Ekivume ekibadde kiwandiikiddwa ku lunaku olw'okutaano, ekyateekebwako omukono ku 10 Apuli 1998, kye kimu ku mirembe egyasinzeyo okugattibwa ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 20. Kyakomya emyaka amakumi asatu egy'olutalo mu Northern Ireland, wadde nga ebyago n'ebyobufuzi byayo byategekebwa okuleetawo obutebenkevu okuyitira mu kugobererwa n'okumanyibwa, okugattiŋŋana n'okukolagana n'okukolagana wakati w'amawanga.

Ensibuko y’Obuzibu Obwaliwo mu Byafaayo

Obukuubagano obwava mu Northern Ireland ng'emyaka gya 1960 gyakamala, bwasibuka ku njawukana wakati w'ebikumi bibiri ebikulu: abanfumbo, nga bangi ba Protestanti era nga baagala okusigala mu United Kingdom, era nga baagala nnyo eggwanga lya ggwanga, nga basinga Bakatuliki era nga baagala okubeera mu Ireland. Obusosoze obwo bwasibuka ku byafaayo eby'enjawukana mu by'enfuna, obukyayi n'ebyobufuzi. Okutondebwa kwa Ireland ey'omu Northern Ireland mu 1921, okugoberera ekiteesiteesi kyalekamu kya ggwanga lya Ireland, ekyaleka abantu abatono ab'eggwanga ery'enjawulo mu ggwanga eryali lifugibwa obutuuze obutunzi. Okumala amakumi g'emyaka, gavumenti z'obumu zaawula amacaafu, obulyi n'eby'emirimu, n'obukungu bw'eby’eby’obufuzi.

Amawanga ga Bulaaya gaakubirizibwa mu myaka gya 1960, nga gagoberera enkola y'obwannakyemalira mu Amerika, gaagezaako okumalawo obutali bwenkanya obwo nga gakuba obukyayi. Kyokka, eky'okugattika obubinja bwa gavumenti n'obw'abeesigwa, byeyongeramu ettemu. Amagye ga Bungereza bwe gajja mu 1969 gaagezaako okukuuma eggwanga, naye mangu ddala okubeetabaala okusobola okulwana. Amagye gaalwangawo emirundi ebiri, era ne gaamenyekamenyekamenyekamenyekamenyekamenyeka. “‘ Arricararian Republican Army (IRA), ebibiina by'anyweraanywera ng'ebyo Ul Cooclorganizery Force (UVF), n'abalala nga baaweebwetaaw (85ant), era ne Ul.[wag'osembalalalalalalalalalalalalalala) baatwaliddemu obulamu bw'abantu abasukka mu 3,500, ebikumi, ne enkumi z'emirundimu enkumi, era n'obukuka olw’abantu abangi.

Ku ntandikwa y'emyaka gya 1990, kyategeerekeka bulungi nti tewaliiwo ludda olusobola okutuuka ku buwanguzi. Olutalo olwo lwali lwasimba ebbeeyi ez'amaanyi, nga n'ebbeeyi ez'amaanyi mu bulamu, okufiirwa okw'eby'enfuna, n'okusalira omusango ensi yonna omusango. Emboozi eza kyamaguzi zatandika okunoonyereza ku kifo weyawitirwa, nga bizimba ku mitendera egyasooka nga Sunnindidale Convention (19973) n'Ekiwandiiko kya Anglon-Irish Revention (1985). Embeera y'ebyobufuzi yeeyongera bweyongera okujjulukuka Endagaano ya 1993 eya IRA ne 1994 ey'abatukuvu.

Ebirungi Ebiva mu Kusuubiza Okusooka

Ekiwandiiko ekiyitibwa Good Frive Account kyali kikwata ku nsonga enkulu ezaaleetawo obutategeeragana wakati wa Ireland ne United Kingdom (Strand).

