Essomero Eddungi: Empagi ya Demokulase mu Amerika Etasobola Kusattulukuka Naye nga N’Enkaayana Ze Zigumiikiriza

Electoral College y'emu ku ngeri eza njawulo ze zitera okukubagana nga ziringa emirundi mingi.[1] Mu kifo ky'okulonda pulezidenti era omumyuka wa pulezidenti mu kibiina kya United States okuyitira mu kulonda obululu okwa bulijjo, tteeka lyayisawo akawere akakwate akakaluubinja akalonda abalonde abakuba obululu mu b'entebe z'eggwanga ezisingayo obunene. Abasomesa n'abayizi bagezaako okutegeera engeri demokulase gye kikolamu mu ku kkaluuzi ekya Amerekal. Kino kikyusa ku buli mukulembeze w'eggwanga okuva ku ntandikwa y'eggwanga, era nga kiyongera amalobookolobero g'ebitundu ebitono n'ebya bya bya bya bya byalo, ng'emirundi egimu kivaamu okubuuka akalulu okuva ku ku ku kkompewo. Abasomesa n'abayizi bayizi bagezaako okutegeera engeri demokulasenti y'ensi eno, bategeera bulungi amakulu g'e Elctorctory College.

Enkola eno terina kaweefube ow'enkola eyagobererwa mu kyasa ekya 18, naye era erina kinene ky'ekola ku nkola y'okukuba obululu, okulonda, n'obutunzi bw'ebyobufuzi. Mu myaka egyakayita, ereetebwawo nnyo okusinga bwe kyali okuva mu kiseera eky'okuddaabiriza. Ekitundu kino kikebera ensibuko ya Electoral College, enzijjuvu, enzivuunyisi, n'ebiruubirirwa ebiyinza okuzza obuggya oba okugizza mu kifo kyayo.

Essomero ly’Electoral Kye Ki?

Electoral College si kifo ekya bulijjo, wabula ngeri eyogerwako mu Katundu II ak'amateeka ga Amereka era oluvannyuma ne kikyusibwako oluvannyuma n'EnziGamateeka ey'ekkumi n'omusanvu. Kano kalimu abalonda 538 buli myaka ena, okusobola okulonda pulezidenti era omumyuka wa pulezidenti. Okusobola okuwangula essente ezyookebwa nga 270, omunyabinja ateekwa okulonda abasinga obungi ku bavvugibwa.

Buli ggwanga lifuna abalonde baalyo abenkanankana ne bannaalyo ababiri awamu n'abo abali mu Nnyumba y'abalaguzi. Olw'okuba obutuuti bw'ennyumba bugabanyizibwamu abantu oluvannyuma lwa deccalars obuwanvu, gavumenti ennene zifuna obululu obusinga ku butono. Disitulikiti ya Columbia, wadde nga si ggwanga, eweebwa abalonde basatu mu nteekateeka eya 23. ssaawa buli ggwanga esobola okulonda abalonde waakiri omuwendo gw'abantu, ne bwe guba nga gulina obunene bwa muwendo bwa ggwanga, era nga ebibala ebitono bwe bigeraageranyizibwa n'ebibala ebikolebwa mu ggwanga.

Engeri Essomero lya Electoral gye Likolamu

Abakakessi Babaako Bye Bakola

Engeri ekiba kiweereddwa gye kikolebwamu etegeerekeka bulungi naye nga tekimanyiddwa bulungi:

  • Ekiragiro kino kisobozesa omulimu ogw'okulonda mu mpandika eya bulijjo ey'ekika kya [[FULT:1] Buli ggwanga okufuna abalonde babiri abakiikirira enkola yaalyo ey'okubiri mu Amerika.
  • [[AKMENTI:0] Obukiikirira Ennyumba: Abalonda abalala benkana omuwendo gw'ababaka ab'omu Amereka okuva mu ssaza eryo. Ng'ekyokulabirako, California, erimu abakungu 53, bwe kityo 55 abakuba akalulu (53 + 2).
  • [[Act:0] Olukalala olwa Columbia: MPP [23] MPPUMENTI eya 23stylement ewa abalonde basatu ab'eggwanga, ekitegeeza nti obunene obwandibadde busobola okubeera mu ggwanga singa lyandibadde ggwanga.

