Eky'okwawukanya kw'amateeka si musingi gwa bulijjo mu bitabo ebitongole ebikola ebintu, n'olw'ensonga eyo, gwe musingi oguziyiza gavumenti y'Amerika okumanyiira obutwazi amatabi asatu ag'enjawulo. Ekiragiro kyayisawo obuyinza mu ngeri buli ttabi gye likebera ebiruubirirwa bya buli ggwanga. Ekiragiro kino kikuuma obusobozi bwa buli mutuuze yenna okusobola okuwandiika, okukakasibwa, n'okunnyonnyola amateeka. Okutegeera engeri enkola eno gy'ekolamu, okuva ku misingi gy'ezi zaayo ez'omulembe guno okutuuka ku bizibu byalyoko, kyetaagisa okutegeera engeri enkola ya demokulase.

Amatabi Gasatu mu Bujjuvu

Ekiragiro kya Amereka kiyawulamu gavumenti y'ensi yonna mu matabi asatu ag'enjawulo: Legislative (Conference), Bukulembeze (Prezidenti ne bannakyewa). ettabi buli lirina obuyinza n'obuvunaanyizibwa ebigere, ekigendererwa okuteekawo amateeka, so si ag'abantu. Okwawulwa kw'empaka kuno kwe kuba nti engeri ez'okulonda amatabi essokebwa butereevu ne gavumenti, era nti Prezidenti alondebwa butereevu abantu okuyitira mu Electoral College, era nti abalamuzi ab'eggwanga balonda obutereezebwa okusobola okuzzaawo obulamu bwabwe bwonna.

Ettabi Erikwata ku Bukulembeze: Omuteesi w’Amateeka

Akatundu I ak'omu ssemateeka kassawo ab'obuyinza bonna mu lukiiko olukulu olw'eggwanga, nga kaliko olukiiko olukulu olw'abakiikirira. Ennyumba, nga erimu abantu 435 abagabanyizibwamu abantu, kaateekebwawo okubeera okumpi n'abantu, era nga buli luvannyuma lw'emyaka ebiri okusobola okuvunaanibwa. Olukiiko lwa Seminali nga lulimu abantu 100 (gattiddwa mu ggwanga limu) nga balina ebika bya bannannyini ebiweefube, era nga birina ebigambo ebiwerebwa emyaka mukaaga n'ebiragiro ebikkirizibwa mu makomera ne mu kugattiro ga prezidenkola.

Obuvunaanyizibwa obw'okussaawo amateeka, naye obuyinza bwayo obw'okusala enkalala busingawo ku mateeka. Omuntu okusala emisolo, okwewola ssente, okutegeka ebitongole eby'enjawulo n'eby'obusuubuzi, okulangirira entalo, okuteekawo amagye, okuteekawo amagye ag'omu nnyanja, n'okuteekawo kkooti ez'ensi entono mu kkooti enkulu. Ekitongole kya Leatner and Seant Claus (Ek'eky'okubiri, akaagamu 8, Ekitundu 8 Cepharease 18) kiwagira Congress okuwaayo amateeka “asaanidde era agasaanira okumenya amateeka agaago. [N'a]

Ettabi ly’Omukungu Afuga: Errakkuppa

Akatundu II katongoza Bbaaza erifuga nga kakulembera Pulezidenti wa Amerika. Pulezidenti era y'akulira gavumenti, era akola ng'omugabuzi w'eggye, kannamateeka omukulu ateesa ku ndagaano (olwo oluba lukwasiddwa kkooti ey'okukwasisa) era n'oyo akwasisa amateeka ga gavumenti. Mukulembeze w'eggwanga era alina obuyinza okusonyiwa, okulonda abakungu ba gavumenti (nga mw'otwalidde abalamuzi ne bakamapu ba kakiiko akakolera ku lukiiko olukulu), era n'alagira okuddukanya amateeka ga gavumenti.

