1] Ebibinja ebikola nga k'Ekkolero lya kampuni ez'eby'obusuubuzi mu Amerika ebirwanirira amateeka agakwata ku kusasula emisolo, okusazaamu empalana, n'endagaano z'obusuubuzi. Amakomyawo ga byo emirundi mingi gasobola okukkirizibwa mu ngeri enfunze zaagyo.
  • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  • [[AKMENT:0][[[FL:1] Ebibiina nga ebikola enzikkiriza ez'enkola zisobola okubunyisibwa ku ddembe ly'abakozi, okubuulidde n'okusasulira omusaala oguba guba guba gukulembeddwa, n'okweyongera kw'empeera entono. Obukodyo bwabyo bweyongera mu nsi nnyingi naye nga bikyali bya makulu mu bitundu ebiba bisenge.
  • Ebibinja ebifuna ensonyi: Enviromenti (nga Sierra Club), abawagira eddembe ly'abantu (nga mu ngeri etegeeza, ACLU), ne bannannyini mmere mu mulimu (nga mu ngeri endala, Public Citizen) bitegeeza obufundike obuba busobola okubulaga mu bujjuvu.
  • [[AGUMENTI:0] Ebibinja-ebbanja ebikola ku nkola eza bulijjo:[[[KATANDIKA:1] Ebibiina ebyesigamizidwa ku ddembe ly'okuggyamu embuto, okubeera n'emmundu, oba okufuduka bisikirizibwa nnyo ku ntegeka entono eziba ziteekeddwawo, emirundi egisinga obungi nga biyitira mu biyambisibwa abo abagiwaddeyo.

Ebibinja ebisikiriza bikozesa obukodyo buno: abateesiteesi n'abakungu ba bitongole nga basaasaanya enkola ez'okutumbula obulango obw'okubba, okunoonyereza ku by'amasannyalaze n'okunoonyereza, era n'okutumbula obuwagizi. OpenSECT Kino kitegeeza kaweefube ow'okutereka ensimbi ezikozesebwa okuzuula n'okusasulira ebbeesaasaawo ssente ezikozesebwa okusobola okubaako kye kikola. Embalirira y'empukulembedde eyo eri wakati w'okukakasa nti gavumenti ewulira abawanjukifu n'okuziyiza obukuŋŋanjo obukuunyi obukuusibwako.

Ekiyinza Okukolebwa mu Ndowooza z’Abantu

Abakungu bafaayo nnyo ku ndowooza z'abantu abo, naddala ku nsonga enkulu.

Endowooza y’Abalala Empitirivu

Okunoonyereza kulaga engeri gye tuyinza okusengekamu endowooza yaffe. Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa kusobola okulaga ebbeeyi y'ebyo bye twagala n'enneewulira gye tulina. Kyokka, okubuuza ebibuuzo, okuteebereza obunene kw'ebigambo, n'enneewulira ez'enjawulo ezisinze okuleetawo okusoomooza. Mu bizibu bino, endowooza eyinza okukyuka mu bwangu nga, okuwagira gavumenti gye zikola ku nsonga ezikwata ku by'okwewaggula.

Okupikirizibwa okuva ku mikutu gy’empuliziganya

Enjigiriza ya Agenda-setting egamba nti emikutu gy'empuliziganya tegiraga kya kulowooza, naye ky'osaanidde okulowooza. Mu kiseera kya disitulikiti, ebisenge, n'amawuzi eby'obulimba bisobola okulemesa abantu okutegeera obulungi enkola y'okutunda emisolo. Ng'ekyokulabirako, okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku nsonga ezikwata ku misolo kiyinza okulemesa abantu okuggya obuguzi mu kifo kya buzibu obuba buzzeewo mu biseera eby'omu maaso.

