Tutegeera Ensonga Lwaki Kikulu Okuzitegeera nga Zaakatandika

Endowooza eno eyoleka enkola ya gconstright ne statory. Abakkirizi, nga banoonya amakulu g'empandiika y'amateeka eyeesigamiziddwa ku ntegeera kwayo okwasooka. Mu kiseera eky'okuteekawo amateeka agafuga abatuuze, enkola eno etwaliramu okwekenneenya ekigendererwa ekyasooka eky'abo abaateekawo amateeka agafuga abatuuze. Waliwo obubonero bubiri mu ntegeka z'abantu: [[FLT:] n'amakulu agasooka. Abakkiririzaamu, nga Omufuzi w'omulembe ogusembayo Antonin Scalia, awakanya abatuuti n'ensonga nti amateeka gafuga enkola ya bannaago era n'okukakasa nti amateeka gagobeetaakozesebwa mu ngeri y'abantu abagagagagagagaga nga bagateekako. [FLT:], mu ngeri y'enkola y'enkola y'enkola y'enkulembe ey'enkusso mu n'enkola y'enkola y'enkola y'enkomera, era n'enkyukakyuka mu n'eyo mu n'eyo mu n'eyo ezivanyunzivuvuvuvu mu n'eyo

Ekiragiro ekisookerwako eky'okusinziira ku ndowooza y'abatuuze kisinziira ku ndowooza nti etteeka eryali libawa obuyinza bw'okuva ku Congress ne ku nsonga z'abatuuze. Amaanyi gano gaakkirizibwa mu byafaayo bya U.S. era gaakakasibwa nnyo kkooti enkulu. Abasosoze basonga ku mpandiika y'amateeka, ewa kakiiko akawa obuyinza obuyinza obw'okussaawo etteeka erilina obuyinza obw'enkola y'enkola y'enkula era n'okufuga n'eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga. Amasaza gano gaatwala amagezi okukkirizibwa, oba obutakkirizibwa mu kifo kya bulijjo. Kino kikyusa ku ngeri kkooti gye zinoonyereza ku mateeka ageewala okugoba abatuuze abatuuze okuva mu kiseera eky'okutandikawo amateeka.

Mu kukola kino, okunnyonnyola okwo okw'edda, abalamuzi balina okuteeka essira ku nsibuko z'ebyafaayo: okukuba akabonero okuva ku kiwandiiko ky'amateeka, empandiika ez'edda ez'enkola ez'enjawulo, n'ebiwandiiko eby'amateeka ebyabangawo okuva mu kiseera ekituufu. Enjigiriza zino ez'ebyafaayo zigendererwa okuyamba abantu okutegeera amakulu g'ebigambo ebyo mu kiseera eky'okuzibyawulibwamu oba okukozesebwa. Ng'ekyokulabirako, okutaputa ebigambo "mako n'okuva mu nkola y'amateeka" mu kiwandiiko eky'okubiri nga bwe bikozesebwa ku abo abatali bannannyini, omuntu ow'edda ayinza okukebera engeri ebigambo ebyo gye byatandiikiikiikiikiikiddwamu mu 1791 era oba nga bizingiramu abagwira mu kitundu ky'eggwanga. Okunoonyereza ng'okwo kutera okusobozesa ebiva mu buyinza bwa gavumenti okukendeezza obupya ng'okukakasa ebitebe by'abo abali mu nsi.

Amateeka Agakwata ku Kugatta Ebibaawo mu Biseera eby’Edda n’Ebyasooka

Okukozesa enkola ey'okunnyonnyola etteeka erikwata ku bannaggwanga mu mateeka g'okuyingira eddiini y'ekika kya Amerika kyasibuka ddala mu ntandikwa. Ekimu ku ebyo ebikyasinze okuba eby'amakulu kwe Chae Chan Ping v. United States [1], ebimanyiddwa ennyo nga Concifician Case [[FLC]] Case]. Mu kusalawo okwo, kkooti enkulu yawagira obuyinza bwa gavumenti ya China obwa nnaddala nga bamaze okufuna ebbaluwa ey'obujulizi. Kkootikko yalina ku bukulu obw'eggwanga okufuga ensazesebwa mu mateeka agateebereddwa mu ku ntandikwa y'ensonga eno. Ekkoluunizesenti eyo teyeesigama ku ku ku ku ku nsonga eyo ey'okunoonyereza ku makulu mu nteekateeka ya gavumenti z'amawanga. Ekkoluunikkukkiriza okumanyibwa mu kkooti y'enjawulo. Ekiwandiiko ekyo tekirina kuyisaamu.