Abakola ebinnombo ku lunaku olw'okulonda, bakuba akalulu ku lunaku olw'okulonda, era ne bakuba akalulu ku lunaku olw'okulonda, ne bakuba akalulu ku lukalala lw'abo be babadde baagala.

Engeri Omulimu gye Gukolebwamu

Ku Lwokubiri olusooka mu Noovemba, okulonda kukolebwa ku lubalaza nga bwe kwalagirwa gavumenti. Eggwanga lisinga obungi zigoberera etteeka eryali liba liwangudde: oyo awangula obululu bwonna obutongole bwa gavumenti afuna bonna abalonde ba gavumenti. Maine ne Nebraska bagoberera enkola ya disiturikiti: abalonde ababiri bagoberera ewangule mu ggwanga, ate omuvwoota aweebwa oyo awangula mu buli lukiiko.

Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda mu Noovemba, abalonde bakuŋŋaana mu Bbalaza mu bitundu byabwe ebikulu mu Bbalaza oluvannyuma lwa Lwokusatu mu Ddesemba okusuula ssente zaabwe − eza prezidenti ate ez'omumyuka wa prezidenti. Kalulu ono aweerera Washington, D.C., era n'abalirwa mu kibiina kya Conseilssion nga Jjanwali 6. Omuntu alondebwa mu kalulu asukka mu 270 alangibwa nga prezidenti addako.

Abayiga Ebikwata ku Katonda Abatali Bakkiriza

Wadde abalonda basuubirwa okulonda omunyabintu gwe balayidde, emirundi mingi abalonda awatali kukkiriza bakuba obululu ku muntu omulala. Okuva ku kutandikawo obululu, obutafaananako 200 obululu obulaga nti tebwalina kukkiriza bwe bwateekebwawo, era tewali n'omu akyuse ekivudde mu kulonda. Mu 2020, Kkooti esinga obukulu yafuga mu Chifalo v. Washington eyinza okuteekawo amateeka agawaliriza abalonde okugoberera ebibalagibwa, era ne kikendeeza ku ku busobozi bw'abalonde abataalina kukkiriza.

Ensonga Lwaki Abaatandikawo Essomero Eriyitibwa Electoral College

Olukiiko olukulu olw'amateeka mu 1787 lwawaanyanga engeri nnyingi ez'okulondamu pulezidenti: okulonda obulagirwa abantu, okulonda okwava eri akakiiko akafuzi. Buli kye baasalawo kyalina okugwa olubege. Abaatandikawo baatya nti demokulase yandiwadde gavumenti ey'amaanyi obuyinza obuyinza obuyinza okuteeka mu nfuga z'ebifo ebinene. Era baali baagala okukuuma obuyinza bw'amawanga amatono era n'okuziyiza obulyinja n'obuyinza okuva mu mawanga amalala.

Electoral College yaggula nga yesigamye ku nkola y'emu. Ewalaga omulimu ogw'okulonda pulezidenti nga tebalonzeeko bantu bonna. Abalonda baalina okubeera ab’amagezi, nga be bokka abeetaaza okusala omusango ku lw'eggwanga. Kyokka, ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, abakungu bannabyabufuzi baakyusa abalonde ne bafuuka ababaka abeesigwa mu kifo ky'okulonda abava mu ggwanga.