Okunyigirizibwa kw’Abantu n’Ebikolwa Ebisikiriza

Amawanga nga ekibiina ekikola ku ntegeka z'abantu, enkola ey'eby'obutonde n'ekika kya Tea Barce gasobodde okweyimirizaawo nga beeraga okuba abawagizi. Bwe gafuna obuwagizi obumala, okupikirizibwa kw'ensigo kuyinza okuvvuunuka ebigendererwa ebyasimba amakanda. Brookings Institution[ gafulumya okunoonyereza ku ngeri ebibiina gye bikyusamu enkola ez'okwerinda, nga kiraga ebiwangudde mu ebyo ebiva mu nkola era n'obukongojjeemu.

Mu kifo ky’ekyo, munnabyabufuzi agaana okutwalirizibwa endowooza z’abantu abangi ayinza okulemererwa okukola ekituufu, naye singa wabaawo ensonga eziba zikkenneenye, basobola okusalawo mu ngeri ey’amagezi.

Ebitongole Ebyakola Emirimu: Engeri Gavumenti Ekyusamu Obusuubuzi

Buli bibiina bya bufuzi mu nsi bikakala olukalala lwa mateeka agaabyo okwenkanyi, nga bikola ebiteeso eby'enjawulo okusinga ebirala. Mu Amerika, okwawukana kw'ab'obuyinza kuleetawo ensonga nyingi eziviirako n'enkyukakyuka mu nkola za gavumenti ez'ekika ekya bulijjo naye era zikubiriza ab'obuyinza ku gavumenti z'ensi n'ez'ensi endala, okusaasaanya enkola ez'enjawulo mu biwandikiro eby'enjawulo mu bitundu ebitali bimu.

Okwawukana ku ekyo, sistemu za Parlema zissa essira ku nnamba era zisobozesa okukyusizawo enkola ya bwangu, naye ate ziyinza n'okuteeka obulamu mu kabi okufuga okw'amaanyi awatali kukebera kwa maanyi. Okutunda wakati w'okusalawo n'okuteesa kye kimu ku kitongole kya bannamateeka. Mu ngeri y'emu, enkola y'enkola ya kkooti ekola olukalala lw'amateeka era ne kkooti zisobola okumenya amateeka nga zikozesa amateeka.

Ekiragiro kino kisobozesa enkola za sistemu ez'enjawulo okuteekawo emikutu egitali gimu ekyetaagisa okugula byetaasanya era ne byetaasa bulungi endowooza ez'enjawulo naye nga ziyinza okuviirako gavumenti okussaawo empalana ez'ebiwandike. Sistemu ezisooka ez'ebiwandike nazo zikubiriza okukuba empaka ez'emirundi ebiri era n'okuvunaanyizibwa, naye ziyinza okuleka endowooza ez'enjawulo abantu gye babadde basuubira okuzikwata nga tezimanyiddwa. Okutegeera ensonga zino ziyinza okuyamba okunnyonnyola lwaki endowooza y'emu eyinza okuvaamu empaka ez'enjawulo mu nsi.

Enkizo Ezikwata ku Nsi Yonna n’Ezo Ezigabana mu Nsi Zonna

Amawanga mangi gakkiriza gavumenti z'ensi yonna okukola endagaano ezikwata ku by'obusuubuzi, n'enkola z'ensi yonna ezifuga amawanga mangi.

Okukolagana mu nsi yonna kuleetawo okuleetawo okusuubulana: okutandikawo obutaka bw'eby'enfuna kiyinza okuleetawo okusaasaana kw'eby'enfuna ate era ne kiyongera obusobe obw'enkan'ebbeeyi. Abayiisi ba ddembe okusalawo obungi ki ekinaafuga okusobola okuwagira enkolagana wakati w'amawanga. Eky'okukwata ku mukebe ogw'ensi yonna kyeyoleka bulungi obukulu bw'okukolagana n'okugabana kwago mu nsi yonna.