Omusango omulala gwegwo S v. Chanha [193], ogwava mu mateeka agafuga engeri y'okuyingizaamu abatuuze mu nsonga z'obukyusi. Wadde nga omusango gumanyiddwa olw'okumenya amateeka ag'okulekawo, okuwakana n'obuyinza obwasooka, okuleetawo agumenti ez'ekika kyago mu nteekateekako aw'amateeka agamu. Kkookolo yanoonya enzikkiriza amateeka agasooka, ne galaga nti ekiwandikiro kya w'ekitongole kya Bbaidaralism n'empanisity n'ekyetaagisa okukifuula kiragiro kyayo. Etteeka erikwata ku ku ku kuyingira mukkiriza ntik'okuva mu ggwanga okukyusiza mu n'okuva mu n'okuva mu n'okuva mu buva mu buva mu buvanjuba tekiragiro. Ekiragiro ekitongole ekigamba ekigamba eky'okuva mu mateeka ekya bulijjo tekimanyibwa mu nkola ey'okuva mu kifo eky'okumanyisaamu 1787 eky'okuva mu nkola ey'okuva mu kifo eky'okuva mu kifo

Mu kyasa ekya 20, endowooza z'abalamuzi tezaali nkulu nnyo mu kkooti ezikwata ku b'obutuuze, ezaalwangawo okukkirizibwa mu matabi mu njigiriza ey'amaanyi. Kyokka, mu myaka egyakayita, enkola ez'okusibuka mu nkola za bannasayansi ez'ekika kya bulijjo zikoze ku ngeri gye zinnyonnyolamu enkola eyo ey'enjawulo era n'ey'okukwata abantu mu ngeri ey'enjawulo. Enkola eno ereetebwako mu nkuluze y'ebyafaayo, enkyusa ez'ebiwandiikibwa mu mateeka, n'ebiwandiiko by'akiwandiiko eby'okugo okuzuula amakulu g'ebigambo nga "persecutiation," "ekibiina ky'abantu aba bulijjo," ne "Nagravity fery Active centive Act" Kino kivuddemu ebivamu, ebiseera ebimu eby'okwerinda abanoonya obudduukizi n'ebitongole ebirala ebiva mu byafaayo.

Emikutu emirala egikwatagana n'ebiragiro ebifuga enfuga ez'omu kkooti enkulu n'ennyiriri eziriraanyewo ziyinza okuyamba abasomi okutegeera obulungi ebyasooka mu by'okwerinda bino. Ng'ekyokulabirako, omukutu gwa ' Chae Chan Pan ne S v. Chadha gubeera ku mukutu [[FLT:]][FLT]] OYEZ[[ era ne Cornell Information Information Institute ewaffements ebiva mu mateeka awawandikiro [[FLT:]]]

Kaweefube mu misango egya Kkooti Ezeeyuufu

Mu kkooti ezikola ku by'enkyukakyuka mu b'obutuuze eziriwo mu kiseera kino, abalamuzi batera okunnyonnyola ensonga ebbiri: okusoomooza okusobola okunnyonnyola emitindo egikwata ku kukakasibwa kw'abatuuze mu nsi eyo. Abalamuzi nga bagoberera enkola za bannasayansi, batera okutandika n'ebiwandiiko bya INA era ne beekenneenya ebyafaayo by'amateeka okukakasa amakulu g'ebigambo mu kiseera eky'okuteekawo omusingi. Kino kiyinza okuvaamu ebintu ebyawukana ennyo ku ebyo ebituuka ku balamuzi abagezaako okuko obutunuulizi ekigendererwa ky'amateeka oba ebiva mu ku nnyinyonnyonnyonnyonnyo.

