Omuteende ogw’Akakkumi n’Ana: Omusingi gw’Amateeka n’Obwenkanya eby’omu Amerika

Mu kiseera kya Ssematalo II, yassaawo obukuumi obw'amaanyi obukakasa nti abantu bayisibwa mu ngeri y'emu era n'engeri esaanidde okugobererwamu wansi w'amateeka ga Amerika. Okutegeera enzivuunula y'amateeka eno esobozesa abantu okutegeera amateeka okusobola okukuuma eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu, enfuga ya gavumenti, era n'okuleetawo obwenkanya mu buli mitendera egya bulijjo.

Ebyafaayo: Okuzaalibwa kw’Omutemu ogw’ekkumi n’ena

Olukiiko olw'ekkumi n'ena olw'okukyusaamu lwatandika nga Jjulaayi 9, 1868, ng'olumu ku mitemu egigobererwa oluvannyuma lw'olutalo lwa Cirney. Ekigendererwa kyalwo ekikulu kyali okuwa abannamerika abappya eddembe okuva mu mateeka era n'okukugira amateeka agafuga gavumenti z'omu bukiikaddyo, ezimanyiddwa nga Tlack Black Concentrations.

Okutereeza kwali kutwala butereevu kkooti enkulu mu 1857 nga emaze okusala olukunkumuli lw'amateeka mu Dred Scott v. Sandford, ekitegeeza nti Abamerika mu Afirika tebasobola kubeera batuuze ab'omu U.S. nga baguggula. Okukyusaamu ku nsonga eyo, ekiragiro eky'okuwerebwa kw'amateeka ekyassaawo etteeka eriggya etteeka erigaawula abantu bonna awamu n'entegeka z'abantu. Abakozi baawunzi zaayo nga baateekawo alipoota ezaalina enzijjuvu nga John Bingham ow'e Ohio, eyalina ekigendererwa eky'okuteekawo obutuuze obwa bulijjo.

Ekimu ku bitundu bino kirimu ebitundu bitaano, naye ebisooka ebisatu bye bino ebisooka: Cintuty Claus, Adrect Claus, ne Aumement Procement Claus.

Ekikulu Ekireetera Ekijjukizo eky’Okukkakkanya

OBUtuuze bwa Claus

Ekiragiro kino bwe kisangibwa mu sentensi esooka eya Ekitundu 1 ekigamba: Omuntu yenna azaaliddwa mu Amerika oba eyatondebwa, era nga bafugibwa amateeka gaakyo, batuuze ba United States ne gavumenti gye babeera. Ekiragiro kino kyateekawo obusika, nga kitegeeza nti omuntu yenna eyazaalibwa mu U.S. afuuka mutuuze, k'abe mu nkyukakyuka kiruwa ya bazadde be. Omusingi guno gwakakasibwa kkooti esinga obukulu mu United States v. Wong Kim Ark[[[FLT:] [1898], nga gugamba nti omuntu yenna azaaliddwa mu U.S.

Obutuuze obw'okuzaalibwa kwakyo na buli kintu ekikyasigibwako mu mateeka ga Amerika, wadde nga kibadde kikubagana nnyo ebirowoozo ku by'obufuzi.

Engeri Claus gy’Addukanyaamu Ebifa ku Kintu

Ekiragiro kino kyawa amakulu ga njawulo: okussaawo enkola ekyetaagisa okunnyonnyola enkola egoberera enkola y'okussaawo procession Claus. Okusinziira ku nkola ekyetaagisa, gavumenti eteekwa okugoberera enkola ey'obwenkanya nga tennaggyawo muntu yenna bulamu, eddembe, oba ekintu nga tasoose kugoberera nkola ya tteeka. Kino kizingiramu eddembe ery'okwetegereza, okuwulira, n'omukisa gw'okwerwanako mu kkooti. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu nsonga z'abamenyi b'amateeka, enkola esobozesa gavumenti okugoberera enkola ey'ekiragiro mu kutuukiriza enkola ey'okulango, okusiirira, n'okwekuuma omuntu okuva ku bulamu bweyagalidde mu n'ebintu.