Ofiisi y'ettabi erabirira omulimu erimu ebitongole 15 ebikola ku matabi (nga State, Defense, Justice, and Education) era n'ebikumi n'ebikumi n'ebikumi by'ebibiina by'abakwasiddwa era n'ebitongole ebiwa obulagirizi nga bigoberera obulagirizi bwa Prezidenti. Ekiseera bwe kigenda kiyitawo, ettabi lya bakungu abafuga ligenda kyeyongera nnyo, era nga kireetawo ebibuuzo ebikwata ku ntegeka y'obuyinza. Pulezidenti alondebwa buli luvannyuma lw'emyaka ena okuva ku kitongole ekiwereberye 20.

ettabi Erisalira Abalamuzi Omusango: Eryali Likozesa Okusalira Ababi Omusango

Akatundu III katandikawo olukiiko olukulu olw'ebbeeyi nga kooti esingayo okuba enkulu era ne kkooti entono nga Congress bwe ziyinza okutandikawo. Abalamuzi abafuga mu divior balondebwa okusobola okuteekawo obulamu, nga bafugibwa empisa ennungi, ezibakuuma okuva ku kupikirizibwa kwa bya bufuzi. Omulimu omukulu ogw'ettabi kwe kunnyonnyola amateeka n'amateeka. Ekiragiro kino kissa essira ku buli nsonga n'enjawukana. Ekikongobozo eky'amaanyi mu kkooti z'ensi kirimu okunoonyereza ku mateeka oba obuyinza obw'okutongoza omulimu ogwa bannaazo. Obuyinza obwo bwe busooka okutongozaamu kkooti enkulu mu [FL:0]., olukongoolo olukulu kwe kusinziira ku ku ku ku nkola y'ekitongole ekiramuzi.

Kkooti za gavumenti zikola nga za kkooti z'ensi yonna: Kkooti za disiturikiti (kooti ezisala omusango) ezikwata ku nsonga ezisinga obungi; kkooti z'ebiwandiiko (kooti z'abajulizi) ziwuliriza ebijulizi okuva ku kkooti za disitulikiti; era kkooti enkulu enoonyereza ku nsonga ezijuliziddwa, naddala obujulizi obuleetawo ebibuuzo ebikulu. Olw'okuba abalamuzi ab'eggwanga bavunaanyizibwa obulamu bwonna, basobola okusala ku nsonga ezikuuma eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu ne bwe kiba nga kyenkanankana n'abasinga obungi oba n'abakulembeze b'ebyakyewabufuzi.

Enkola y’Edda, Ey’Enkalakkalira n’Ey’Empisa

Okwawulawo obufuzi tekuyinza kuba na makulu singa tewali nkola kukiwaliriza kikuwaliriza kukola. Abakola bassawuzi baabwo abategekebwa mu mpandika eza maanyi agafuga enkolagana ne bye zisobola okukugira endala.[1] Kye yayita James Madison “obusonga obw'amaanyi” mu Fieraderan. Enkola eno ey'okukebera n'okusengeka eremesaamu eb'obuyinza bwonna ne kiremesaamu obuyinza bwonna okukolagana bulungi ne kutekkiriranya.

Omuyambo Gukebera Omulaawe

Congress alina eby'okukozesa eby'amaanyi bingi ebiziyiza Pulezidenti n'ettabi. Okusooka, amateeka galina okuyisa ebisenge byombi era ne gaweebwa Pulezidenti; singa Prezidenti ayisa etteeka, Consell asobola okukifuula ekyasawo eky'okubiri mu buli nnyumba.[1] era nga kizibu okukomya obululu bwa mirundi esatu. Ekyokubiri, Olukiiko lulina okukomyawo okussaawo olukiiko, nga mw'ekibiina kya bannamateeka, abalamuzi ab'ekitongole. Ekyokusatu, Consert, alina obuyinza bw'ekiwandiiko kino: luyinza okugaana ensawo empanaaweeyambi ez'abakungu, okusimbula ebikolebwa. Eky'okuna, enteekateeka esobola okukulembera obulungi ebibakwata ku bakungu abakungu. Ekisembayo, ab'ennyumba bayinza okugaana okulonda omukungu wa “balamuzi, ekitongole oba obulwombejja n'obumenyi bw'obumenyi bw'emisango obulala obulala obukyamu.