Ebisooboobo ebibiri bye byakyusa enkola eyo: ebipimo bisatu ebiwerera ddala abantu abaatwalibwa okuba abaddu, ebyabalirirwanga okuba nga bisatu mu bigendererwa by'omuntu okugabulako (mu ngeri enneesobozesa okulonda n'okulonda ab'obuyinza abaddu) era n'okuteekawo abalonde babiri mu ggwanga ka kibeere bantu ki abangi kiwandikiro, ekyakuuma ebigendererwa by'amawanga agat'abangi ennyo. Okwesamba et'eby'edda okugoberezebwa kuno ku kyeyongera okuleetera Electoral College'okufuga omulimu gwa Elleges leero.

Pros ne Cons ab’Electoral College

Electoral College erina abantu abalina omutima oguwagira ebikolwa by’abantu era abawakanya ennyo ebintu.

Emiganyulo

Abawagizi bawa ensonga eziwerako eziwagira Electoral College:

  • Kino kiyamba okugonjoola ensonga entonotono:[ nga buli ssemateeka limu limu n'ebitundu bisatu ebivvuunulibwa, sisitemu ekakasa nti abo abagenda okulonda tebasobola kubuusa maaso gavumenti ezisinga obungi. Omubatize ayinza okubuusa amaaso Vermont oba Wyoming mu nkola y'okulonda ey'eggwanga naye ateekwa okuzitunuulira mu bavvuzi bannaazo abasatu.
  • [[Akawulu:0] Kusobozesa okuzimbibwamu omuyambo ogw'amaanyi: kubanga omuteesiteesi yeetaaga obululu obusika obusukka mu 270 obuva mu bitundu eby'enjawulo. Kaweefube ow'okulonda mu bitundu eby'enjawulo n'okugatta abantu abangi. Kino kiyinza okuleetawo obumu mu kifo ky'okuteeka essira ku bifo eby'obungi bw'abantu.
  • Kino kiraga ekiva mu kuwangula obutundutundu: Kino kireetera emirundi mingi enkola zonna okuvaamu abasinga obungi mu Electoral College ne bwe kiba nti abakululu baawuddwamu butono. Kino kiyamba okwewala gavumenti ezikola awamu oba okulonda okuva ku siteegi.
  • Preserveism:[ College eyongera ku mirimu gy'amasaza mu kulonda, nga ku bikwata ku ntegeka ya gavumenti ya Amerika efuze.

Ebivaamu

Abawakanyi bagamba nti obunafu obw’amaanyi:

  • Kyeyoleka ku kulonda okw'amaanyi: mu kulonda okutaano kwa pulezidenti (1824, 1888, 188, 2000, 2016), eyawangula Electoral College yeegwa mu kalulu mu ggwanga lyonna. Kino kisuula omusingi gwa "w'omuntu omu, okulonda okumu" era kiyinza okunafuya okukkiriza kwa bantu mu nkola y'okulonda.
  • Endowooza ey'okubukiika kkono eyoleka empandika ez'enjawulo: Esinga obunene obwa bulijjo butandika n'ebitundu eby'omwoyo ogw'okuvuganya." ebiwerako bitera okuyitibwa "battles""", so ng'obut'obungi obwa bulijjo tebijja kutwalibwa ng'ebyo ebirabika obulungi. Mu bitundu eby'enkalakkalira, abantu tebafaayo nnyo ku bye batwala mu kaweefube, era n'ebisuubizo ebiba bitono ebireetebwawo.
  • [[Akabonero:0] Kaleetera abatuuze okulonda: Abatuuze mu nsi ezitaakulanye buyinza okulowooza nti bye balonda tebiriiko nsonga, era kino kiviirako omuwendo gwa pulezidenti okukikwata okukendeera, naddala mu kulonda.
  • Ek'okukyusaamu mu ngeri ey'okusengeka ekiba kitegekebwa ku nkola y'ekitongole eky'ekika kya 'PRODUUT': Ettt' bitegeeza obungi omuwendo gw'abantu. Ng'ekyokulabirako, empewo ezisinga obunene zibeeramu obululu obugatta ku buli bantu 195,000, ate Texas ne zibeera na kamu ku buli 7300,000. Okusiimula ekibalo kiyinza okusobozesa ebiwandise bya mu bya mu byalo ate n'obutunzi okuba n'obutono okusinga omuwendo gw'abantu abalonde ab'eggwanga.