Ku luuyi olulala, enkola egobererwa, ekuuma eddembe ly'ennamba okuva ku kuyingira mu buyinza bwa gavumenti, ne bwe kiba nti ebw'okufuga ebaddeko. Kkooti Suggulu ekozesezza enkola eno okukuuma eddembe ng'obufumbo, enkolagana ey'ab'omu maka, n'okwefuga. Ebbeeyi zaayo nga Roe v. Wade [7773]] ne Obergefell v. Hodges (20) byetaawuka bya bulijjo ebikwata ku ku kuggyamu embuto ez'omu n'obufumbo.

Ekintu Ekiraga nti Claus Akuumibwa

The Expandement Claus etegeeza: "Sisobola okugamba omuntu yenna ali mu buyinza bwakyo okukuuma amateeka nga bwe gatenkana." Ekiragiro kino kitegeeza nti omuntu yenna alina okuyisa mu mbeera ze zimu. Bikozesebwa mu ngeri ey'amaanyi okugonjoola obusosoze, ka kibe nga kyesigamye ku langi, ekikula, eddiini, oba ebifo ebirala. Kkooti enkulu ekebera emitindo egitafaanagana okusinziira ku langi, okunoonyereza ku buli muntu ky'alina okuba nga yenkana oba nga yeekenneenya ani oba nga yeekenneenya asse ekiwatona ky'omukazi.

Oboolyawo enkola esingayo okuba ey'amaanyi eya 'FLT Claus Protection] kwe Bn v. Booti y'Essomero (1954), eyaviirako obusosoze mu langi mu masomero ga bantu. Ekiwandiiko ekyo era kyakozesebwa okuteeka mu mitawaana egizingiramu okukkiriza obukwasifu, okulonda n'okusosola mu by'okwetaba, nga Reed[[FLT][12][10]]

Enteekateeka y’Etteeka: Engeri Amateeka gye Gakolebwamu

Okukola Amateeka ku Kizinga

Enkola y'amateeka ga gavumenti eyogerwako mu Katundu I ak'Etteeka, naye Omutemeesiteesi ow'Akakumi n'ekkumi n'ena birina kye bikoze ku ngeri Congress n'ebitundu gye bissaawo amaanyi g'amateeka. Olugendo lw'etteeka olw'amateeka lutandika n'ebiwandiiko, ebitera okuva ku mmemba ya Consell Congress, Prezida, oba ebibiina eby'obukulembeze. Etteeka lino litandika mu Nnyumba y'Abasindikiro oba Olukiiko lw'Abasindikiro era ne liweebwa akakiiko akajjuziganya. Komiti zituula, zikubaganya ebirowoozo, era ziyinza okulwongera mu ku kko.

Oluvannyuma lw'okuyisa akasenge akamu, omutemu oyo agenda kulala, nga n'omulimu bwe gukola bwe gutyo. Kakiiko akategese okugatta awamu kasobola okugonjoola obutakkaanya obwo. Enkyusa ya kampuni esembayo eteekwa okusooka okukkirizibwa mu lukiiko olukulu nga tennasindikibwa eri Prezidenti. Prezidenti asobola okuteeka omukono ku mateeka mu nzirukanya eyo, okugaleka, oba okugaleka okuba amateeka awatali sigiwandikamu.

Mu ngeri y'emu, mu nteekateeka ya Claus ey'ensi yonna, gavumenti teyinza kussaawo mateeka agabanyigiriza ebibiina ebimu nga tewali gavumenti egaagala.

Okussaawo Amateeka mu Mbeera n’Okumeeta mu Kkumi

Era, gavumenti zirina enkola ezayo eza bannakyewa ez'okulonda, naye ziteekwa okuzigoberera. Kino kitegeeza nti amateeka g'ensi tegayinza kumenyebwa ddembe erikuumibwa mu State Estem and Aumeters Claus. Ng'ekyokulabirako, gavumenti teyinza kuteekawo tteeka erigaana eddembe ly'okulonda langi okusinziira ku langi, kubanga kino kimenya obukuumi bwenkanankana. Okugoba ekiwandikiro era kikwetaagisa amasaza okuteekawo enkola egobererwa mu nkola y'eby'obukulembeze ne mu nkola z'okusala emisango.

Enjigiriza eyo, eyava mu Century Procession Claus, ekozesezza ensonga ezisinga obungi ezaakwatibwa ku gavumenti. Okuyitira mu lukalala lw'ensonga eza kkooti enkulu etandikira ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa ekya 20, eddembe ng'eno ery'eddembe ery'okwogera, eddiini, n'eddembe ery'okusigirwa ebyokulwanyisa ku gavumenti.