Sterand 1: Gavumenti Erya Nnamaanyi

Mu ndagaano eyo, mwalimu okutandikawo gavumenti eya Demokulase mu Northern Ireland, nga yeesigamiziddwa ku musingi gwa malala. Olukuŋŋaana lwa Northern Ireland lwakolebwa ng'ekibiina ekitongozeddwa mu nkola ya demokulase naye nga lwalina enkola ekyetaagisa okukakasa nti abantu ab'obumu n'ab'eggwanga baalina ebigambo eby'amakulu mu kufuga. Ekisinga obukulu kyali ekika kya ekyagooleka amatwale[: okusalawo okukulu mu Nkuŋŋaana ennene okw'enjawulo okwetaagisa obuwagizi bwa mu kuwagira omuwanjufunja, okuyitira mu kukkiriziganya okugattiŋŋana (abasinga obungi ku abo abali mu ggwanga lino baawagira) oba nga basinziira ku bantu abasinga obungi (60 ku buli kitundu ekikumi, nga mwembi ku buli kitundu ekimu ekibali). Kino kyagaana okusalawo kino mu kugimu kugimu kugiwanjula.

Omukulu w'ekitongole ekyo yateekebwawo ku bifo bya Mminisita eyasooka era omumyuka w'Ow’Obufuzi obw'Okusooka, eyalondebwa Olukiiko Olukulu era eyalina obuwagizi bwe bumu. Abaweereza baaweebwanga ebitongole nga basinziira ku ntegeka eyo nga bakozesa enkola ya D'Hondt. Kino kyakakasa nti ebibiina ebitongole ebikolera ku bukulembeze n'ebye ggwanga byalina ekifo kya bannakyewa, ne kisobozesa okutandikawo ektongole ekiyitibwa CBICCOFORUM okufuna ekirabo eky'okutumbula abantu mu nsi eyo, wadde nga oluvannyuma ekyo kyakoma.

Ennyiriri 2: Olukiiko lw’Abaweereza n’Ebibiina by’Ababeseri

Okusobola okukola ku nsonga z'eggwanga eririna akakwate ne Republic of Ireland, wadde nga kyali kissa ekitiibwa mu bukulembeze bw'abantu, endagaano eyo yatandikawo olukiiko lw'abalabirizi b'abaweereza oluva mu bukiikaddyo. Akakiiko kano kaagatta wamu abaweereza okuva mu Northern Ireland ekifuga era ne gavumenti ya Irish okukolagana obulungi n'ensonga ezikwata ku by'obuwagizi, gamba ng'eby'obulimi, obutonde, n'obugenyi bw'obugenyi. Ebibiina mukaaga ebyakolebwa okuweza emirimu egya mu misaze nga Waterway Suveriation Board, ne ku Programme za Bukiiko obw'enjawulo mu Bulaaya.

Akakiiko kaakolera ku kikondo consensus, nga kitegeeza nti enjuyi zombi zirina okukkiriziganya ku bye zisazeewo. Enteekateeka eno yakolebwa mu bugenderevu okuziyiza kakiiko akabaamu okubeera n'obuyinza obumu mu Ireland era n'okukakasa abakulembedde nti obumu mu Ireland tebwalina kuteekebwawo singa wabaddewo abangi mu Northern Ireland abakkiriza.

Olukiiko olw'ebbeeyi era n'Olukiiko lwa gavumenti olw'e Bungereza

Ebuvanjuba n'obuwanvu bwa Ireland ebyateekebwawo okuyitira mu Olukiiko olw'Ababunvubuka, olwalimu ababaka okuva ku magavumenti ga Bungereza ne Irland, abafuga ebweru wa Scotland, Wales, ne Northern Ireland, ne koopeera y'entebe eri wakati wa gavumenti ebbiri en'egguka. Akakiiko kano kayamba okukolagana mu kuyita ku bizinga ne mu ngeri y'ekizinga nga biri mu bizibu. Okugattako, [FLT:] British-ish Bengidish, obungi bwa gavumenti z'omu Northern Ireland, obungi obwalina ensonga bbiri ezitagattika n'obusobo bwonna.

Enteekateeka y’Okufuga Omuntu ne ky’Alina Okumanyira

Ekimu ku bintu ebyali bikulu ennyo mu ndagaano eyo kwe kukwataganya obufuzi. Gavumenti ya Ireland yakyusa amateeka gaayo n'egakkiriza mu Northern Ireland (Atunsi 2 ne 3 ku mateeka ga Irlands) n'ekitegeera nti Ireland yalimu obumu era nti singa abantu b'omu Northern Ireland baasemba, abantu baayo babadde bali bumu.