Okutegeera Obulungi Ebiri mu Kitabo kya Baibuli

Lowooza ku nnyinnyonnyola ya "omwana" ekozesebwa mu kugoberera ebigendererwa by'empandika eya INA. Etteeka erifuga enneyisa nga "omwana" omuntu ali obwannamunigina asussa emyaka 20. Kyokka, abalamuzi abaasooka bayinza okutunuulira enzivuunvu za INA oba amateeka aga bulijjo aga "omwana" mu kiseera eky'okukoma ku kukyusa kw'amateeka mu 1952 oba 1990. Bwe kiba nti okutegeera okw'edda kwaleetawo enkalala ezimu, ng'abaana ab'omu maka agatali gamu, ng'abazadde oba abaana ab'omu n'abazadde ab'omu , omulamuzi ow'edda ayinza okutunuulira engeri eyo ey'okumanyibwa mu biseera ebyakayita nga ebiteeyagasa ebya bulijjo. Ekyokulabirako, mu lukiiko olusooka olw'okukwata ku by'okwetaba mu n'abantu abamu, olukalala olukalala wakati w'abaana abangi n'abaana mu mateeka agatali gannamu, nga yeesigama ku ku ku ku ku ku kutegeera okwawukana mu mateeka okwasooka. Singa ensala y'omu kkooti y'edda, olukalala lw'olwokita olw'okugigigigigigigizza mu kkooti ey'okugigaana, olwo te

Ebigambibwa n’Okutegeera Okulina Enjigiriza za Kristo

Ekiragiro kino kiwa ennyinnyonnyola enzibu ennyo okusobola okunnyonnyola ensonga eyo. Enkola y'obuddukiro mu kiseera kino eva mu kakwate k'abanoonyi b'obubudamo aka 1980, akaatandika n'ennyinnyonnyola ya "Frotooti" okuva ku nkola y'obubudamo ey'enjawulo eya 1967 Errotoly Relating to the Status of Relating. Ennyinnyonnyola ey'edda egamba nti amakulu g'ekigambo kino gandibaddemu n'obuzibu obw'amaanyi mu byafaayo. Abalala bagamba nti amakulu g'ekikongobereberye gaasooka gazingiramu obutundutundutundu bw'obuzibu obw'eby'eby'ebyenfuna oba okutulugulwa kwa bannannyini mu kiseera eky'okulaga obudduukirikizi. Okunnyonnyola okwo kukwata ku mbeera ezibaawo mu kkooti ez'enjawulo, kuleetawo okumanyibwa obutuufu mu ngeri y'okumanyisaamu.

Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu abanoonyereza ku nsonga eyo bagamba nti ennyinnyonnyola eyo eva ku kigendererwa ekyasooka eky'ekitongole ekya ACOS (1985), era nti akakiiko aka 'Immigration Applications' kannyonnyola nti ekiwandikiro kya 'ekibiina kya bannakyewa' eky'ensi yonna'ekikola ng'eraga enkyukakyuka mu ngeri efaanagana. Abakuutifugibwa baago baawakanya enkola eyo nga basinziira ku nnukuta y'enkyukakyuka mu byafaayo ebya R1980, era nga basinziira ku nkyukakyuka mu nkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi ezikolebwa mu by'eggwanga. Abakugunjufu mu mateeka abamu bagamba nti, amateeka agatali gamu geetaagisa okubuuka mu 1980, era n'okunoonyereza mu ngeri endala. Okunoonyereza kuno ku nsonga za R.

Okulangirira n’Okutamanyisa Buppya

Ekiragiro okulagira okufulumya okusoomooza okwesigamiziddwa ku mateeka nga kisinziira ku nkola ekolebwa oba ku bukuumi bwe bumu. Abalamuzi ab'omu kkomo batera okukoma ku kukugira bye bategeera mu 1791 oba mu kiseera kya mateeka. Ng'ekyokulabirako, okuteesa okw'okutwala ab'obuwabuzi mu buwaŋŋangusi tekukakasibwa lukumbo lwa mateeka naye kukkirizibwa lukalala. Omukuutivu ayinza okuwakanya nti okugattirawo okuteesa kwa Claus'Emistemmentation Resommentation Resolutionmentmentation Resolutionmentmentment directive , nga mw'otwalidde n'okusalawo okuggyawo. Endowooza eno eyinza okuviirako omuntu okukomyawo olukalala okuko omusingi ogwa bulijjo, naye nga tezingirwa mu ngeri y'okukulembedde mu ku ku kulabula okumanyibwa. [FLD][F:3]

Emikutu emirala gye gikola ku [[KITANDIKI][[AK'AWULA][.[KITANDIKI][KIMU:2][[KITONDERWA]] era ne [[[KITONDERWA:4]] Cornell LII ekikulembezo[ kisobola okuyamba abasomi okukebera ko n'okassawo ko n'obudde obusingako.