Okugoberera Amateeka n’Okukuuma Endembe z’Abatuuze

'Agency Concertuation and Agency Application'

Ekiragiro bwe kiteekebwawo etteeka bwe kiteekebwawo, kikakasibwa abakungu b'ettabi ku buli kika kya gavumenti n'ebitundu ebirala. Ebitongole ebikola ku butebenkevu nga Department of Justice, Environment Protection Agency, ne Emirimu Egitali ginnaawulamu gikwasibwa okuteekawo amateeka n'okugateeka mu nkola.

Singa ekiragiro kya bakungu ba gavumenti kimenya amateeka ga gavumenti ku ngeri gye gandikulembeddemu oba nga kimenyeddwa ku ngeri y'okugakuumamu, kkooti ziyinza okusala omusango.

Okunoonyereza ku Lukiiko Olusalira Ababi n’Okusoomooza Okuli mu Kkooti

Enteekateeka y'okulamuzi y'ekola ekifo ekikulu mu kuteekawo amateeka oba ebikolwa ebikontana ne gavumenti. Abantu abamu bayinza okuwandiika mu kkooti z'amateeka mu ggwanga nga bagamba nti etteeka limenya eddembe lyabwe. Kkooti zikebera amateeka nga zikozesa emitindo egigobererwa. Singa etteeka lisangibwa nga limenya etteeka eryo, abalamuzi bayinza okusazaamu etteeka eryo oba okugaana amateeka okuteeka mu nkola amateeka gaalyo.

Kkooti enkulu erina kinene ky'ekola mu kunnyonnyola ebikwata ku Amereka ak'okuna mu mwaka . Ebisalibwawo bissaawo enkola eyinza okuwa obulagirizi ku kkooti entono ne ku nkola za gavumenti. Gideon v. Wainwright[ [1963]], kkooti yakkiriza nti Kkooti egoberera enkola ya SSEStandaawo y'emu ekwetaagisa okuwa abawandiisi b'amateeka ababa bawandiikiddwa etteeka nga tebalina ssente emu. Leving v.[ [1967]], Kkooti eriko enzikkiriza okugattulula obufumbo obubagirwamu.

Akakwate Ka gavumenti mu Kukuuma Enkolagana Yaffe

Ebitongole bya gavumenti era birina obuvunaanyizibwa obw'okukuuma eddembe ly'abantu wansi w'Emperamyaamu ey'ekkumi n'ena. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Ekitongole Ekiramuzi kisobola okunoonyereza era ne kivunaana gavumenti z'omu kitundu olw'okumenya etteeka erikwata ku ddembe ly'abantu, gamba nga mu mpisa ez'obusosoze oba mu kutulugunya.

Enkola eno ekakasa nti Etteeka ery’Etteeka ery’Ekkumi n’Ekkumi n’Ebiri mu Kisa liba kkakafu nti etteeka eryo liteekeddwawo, era nti abatuuze basobola okulaga nti waliwo abeemulugunya, okuwa obujulizi ku masaza, n’okugattibwa mu mateeka ga gavumenti okusobola okuvunaana omuntu.

Enkola ez’Omu Ngeri Ezaakozesebwa mu Kukyusa Ebiri mu Bufuzi bwa 14,

Emisango Emikulu mu kkooti

  • [[AWULA:0][FLT][.'OBY'ESHUWA [1954]] (1954): Enjigiriza ey'enjawulo naye yenkanankana", nga efuga nti ekika ky'enjawukana mu masomero ga bannaggwanga kikontana ne kya Claus.
  • [[AWULA:0][[:1] Miranda v. Arizona (1966): Kino kyalaga nti poliisi erina okumanyisa abagilina obutakaanyi okusirika n'okuba n'omuwaabi wa gavumenti nga bagoberera enkola ya Claus Claus.
  • [[NKULA:0][[NKULA]] Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) ( obufumbo obw'omu nkozesa ya mu nnukuta ez'enjawulo mu nsi yonna bukkirizibwa, obunogaanyizidwa bwombi ekiragiro ekya KKUSA EKY'OKUSANGIRAKO ERA NTU ne Claus bye bituukiriza.
  • [[AGUMENTI][[:1]McDonald v. Chicago (2010): Yagattaamu omutemwa ogw'okubiri ogw'okukyusaamu ogw'okukwata n'okusitula emikono ku nkola eya Claus.