Era endagaano eyo yategeera obwetaavu obw'ebifo byombi: [[FLT] British ne Irlands[. Abantu abaazaalibwa mu Northern Ireland baaweebwa eddembe okubeera n'obutuuze bwa Bungereza, obutuuze bwa Irland, oba byombi. Ekyo kyali kikolwa eky'akabonero ekyalaga nti abantu bangi balina obutuuze bwa njawulo era ne kikendeeza ku ndowooza ey'okweyawula ab'amawanga.

Entegeka z’Abantu, Okwenkanankana, n’Enzijanjaba Embi

Mu ndagaano eyo mwalimu etteeka erikwata ku ddembe lya Northern Ireland eryandikubiriziddwa olukuŋŋaana olupya olw'enkolagana ennungi n'abantu mu Northern Ireland. Era kyali kyetaagisa okutandikawo endagaano ey'obusosoze era n'okuteekawo ekitongole ekiyamba mu kukuuma eddembe lya bannakyewa sta mu kukuuma obutuuti bw'obuyambi okusobola okuleetawo enkolagana ennungi n'enkolagana ennungi. Policco kyali kizibu kya maanyi nnyo. Royal Ulster Constacy (RC) ekibadde kikkirizibwa okuba nga kya maanyi nnyo era nga kivunaaniddwako omusango gwa Coluultsss ne , ekyadda mu kifo kya [FLT:] protestantiesssssssssssssssss mu kifo kya bayimbinjaawundiromenti eyakolebwa okuva mu bitundu ebippya era n'enkola ebitongole ebitongole ebitongole ebikola ebitongole ebikola eby'ebyo byayolekesebwamu. proteeddwamu mu nsi eyo byakolebwamumumu

Okuva mu Kkomera n’Okusumululwa

Ekintu ekirala ekyaleetawo enkaayana naye nga kikulu nnyo kwe kukola nga baayisa ebyokulwanyisa bya jaasi. 'Ebibinja byonna eby'abasirikale byali bya kuteeka emikono ku mikono gyabyo mu myaka ebiri egyakagwana. Kino kyazibuwaza nnyo okukomya omulimu ogwo, ne kiviirako obusambattumu bw'eby'obufuzi obw'emirundi mingi. Kyokka, omwaka gwa 2005 we gwakatuukira, IRA yaggyayo ebyokulwanyisa byayo byonna, ebyakakasibwa obutunjabibwa obukola ng'ebibiina by'amawanga. Okussaawo endagaano eyo yaweebwa abasibe mu ku ntandikwa y'ekibiina kya , ebyavaako ne birebwa. Abasibe mu myaka ebiri, abaasibibwa mu makomera ago agaanyi ago baalabika ng'okukuuma emirembe.

Endowooza ey’Amangu Ekwata ku Buwanguzi n’Eby’obufuzi

Olukiiko olukulu olw'okutaano lwatongozebwa nnyo abavvuunuki mu Northern Ireland (71% baasiima) ne Republic of Ireland (94%) nga basiima endagaano ezaakwatibwa nga 22 Maayi 1998. Ekiragiro kino kyawa endagaano ey'enkomeredde. Mu myaka egyasooka oluvannyuma lw'okussa omukono ku ndagaano eyo, ettemu mu by'obufuzi lyakendeera nnyo. Omuwendo gw'abantu abaafa olw'Ebizibu gwava ku 55 mu 1997 ne guba 11 mu 1999 era ne gusigala wansi.

Kyokka, ebibiina ebifuga amaanyi byalekebwawo emirundi mingi olw'okulekawo okusindika oba okukomyawo gavumenti. Gavumenti eyasooka, yakulemberwa n'Ow'Ogwokusooka David Trimbeble (Ulster Union Party) era n'omumyuka w'Obwannakyewa bwa Mminisita eyasooka Seamus Mallon (Sacul Democratic and Labour Party), nga zilekeddwawo emirundi mingi olw'obutakkaanya ku ku bikwata ku ku ku kuleetawo mulembereza nkyukakyuka. Enkuŋŋaana zino enkulu zaasooka bwe zaagwa mu Okkirookessi 2002, mu kiseera eky'enjherek'omukessi w'omukessi w'enjherezi mu kibuga IRA mu kibuga Shontront. Ekiragiro enzirnerneralimu n'omukulembeze w'obukulembeze bw'obukulembeze bw'obukulembeze bwa Martinin: [FFoperset][0][5]