Kitongole Ekikola ku Buwanguzi

Omukulembeze w'eggwanga lino era alina obuyinza okutandikawo akakiiko akategekedde empagi ez'enjawulo era asobola okwogera butereevu ku gavumenti, era ng'obuyinza obusobozesa Pulezidenti okugaana omutemu okuteekawo amateeka. Wadde nga Congress asobola okuleka abafuzi okussaawo etteeka oba okutereeza amasambuwanya agagisabibwa okusobola okuyingizaamu. Omukulembeze era alina obuyinza okutandikawo akakiiko akategekebwa mu nteekateeka ez'enjawulo. Mukulembeze w'eggwanga alina obuyinza ku Consement congres obutereence (Es State of Union lirce linkractive s gractive s s, ekitegeeza ekiteesomero ky'ewandikiro, ekifuga amateeka ne k'okusala emisango.

Okusala Omusango ku Matabi Gombi

Okukebera kwa judia okukulu kwe kuba nti komiti ekebera okusala emisango kusobola okusala olukalala.[1] Obusobozi obw'okusazesa amateeka agafugama ku mukulembeze amenya amateeka. Amaanyi gano tegaayogerwako butereevu mu Kakiiko III naye gaateekebwawo kkooti enkulu mu [[FL:0]. Madison[[FL:1]] buttory v.[FLT] [54] [54]), ekivuddemu ekiva mu langi mu masomero ga gavumenti, era nga ne[FLT] State. . Ekiragiro kyakakasibwa [[FLT] [FLT][5]

Okuzannya Omuzannyo ogw’Okuzannya Omuzannyo

Enkola y'okukebera si ya njawulo; egezesebwa buli kiseera olw'obukuubagano n'embeera ezikyuse. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Prezidenti Obama bwe yafulumya obukiiko ku nkyukakyuka z'ab'obubudamu mu 2014, House sued, era kooti y'omu Texas yasalawo enkola, okusalawo okwakuzibwako kkooti enkulu. Mu ngeri y'emu, okuwera okuwera olugendo lwa Trump mu kkooti ez'enjawulo kwasookebwa, era kkooti enkulu ewagira enkyusa empya. Truukkooti zino ziraga engeri amatabi gye gakolaganamu mu kiseera kyennyini, ng'eno ettabi erimu bwe litwalibwa nti lirina obuyinza okumenya amateeka.

Ensibuko y’Ebyafaayo n’Ey’Obufilosoofo

Omufirosoofo Omufalansa ayitibwa Baron de Montesquieu mu 1748, yalina ekirowoozo eky'okwawula ab'obuyinza mu Amereka nga tennaba kutandika mateeka. Mu kitabo kye ekya 1748, yakigamba nti Omwoyo gw'Amateeka , eddembe liba likuumibwa bulungi singa enfugezo, n'ab'obuyinza obufuga, byayawulwawo era buli gavumenti zikeberezebwa endala. Yalowooza nti obufuzi bwonna obusatu mu muntu omu oba omubiri bwe gulina okukulembera mu kukozesa obubiina. Abataandikiro ba Amereka Amerika baatwalirizibwa enjigiriza za gavumenti ya Bungereza ne John Lockee.