Okunoonyereza ku Kiwandiiko ku Busuubuzi

Okunoonyereza 1: Act esobola okutaasa obulamu bw’omuntu

Mu 2010, ACA ebadde egendererwa okugaziya ssente za insuwalensi ez'eby'obulamu, okukendeeza, n'okulongoosa engeri gye zikolebwamu. Yatandikawo obutale, obukwasiro, obuyinza, ne Medicaid. Olutalo olw'eby'obufuzi lwali lwa maanyi nnyo, era lwayoleka enjawukana mu ndowooza. Obusuubuzi bwamanyibwa nnyo: obukadde n'obukadde bw'abantu, naye obuwandiisibwawo ebika byaka byagwo, era n'ekiragiro kyaweebwawo ekizitoozo ku bannaanyisi. Abavugibwawo baawakanya okubugaziyakana kwa gavumenti; abawandikibwawo n'okukulembeza enkola yaakwo mu by'obufuzi. Expoundation [FFF:0]

Okunoonyereza 2: Olutalo olw’Okunywa Enjaga

Edda n'ey'eyongera mu myaka gya 1970, era nga gyeyongera mu myaka gya 1980, olutalo olw'okukwata enzijanjaba lwatandika okugobererwa kw'amateeka n'okugoosa enkola ey'okugonjoolera ddala enkola ey'okwewala enzijanjaba. Okutunda okukendeeza ku nkola y'okwerinda n'ensonga z'abantu. Okukozesa amalagala kwagenda kweyongera okukendeera. Okukuguzisa amalagalagala ne ku b'obudde bwe kwaviirako okusibibwa mu bantu abatono mu n'eby'ensonga z'eby'obufuzi, era ne kiremesawo eby'obujja mu by'okwewala n'okuziyiza. Abakuwakanya baayiiyanjula okukendeeza obunene bw'ekyenyinyinyinyinyinyi. Eby'ebigezo ebyakajjuzi ebikwata ku by'okuva mu mateeka ne ku ku kukugiramusoonoona ebisale eby'amalagalalagala bibala.

Okunoonyereza ku 3: Kkoyiro y’Omukkafu n’Enkola y’Enkyukakyuka mu Mbeera

Enteekateeka z'enkyukakyuka mu by'obudde zisobola okusinziiriza okukendeeza ku bukuumi bw'obutonde bw'ensi ku kweyongera kw'eby'enfuna, okusoomoozebwa kw'ebiseera bitono okusobola okukomyawo, era n'okuvuganya kw'eggwanga okulemesa okusattulula ebikolerwako. Carbon prigen .[1] Kino kisobozesa okuteeka mu byuma eby'omusolo oba mu kusasula ssente n'okugooddooza obudduukirize nga baddoosa ebiva mu kaboni. Kyokka, kisobozesa ebikolerwako bya kaboni okuzzaawo ebbeeyi mu makolero agava mu nsi ezizingirwamu, ne Sweden okusobozesa okukomya emisolo gya kaboni okuzimbulukusibwa nga bakozesa ebizigizi ebiva mu nsi, naye nga tegikuggyibwawo.

fundikira

Tewaba kukolagana mu bya bufuzi oba mu bya bufuzi. Enteekateeka yonna ereetebwawo okuva mu kukubaganya ebirowoozo ku by'obufuzi, okukyusiza endowooza z'abantu, era ezingiramu n'obusuubuzi obukyusa engeri y'okusaasaanyamu ebbeeyi n'emiganyulo mu bantu mu nsi yonna. Abasomesa n'abayizi, omulimu si kwe kukwata kakwate kalonda yenna akwata ku nkola naye ku bikwata ku kumanya lwaki enkola ezimu zifugibwa, awangula oba afiirwa, era n'engeri enkyungi gye zifuga oba engeri enzivvuunuzi gye ziyinza okugobererwamu. Bwe bayiga ebyokulabirako ebya nnamaddala ebiri mu nsi era ne bakolagana n'abo abakola eby'amaanyi, abantu basobola okweyongera okuba n'obukugunjufu mu nkola ya demokulasenti yaabwe ey'okumanyisa. protemu n'ensonga ez'ego, mu nkomerero, oluyimba lw'okwefuga.