Okuva mu 2007, ebibiina ebigo ebigobeddwa bibadde n'obutebenkevu wadde nga bifunye ebizibu bingi. Ababaka ba magyenya n'ab'eggwanga bawagidde okukolera awamu buli lunaku okufuga. Wabula, obuwagizi obwa tekinoonese, obukuukuutivu, n'obukujjukujju , n'obukujju ebikozesebwa mu bizibu. Obutebenkevu buno mu by'obufuzi bubadde busobola okuvaamu emiganyulo gya maanyi mu by'enfuna. Mu Northern Ireland mweyongera okuteesembera ekitongole ky'obugenyi n'okulongoosa mu nzirukanya zaabyo. Ebyabutebe bw'eby'obuwaŋŋanyuka n'eby'obusuubuzi birabibwa mu bisangibwa mu bibuga nga Belfast ne Derry, ebifo ebipya ebikolebwamu ne mu masaza ga bya bya bya byabunnyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyi.

Mu ngeri y'abantu, endagaano eno ereeseewo okukolagana okulungi n'okukolagana kungi. Wadde nga enjawukana nnyingi zikyaliwo mu maka mwe gabeera. "amadiini" gaawulamu enjawulo ez'ekika ekimu. Kino kiviiriddeko okuwakana okubaamu okulwana okutali kutya, era okukolagana okw'ekika kya Irland, okw'omu bukiika kkono, okugatta awamu okw'enjigiriza kweyongera mpolampola, era okumanyibwa kw'empaka kwa . Endagaano eyo gyembi erese abantu okukyoleka nti ba ggwanga lyabwe lyabweru era n'omuwendo gw'abantu abamanyisa "Nyakaluuganda ow'oku Maseredo mu bukiika obwaka n'obukiika obwakaafu. Ebitundu eby'eby'enjigiriza byeyongera mpolampola era n'okuvanyumasa.

Ebizibu Ebigenda Biddawo

Wadde nga kituuse ku buwanguzi, Ekivume ky’Okutaano Ekirungi kibadde kiyolekaganye n’okusoomooza okutali kumu okukyeyongera okugezesa embeera ennungi ez’eby’obufuzi ze kyatandikawo.

Okulemererwa Okugumira Empisa z’Eby’obufuzi n’Okuddirira mu by’Emyaka

Mu butonde, enkola ey'okusiikiriza amasannyalaze teyetaaga kunafuwa kubanga ekyetaagisa okukolagana wakati w'abantu n'ebiruubirirwa ebikontana n'amateeka. Emyaka egyasooka gyalabibwanga ebizibu ebyavanga mu kulagira buwagizi. Oluvannyuma, obutakkaanya ku nsonga z'obuwangwa nga okubuuka kw'eggye lya Union Union e Belfast City Hall era n'okubuuka kw'etteeka lya Parades Commission("aviirako okufuluma n'okuyimirira busibe. Okuzzaawo okuddirira kwali kwali kwali kwa maanyi okuva 2017 okutuuka ku 2020, ng'olukuŋŋaana olwo lwaleetebwawo ekikolobero ekyali kireetebwawo ekiteeyambiddwa ekiteeyambizo ekiba okuddamu okuzzibwawo mu bbanga lino. Mu kiseera kino, amateeka tegaagobererwa na ku bantu, mu kifo kino, abakozi ba gavumenti z'eggwanga, ne baatandikawo emirimu, ne bazzaawo okuzzaawo emirembe 2020. Okuzzaawo okwo kwalibwa mu 2020 kwalimu empya kwalina okugonjoola ensonga empya naye ne kugonjola ensonga.

Enjawukana mu by’Eby’Eby’obufuzi

Wadde ng'ebibinja bya bannabyabufuzi bimenyese oba biggyemu ebyokulwanyisa byabwe, ebibinja ebiwakanya gavumenti gamba nga New IRA ne Óglaigh na hÉirean bikyakola. Ebibinja bino byombi bigaana olukalala olw'eby'obutujju era byeyongera okulumba aw'amaanyi ab'amagye era n'abatuuze bannaggwanga. Obusosoze bukugira nnyo okuleetawo ettemu eri wakati w'abantu mu bitundu bya New IRA ne ÓGRA. Amagye ganyweredde gaanyinyinyizza ebizitookebwa mu ntalo, nga genyigidde mu ntalo ez'enjawulo.