Empaka n’Ebizibu eby’Omu Kiseera Kino

Entegeka ey'ekkumi n'ena ey'okutaano esigalawo ku mulembe guno ogukulabibwa ennyo. Enkaayana ng'okukkiriza okukkirizibwa mu ttendekero, eteeka ly'okulonda n'endebe z'abantu, zikkirizibwa wansi wa enteekateeka z'empandika. Obuyigirize obwa Fair Adgicts v. Harvard[FLT] [2023], Kkooti ekkoleetwa kano kakugira okuteeka mu nkola enzikkiriza obukwakulizo, era ne k'okutongozaamu eswogera ku ku ku Ekireeteempaka kya Classicreece. Mu ngeri y'emu, enkakaago ezikwata ku ku ku ku kuggya enziromenti eziyinza okugaana obukuumibwa mu nkola y'okuggya enziro.

Ekirala ekyali kikwata ku busika bwe busika. Ab'obuyinza abamu baawaliriza abaana abatuuze abatali ba nfudu okukoma obusika nga bagamba nti ebigambo "bagondera amateeka gaamu" tebibakkiriza. Naye abeekenneenya b'amateeka n'abakulembeze b'ekibiina ba Wong Kim baateekawo ekyokulabirako ekiwagira obusika obw'obusika, nga kino kiviiriddeko enkyukakyuka yonna okuba enzibu nga tewali mateeka gagonjodde.

Ebirowoozo Ebikyamu Ebikwata ku Kuwummuzibwa okw’Ekkumi n’Ekkumi n’Ebiri

  • [[NKUMBO:0] Enkyukakyuka: Enkyukakyuka ekolebwa ku mutuuze, eba ya mu kifo kimu. Mu butuufu, enkola egoberera enkola eya Claus ne Claus Ekiratifoomu y'ekozesebwa ku bantu bonna, nga mw'otwalidde n'abo abatali ba mu nsi ezisukka mu kkumi. Ng'ekyokulabirako, abagwira abatali ba ggwanga, bagwanira okutwalibwa mu nsi eyo.
  • [[AKMENTI:0] 'Enzivvuunuzi': Obukuumi kyenkana kitegeeza okukolebwako kyenkanyi. Omulambo ogulimu "obukuumi bwenkanankana," naye gavumenti esobola okuyisa obubinja bw'ensonga ekkirizibwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo singa bulina ensonga.'Etteeka ery'ekiseera nga okuvuga ebireetebwawo bikkirizibwa kubanga bituukiriza ekigendererwa eky'okugobereza.
  • [[NKULA] Enkyukakyuka: Enkyukakyuka bulijjo zaasabibwanga mu bungi. Okumala emyaka mingi oluvannyuma lw'okukosebwa, kkooti enkulu yawa olukusa olw'ekkumi n'ena olw'okusoma. Kkooti eyo yatandika okukozesa eby'okukukuuma byayo mu bujjuvu naddala okuyitira mu kuyingiza.
  • [[NT:0] 'Enzivvuunuzi:': Bizineesite eza kinnoomu ziteekwa okugoberera ekiba kikomezebwawo. [-P] Oku Amereka okw'ekkumi n'ena ku kkumi na kimu ku mateeka kutwaliramu kukugira enkola ya gavumenti, so si nneeyisa ya kinnoomu. Kyokka, kakiiko kayinza okuyisa amateeka wansi w'obuyinza bwako (Okulunganya 5 ku ku kukyusaamu) okusobola okutegeka empisa ez'omu kyamangu, nga bwe kirabibwa mu Kiteeso kya Civil Rights Act ekya 1964.

Emiganyulo Egya Nnamaddala Egiva mu Kumeeta Amateeka ak’Ekkumi n’Ekkumi n’Ebiri

Entegeka ey'ekkumi n'ena ekozesezza amateeka ga Amerika n'abantu okumala emyaka egisukka mu 150. gakozeseddwa nnyo okuggyawo obwetwaze, eddembe ly'okulonda, n'okugaziya eddembe ly'omuntu.

Abo abaagala okutegeera engeri amateeka gye gateekebwamu era n’okugobererwamu, emitemere 14 ewa empapula z’amateeka enfunda n’enfunda enfunda.Etteeka eryo lilagira nti amateeka gandibadde ga bwenkanya, abakwasisa amateeka tegasosola, era nti abantu balina okwewombeeka singa bamenya amateeka gaago.