Ababeseri bwe baakuŋŋaana mu Kibiina ky'amateeka mu 1787, baali bamanyi akabi akali mu buyinza. Obuzibu obwali mu mpandiika ya Case Confederation (ebwatandikawo gavumenti ey'omu masekkati era nga terina nnakyewa oba lukiiko lukulu) era n'obujoozi bwa siniya ezimu mu 1780s, bwabaleetera okukakasa nti gavumenti y'eggwanga erina amaanyi mangi nnyo eteekwa okukolebwako okusobola okuziyiza okuyisibwa obubi. James Madison, yay'ayitanga “Kitaawe w'amateeka,” ye yali omuyiiya omukulu mu ku kwawula obufuzi n'okukebejja kw'amateeka. Mu Kitongole Nos. 47.51, yannyonnyola engeri etteeka eryateerebwa gye lyandikubirizzaamu amatabi okuziyiza okuyingira mu nsi endala.

Ekiragiro ekiva mu lukuŋŋaana ekyayawulwamu amatabi ga mirundi esatu era ne kiteekawo enteekateeka y'ensi erimu obuyinza wakati wa gavumenti y’eggwanga n’ensi. Obufuzi obwo obw'emirundi ebiri bugatta ku bukuumi obulala ku ddembe ly'omuntu kinnoomu, ng’abantu bwe bayinza okweyambisa gavumenti okuzzaawo enkolagana eyo.

Ekikwata ku Ddembe ly’Abantu kinnoomu

Eky'okwawukana kw'ab'obuyinza kikuuma obusobozi bw'abantu b'omu Amereka mu ngeri eziwerako. Olw'okuba Conseils eteekwa okuyisa amateeka, Pulezidenti alina okugakakasa, era kkooti ziteekwa okunnyonnyola amakulu gaabyo, omuzannyi omu bw'amenya eddembe lye. Ng'ekyokulabirako, etteeka erikugira eddembe ly'okwogera liteekwa okuyisibwa mu ngeri zombi, nga lisiigiddwawo Pulezidenti (oba okuyisa akakwakkulizo akakwate, ate oluvannyuma ne lisigala nga liwo bulungi mu kusoomooza okusala omusango. Ekkubo kino eky'empandikaasaamu era kiyinza okugobera mu ku nsonga.

ettabi erikola ng'okukuuma eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu. Mu ngeri ey'okunoonyereza, kkooti ziyinza okusala amateeka agat'awula eddembe ly'obuntu oba enkuumi endala. Obubonero obw'okusala olukalala bufaananako Gideon v. Wainwright [ku ludda olwa ddyo], [ku ludda olwa ddyo okuteesa], [ku luuyi olwa ddyo], [kusobola okutaasaamu n'okusirika oba okukimattulula mu langi.]

Olw'okuba buli ttabi lisobola okunoonyereza ku birala (nga bwe liwulira ebiwandiiko bya gavumenti ku matabi gaalyo), abatuuze batera okuyiga engeri y'okuyisaamu obubi abantu.

Obuzibu mu Kiseera Kyaffe

Wadde nga kya bulijjo ab'obuyinza okwawukana, kisobedde nnyo mu kyasa ekya abiri mu sooka. Amawanga bwe gagattika ebitundu by'ensi eby'obufuzi, okukulaakulana kw'eby'obufuzi, n'okukozesebwa kw'ab'obuyinza kinnoomu, byonna bigezesese nnyo amateeka ga gavumenti. Okutegeera obuzibu buno kikulu nnyo okusobola okumanya nnawookeera w'obufuzi bwa Amereka.

Entegeka z’Abakulu mu Kibiina

Mu myaka gyakayita, bakulembeze b'abakulembeze bombi beeyongedde okukakaatika enkola zaabwe mu kifo nga tewali mateeka malala. Okuva ku Mukulembeze Franklin D. Roosevelt, ebiragiro ebyatandikawo amateeka ga Bajapaniya mu kiseera kya Ssematalo II, okussaawo ebiragiro ebyakakolebwa ku nkyukakyuka z'obudde, n'eby'okukwata emmundu, abakungu bannabyabufuzi bawa aba ba maneja mu kibiina ewa aba pulezidenti obuyinza obusingako obunene obufuga, era ne bagezaako okulemesa ebiwandiiko bino ku kukyusaamu eri'obuyinza bw'eggwanga. Bwe kityo, amateeka gat'ago gayinza okukkirizibwa mu kifo ekya waggulu ekya waggulu. [FFON:0]