Okusobya ku Kunnyonnyola mu Ngeri y’Okusobya

Abakugu ku ndowooza z'abakkiriza nti amateeka agafuga abatuuze gaaleetawo obukaafiiri. Ekisooka, bagamba nti eddiini y'okutandikawo obwasooka eyinza okuvaamu ebiva mu kifo ekibadde kikozesebwa mu kifo ekikyuse ennyo okuva ku kutondebwa. Mu kiseera ky'okukyusizaamu abatuuze mu nsi, enkola y'enkola yali ntono nnyo, era endowooza ezisookerwako mu mateeka agakwata ku by'obutuuze ku bantu okusobola okumanyibwa mu nsi. Wabula, teziriwo. Nsonga ziyinza kusobozesa abalamuzi okumanyisa amakulu gaabbya bulijjo oba okugaana obuyambi obuva mu bibiina ebikola enteekateeka z'ekitongole ebikola.

Ekyokubiri, endowooza y'abaasooka okubunyisa esobola okubuusa amaaso emitindo gy'entuufu z'abantu. Etteeka ery'ensi yonna erikwata ku banoonyi b'obubudamu n'abo ababudde likulaakulanye nnyo okuva mu kyasa ekya 20 era ensi nnyingi zifunye ennyinnyonnyola ezisobozesa abantu abali mu mbeera enzibu okufuna obukuumi obwa bulijjo. Nga banyiivu ku makulu g'enkyukakyuka okuva ku 1791 oba 1952, abalamuzi ab'edda bayinza okukwekajjako enkyusiza ddala obuvunaanyizibwa obwa United States nga bagoberera endagaano nga mu 1967 Constitution. Abakuyita ku mateeka agakola enzikkiriza okutaanyanguyira embeera okukyuka zigonjootaanya embeera z'ensi yonna zisobola okuzingirwamu, nga enkola esobola okugonjoolesa embeera ez'obuzibu, gamba ng'enkyukakyuka mu ngeri ey'obuddembe obunene olw'okukyuka oba okuyigganyizibwa.

Ekyokusatu, enkola ey'okusiiga abazungu etwaliramu okulonda enkumbo ezikwatagana n'endowooza y'omutaputa. Ekiragiro Republic eyasooka kyalimu enkola ey'eggwanga okubaamu enkola y'okukyusa obusosoze mu langi, nga Naturation Act eya 1790 eyafuula obutuuze obwa nnamba okukoma ku "wsukiffe". Omuntu ow'edda ayagala okukozesa okutegeera okwo ayinza okutegeeza nti Constantice alina obuyinza okuteekawo amateeka agafuga enjawukana ne emisingi egy'obusobozi egya bulijjo. Kino kiteeka mu n'ensonga ez'edda okuteeka omusango ku butali bwenkanya. Abayiiya bannasayansi abamu bagezaako okwawulawo amakulu g'edda n'okusuubira.

Eky’okuna, ebiva mu kunnyonnyola mu nkiiko ezikwata ku bantu abayingira okuyingira amagye nga bya maanyi nnyo. Okunoonyereza ku byafaayo ku nsonga eziba zizzeewo mu kiseera kino, kiyinza okuviirako abatuuze ab'omu maka amangi okugobebwa mu nsi endala, okwegaana obuddukiro eri abo abadduka mu bifo ebitali bya ggwanga, n'okukugirwa kw'emiwendo egiva mu biseera ebyakayita naye nga tegyoleka kakwate ka k'enkola ez'enjawulo. Mu kiseera ekyo, enkiiko z'ekiwandiisi ezikola ku by'obuwaŋŋangulwa ziyinza okuleetawo obutali bwenkanya mu kifo eky'okuleetawo emirembe.

Ku nkomerero, abanoonyereza ku ebyo bakyetegerezza nti enkola ey'okutandikawo obwannakyewa tekola mu ngeri ntuufu mu kukyusaamu enkola z'ekitongole ekiyingira mu bantu. Abalamuzi abeegamba nti bannasayansi oluusi baawukana ku makulu ge baasooka okuvaamu. Ng'ekyokulabirako, okutegeera ebyasooka ebikwata ku "Nkola" kiyinza obutakoma ku ngeri gye kiyinza okukolebwamu, naye abalamuzi ab'omu kiseera kino bagamba nti eddembe erimu likola mu ggwanga lya United States.