Ebyafaayo n’Ebyafaayo Ebiyinza Okutegeerwa

Kuno kw'akakwate akabaddewo wakati wa Thomas Jefferson ne Aaron Burr aka 1800 kaayoleka ensobi mu nteekateeka eyasooka, ne kiviirako olukusa olw'omulundi 12 okuyisa ebiteeso. Ekyo kyali kyetaagisa abalonde okukuba obululu bwa pulezidenti n'obwa pulezidenti okusobola okulonda obululu obwabwesudde mu kifo kya sistemu ey'okubiri ey'oku ntikkulu.

Mu kulonda okwasinga okulabibwa Electoral College mwe mwali okugwa ku kalulu:

  • 1824 [John Quincy Adams vs. Andrew Jackson]: Wadde nga Andrew Jackson yawangula obululu obusingako, okulonda kwasalibwa mu Nnyumba y'ababaka abakiikirira ababaka, ne kusalawo mu Nnyumba ya Adams.
  • 1876 (Ritherford B. Hayes vs. Samuel J. Tilden):[ Tilden yawangula obululu obugattiddwa, naye yawakana n'afuna enkyuka okuva mu magye ga mirundi esatu ag'ebukiikaddyo era n'afuna omulimu ogwawa denderusidenti ey'okutongoza erinnya lya Hayes.
  • Cleveland yawangula obululu obukkirizibwa mu bitundu 90,000 ebinoonyezebwamu, naye Harrison yafunirayo abasinga obungi mu Electoral College.
  • 2000 (George W. bush vs. Al Gore): Okulonda kwatuuka ku mabbali g'ennyiriri mu Florida; okusalawo kwa kkooti enkulu kwakoma, era obululu bwa Florida obwa 25 obwa kalulu nga 537 obwa Florida ne bufiirwa obujulizi obwa bulijjo.
  • 2016 (Okwawulibwa Trump vs.Clinton): Clinton yafuna obululu obusukka mu bukadde 3 mu ggwanga lyonna okukira Trump, naye Trump yatwala ebitongole nga Wisconsin, Michigan, ne Pennsylvania nga bikozesa emibando emitono, ne kikwata akawayiro akalonda 306 ku kiwandikiro 232.

Okukuba akalulu okulala okwalimu okukuba obululu mu Illinois ne Texas, era n’okwa 2004, abavvuunula abaali bakuba obululu ne bakuba amakanda mu Electoral College, waaliwo n’ebirala ebyaliwo mu kitundu ekyo.

Emboozi Ezibaddewo Kati n’Ebiseera eby’Omu Maaso eby’Omu Maaso

Endagaano y’Abatuuze ab’Omu Bukiikaddyo bw’Ensi Yonna

Okufuba okw'amaanyi ennyo okuleetawo enkyukakyuka kwe kukwataganya ebitongole bya National Popular Vote Interstate Conciation (NPVIC). Wansi w'endagaano eno, amagatte gasuubiza okuwa obululu bwonna obugobererwa munnabyabufuzi awangula obululu obw'eggwanga, ka kibe ani anaawangula mu ggwanga eryo. Ekiragiro kino kikolera wamu ne gavumenti ezimala okwegatta ku b'obululu 270 obunoonyeza pulezidenti.[1] Nga ku ntandikwa y'omwaka 2025, ebipimo 205 ebirengobereberye nga biwandikiddwa nga biwagidde okulonda obwa California, New York, Illinobo. Ebizibu by'omu mateeka n'ebibuuzo ebireeteebya gavumenti zisigala nga tebinnagibwa.