Brexit n’Etteeka ery’Okusalawo Ennyo mu Bukiika Kkono bwa Ireland

Obuwanguzi bw'obumu mu Bungereza bwaleetawo okusoomooza okw'amaanyi ennyo ku ndagaano ey'okutaano okuva lwegguka. Omuwaatwa gwa Bumeedi ne EU, nga gugattiddwako obwetaavu okwewala ensalo ey'amaanyi ku kizinga kya Ireland, ekyaviirako okukolebwa kw'embaga ey'amateeka [[FL:0] Ireland ey'Ebukiika kkono, ekitundu kya Brxit Accesboration. Ekiragiro kyagootoooooooooooooo ne Northern Ireland mu kataleze nga k'akatale k'eby'omu EUUC, nga kitegeeza nti emikolo n'okugenda okuzingira biriwo wakati wa Bungereza ne Northern Ireland gye yakookedde. Kino kinyiyitirizza nnyo amagattiro g'obuvuzi bw'omulembe mu UK. amagye agamu gaanyezza amagye agamu ne waggulu gagamba nti, amagye gaamenya okusaasaanya mu ggwanga eri'ensunago mu ggwanga eri'ensuna ku Greatern Ireland.

Endwadde z’Abafu n’Ezaabakolebwa

Mu kubala abantu nga 2021, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Northern Ireland kati guli 42.3% Abakatuliki ate 37.3% Abaprotestanti nabo beeyongera okugattibwa. Omuwendo guno gukubira ku by'obufuzi kubanga ab'amawanga babadde Baprotestanti n'abakatoliki abangi. Singa abavvuoti bannaggwanga bafuuka bangi, bayinza okukuba ebiwandiiko ku nsalo ya Irish ku bumu nga bwe byateebwa ekibiina ekikola enzigereevu mu proteesitemu e kirungi ey'okutaano. Okunoonyereza okwo kulaga nti abantu abasinga obungi bakyawagira UK, naye endowooza z'abantu abato n'okusingira ddala bakyakyuka. Okunoonyereza okwo kuyinza okuba nti mu Ireland muyinza okuba obumu mu kiseera eky'omulembe.

Ebyava mu Bizibu

Okugonjoola ebyayita kye kimu ku bintu ebikyasinze okugonjoolebwa. Enkumi n'enkumi z'amaka gakyanoonya amazima n'obwenkanya okusobola okusobola okutta okwabaawo mu Bizibu. Endagaano yatandikawo enkola nga Historical Enquios Tuam era oluvannyuma [FLT]] Okugaana abakosebwa n'abadduukizi [ era n'abavubi abaawonawo baakulaakulana mangu naye ekiteeso kya gavumenti y'eyeeya okuleetawo etteeka eriko ekkomo erikwata ku bizibu ebiva mu nsonga (Bayibuli) ekiwaka, awamu ne gavumenti ey'e Iriri mu Ireland gye ziwakanya obwenkanya. Ennakubeentawazo eno egenda mu maaso okuganyula eby'eby'eby'eby'obufuzi.

fundikira

Endagaano ennungi eyakolebwa ku Lwokubiri yasobola okukomya akakuubagano mu byafaayo bya Bulaaya. Nga batandikawo gavumenti efuga obutonde bwonna, nga bazzaawo obuwagizi obw'eggwanga, era nga batandikawo ebitongole ebifuga emiwaatwa, baateekawo enteekateeka ennywevu mu by'obufuzi mu Northern Ireland. Endagaano esobozesezza eby'eby'obufuzi okuleetawo akalembedde, okutabagana n'okukendeera mu by'ettemu. Kyokka, tekiri k'ekiwandike kya gavumenti; okukolebwa kwayo kwetaagisa okweyongera okukyusiza okukyusiza mu nkola eyo. Okusoomooza kwa Bret, enkyukakyuka y'enkyukakyuka, n'obusika obutategekebwa kalaga nti enkola y'emirembe esigala nga mulimu. Okutabagana okw'abantu mu bitundu ebirala ebigenda mu maaso kweyoleka, kwe kuba kugobeegguka kwakwo n'okukkakka mu nkola ey'emirembe mu ku kukkirizibwa mu ku kusobozesa okuleetawo enkyungi ey'okutabagana mu nkola y'emirembe mu nsi yonna. Ekiragiro kya kakkiririkiti ekya waggulu tekiyinza okusobozesa okusobozesa okumanyisatyo okumanyibwa mu kusobozesa okusobozesa okuzzaawo