Okutegeera Ebyafaayo n’Ebyetaagisa mu Kiseera eky’Omu Maaso

Enkola ey'enkunkunala ey'okuteeka mu nkola enkola ey'okunnyonnyola mu ngeri eyoleka abalamuzi ababeera mu kkooti ezitwala abatuuze mu nsi endala ereetedde abalamuzi n'abayivu okusemba empiso ez'enjawulo ezituukagana obulungi ebyafaayo n'ebyo ebiba bisobye. Ekimu ku bintu eby'ennamba ebiyinza okukolebwa kwe kukozesa eby'okukozesa eby'okukozesa ebirala ebisoosa okunnyonnyola amakulu, gamba ng'amateeka ageetegeerwa, n'obuteebbeesa obwangu obw'okumanyibwa ku bumanya ebizikwata ku by'obusokeberwa mu kiseera kino [[FLD:0]]CHEvron n'ebifaananyi by'amatabi ga gavumenti.

Ng'ekyokulabirako, bw'oba otaputa ekigambo "graved fellony" mu INA, omulamuzi omuwandiisi wa kiwandiiko kino ayinza okutandika n'akebera engeri ekigambo ekyo gye kyannyonnyolwamu mu 1998. Kyokka, olw'okuba ennyinnyonnyola egaziyiziddwa emirundi mingi, enkola ey'okusibuka ku njigiriza ez'ekika ekimu eyinza obutassa kitiibwa mu makulu g'empandika empya. Enkola eyo esobola okutegeera amakulu g'empandika ey'ekiragiro nga bw'ekozesa ebigambo ebikozesebwa mu kiseera kye kimu okutaagibwa obukyayi mu bawandisa. Enkola eyo eyinza okuweesa amakulu g'empandika ey'ebigambo nga tegaakulazeeko.

Era wabaddewo n'okutandika kw'enkola eyo okukwatagana n'amateeka agakwata ku ddembe ly'abantu mu nsi yonna. Abeekenneenya abamu bagamba nti amakulu g'etteeka eryo mu 1967 galina okutwalibwa mu nsi yonna nga bategeera ebiwandiikiddwa mu ngeri endala ez'enjawulo. Kino kiyinza okukwatagana n'ennyanjula n'enkyukakyuka ez'enjawulo, nga kino ekigendererwa ky'abo abaakwata embaga y'obuntu n'ey'obwannannyini obw'okufuga eddembe ly'obuntu kyali kya kuteekawo omutindo ogufuga ensi yonna.

Mu nkomerero, enkola esingayo obulungi ey'okunnyonnyola mu ngeri eyoleka obutuufu mu kkooti ezikwata ku batuuze, y'eyo ekkiriza ekkomo ly'okunoonyereza mu byafaayo era n'obwetaavu bw'okusala emisango. Enjigiriza y'ennono ewa amagezi ku ngeri y'okunnyonnyolamu ebigambo n'amateeka agafuga obusangiro bw'abantu, naye tesobola kuddamu buli kibuuzo ekibuuziddwa obubuusibwabuusibwabuuliziddwa mu misango gya kika kya nno. Abalamuzi abakozesa endowooza eyo ey'okunoonyereza ku nsonga za bateekwa okukmanya wa ebyafaayo we bitali bya bulijjo we bitandigenze mu bufunze. Mu kiseera kye kimu, bateekwa okusigala nga bamanyi bulungi ebikwata ku mitindo gy'abantu n'obuvunaanyizibwa bw'abalambuzi okusobola okukuuma eddembe lya buli muntu kinnoomu, naddala ery'abo abatali banna bannayinza okusimattulwa.

Enkaayana ezikwata ku ngeri abatuuze gye batwalamu abatuuze gye batwalibwamu teziteredde. Nga bwe kitera okusembera, okusattulukuka okuppya.[1] Ekifo ky'obulaguzi n'obuttunzi obwa bulijjo kijja kweyongera okujjawo. Abakozi b'amateeka, abakugu n'abakwasisa amateeka bateekwa okwegatta ku nkola eno ey'obwenkanya, nga bakakasa nti etuukiriza ebigendererwa byabwo mu kifo eky'okunywerera ku biseera eby'emabega. Mu kukola ekyo, basobola okuzimbira ebiwandiiko ebisinziirwako ku mateeka okumanyira ku mitendera egy'okusibukako ate nga n'ebyetaago by'ensi ey'amaanyi.