Ebiragiro by’Okukyusa Endagaano

Okukyusa amateeka okuggyawo oba okukyusa enkola y'ekitongole ekyetaagisa okuzza obubenje mu Electoral College kizibu nnyo olw'enkyukakyuka ezikolebwa ku nkola za Electoral Congress ne quattons. Amakampuliro aga mirundi ebiri mu bitundu bisatu gakkirizibwa okukkirizibwa. Ebitali bimu byatandikibwawo mu myaka egyakayita naye tewaaliwo kaweefube are. Ebiteesitemu ebimu ebireetebwawo okuggyawo enkola ya prezidenter-ant ne enkola ya disiturikiti ekozesebwa mu Maine ne Nebraska, ate ebirala bitegeeza nti ekiteesoosoozesebwa kya ggwanga kyonna ekirina ku kigyako aw'okutuuka ku 50%.

Enkyukakyuka mu bunene bw'eggwanga

Wadde nga tewali mufuzi wa gavumenti, eggwanga liyinza okukyusa engeri gye litegekamu ebitongole ebigaba vidiyo. Maine ne Nebraska ze zaatandika okukozesa enkola ya disitulikiti. Eggwanga ezimu zirowoozese okulonda okwa bulijjo okwandikkusiddwa mu ngeri entuufu. Kyokka, enkyukakyuka ng'ezo ziyinza okuba ez'akabi mu by'obufuzi kubanga ziyinza okukendeeza ku kkopi y'awalala singa amawanga amalala tegagoberera enkola y'ekitongole ekyo.

Eby’obufuzi

Enkaayana ezikwata ku Electoral College zenkanankana. Mu myaka egyakayita, aba Democrates batera okuvumirira enkola eno kubanga ku balonde bataano abaafiirwa enkola eyo baali ba Democratic Democratic (Gore ne Clinton). Kyokka, 2020 abalonde, Joe Biden mwe yawangula obululu bwombi (obwa obukadde 7) era ne Electoral College, nga zisirikkakkamu okumala akaseera katono. Bannaakiraga nti abantu bangi mu Amerika bawagira ekitongole ekikola ku nnonyinyooleekera mu kifo kya Electoral Collegement, naye nga bawagira okunoonyereza okw'onna okusobola okuganyula ekibiina.

fundikira

Electoral College ekyalimu ekifo ekikulu mu kulonda pulezidenti w'Amerika. Ensibuko yaayo mu 1787 mu ngeri kaweefube gye akolebwamu, okulonda, n'amaanyi gye gagabanyizibwa mu bitundu ebitali bimu. Abasomesa bayamba abayizi okutegeera Electoral College tekikoma ku kukwata ku namba 270 oba ku lukalala lwa bannaago mu ngeri abakungu gye balondamu.

Eggwanga bwe ligenda libuuka mu bitundu eby'enjawulo era nga n'eby'obutiitiika bwe bibukyusa, okupikirizibwa okusobola okukyusa embeera z'ebyobufuzi mu Electoral College kujja kweyongera. Ka kibe nga mu NPVIC, nkyukakyuka za ssemateeka, oba mu nkyukakyuka ez'omulembe ogwa waggulu, tewamanyibwa ku biseera bya mu maaso eby'ekibiina kino. Kyetegese kiri nti Electoral College ejja kweyongera okukola nga bw'eti bw'eti bw'ebeera nga y'ebeera era n'obuwangwa obuwangwa obugenda bweyongera obwa zzanduko obujja mu biseera eby'omulembe ogujja.

[[NTL:0] Okusobola okwongera okusoma, kebera ebiwandike ebya National Archives mu kiwandike Electoral College, FairVote by'akeseeramu ebiwandiiko ebigikwatako, ne mmaapu 270towin ezinnyonnyola ebizingirwamu. ebikozesebwa bino biyamba abasomesa n'abayizi okumanya ebizingirwamu ebiri mu Electoral College mu bugazi.