Olukuŋŋaana n’Okuzimba Olubibibi

Consert ey'omu kiseera kino eyinza okulemererwa okussaawo amateeka ku nsonga ezitabangula, ekiviirako abakungu abafuga n'okussaawo amateeka. Prezidenti, okuyitira mu ntegeka zino, ayinza okuwa ebiragiro ebirina obuyinza. Wadde nga kino tekikontana na mateeka, olukiiko olukulu lukkirizza ababaka okuteekawo ekkomera mu kiseera kyonna nga waliwo “omusingi ogutayinza kutegekebwa” ogukulembera abakwasiddwa ekitongole ekifuga amateeka n'eby'obukulu. Okugatta ku ekyo, olukalala lw'amateeka gagobererwawo, oluweeyo oluvanyuvu okuteekawo olumu okugattiza abakungu ba gavumenti n'okukabyanyisiikiriza abakungu. Munnabyabufuzi n'abakugunjufu bawandisizza ennyo obulagirizi ku ebyo ebiva mu nkola y'okufuga [FLD:0]

Okukugira Okusalirako omusango

Olukiiko olukola ku by'amateeka nalwo lusobola okunenyezebwa. Enkaayana ezikwata ku “bulamuzi obwa tteeka” n'ez'okudda“ ez'amateeka” ziraga obutakkaanya obw'amaanyi ku kifo ekituufu ekya kkooti kye zirina okubaamu demokulase. Abamu bagamba nti abalamuzi basaanidde okulindako okulonda amatabi era okugamenyamu obutemu singa bamenyawo amateeka nga bamenya amateeka; abalala bawakanya nti abalamuzi bateekwa okukuuma eddembe ly'ekigero era ne bagoberera emisingi gya tteeka erisingawo. Ebisalibwawo ku kkooti enkulu ku ku ku kuggyawo enzivvuunuzi, kaweefube, era n'obuyinza ku buyinza bwa gavumenti ez'okuwagira obutongole obunene bwo, byeyongera enkaayawuka zaamu. Ekkootikko ezo ze zifuuse lutalo olw'eby'eby’eby’eby’obufuzi, era buli kibiina kyonna ekiwandikiro kiyamba okuteekawo abalamuzi abagoberera endowooza zaayo, okubuuza ebikwata ku misingi ku bukulu obwamalwo mu lukusenyirikiti z'olu Olufuluma lw'olupapula lwokita.

fundikira

Eky'okwawukanya kw'ab'obuyinza tekikoma ku kumanya bumanya eby'edda, --tit ye nkola ennukuta ekola mu kiseera kino okulaba oba nga buli Mumerika alina eddembe. Nga yeetaaza nti okussaawo amateeka, okugonda n'okutaputa amateeka bikolebwawo n'ebibiina eby'enjawulo ebirina amaanyi agagatta awamu, Amateeka gaateekawo enkola ekuuma obujoozi era eremesa omuntu okuvunaanibwa. Ab'obuyinza abategeera enkola ya si be bokka abalina ebiruubirirwa eby'okutegeera embeera eno ne bawaliriza ababakiikirira okunywerera ku misingi gya samateeka. Ng'embeera y'omulembe guno bwe guba nga gugezesa okuziganya obwengulaze obw'enkalakkalira, amagezi ga Madison ne k'ebipakiti ebikola bisigala nga kkulu nnyo. Okwawula obufuzi bw'obuwanvubi mu Amereka tebeera kintu kya gavumenti za Amerika zokka; kye kisenge kya malwamu mu malwa ga mamerika ga malwa.