Endowooza ey'okwawula ab'obuyinza y'emu ku mpagi ez'amaanyi ezikyasinzeeyo okubeera ez'amaanyi mu gavumenti y'Amerika ezaateekebwawo Fathers okusobola okukuuma eddembe. Enkola eno egawulamu ab'obuyinza bwa gavumenti ne ziba matabi asatu ag'enjawulo, nga kikakasa nti tewali kintu kyonna kiyinza kukola kisinga ku kirala. Abasomesa n'abayizi mu ngeri y'emu, okutegeera okwolesebwa kuno kwetaagisa okusobola okutegeera essomero za demokrase era n'okukwata ku mateeka.

Ensibuko ya Filosooni: Abawa Obujulirwa n’Abatuuze Abaafu

Okwawula ab'obuyinza tekwavaamu kalungi konna. Abafirosoofo Abatumbula Obunyinza bw'eby'obufuzi, naddala Abafulansa ba Baron de Montesquieu, abaakola omulimu gwabwe Omwoyo gw'Amateeka [ baagamba nti eddembe liba likuumibwa bulungi singa amaanyi ga gavumenti gagabanyizibwamu mu matabi ag'enjawulo. Abasikama, baasoma nnyo mu biwandiiko bino, baatya nti obuyinza obwava mu buyinza obwaviirako okufuga Bungereza. Ebyo ebyakolebwa nga Kabaka George III, omukungu, omukungu, oba ebitongole by'amateeka gye bitera okugattirwa, byayongeramu obwetaavu bw'amatabi amalala.

“ Omwoyo gw’Etteeka ” gwa Montesquieu

Montesquieu yazuula ebika bisatu eby'obufuzi: ebitongole, ebifuga, n'ebitongole. Yakalambira nti singa bibiri oba okusingawo ku magyewa gagattiddwa mu muntu omu oba omubiri, eddembe liba libuze. Endowooza ze zeeyoleka nnyo mu baatandikawo Amereka, abamu baamuwaanyisa emirundi mingi mu Federalist Papers. James Madison, naddala, yasikirizibwa nnyo ku Montesquieu nga ateekawo amateeka agafuga, nga agamba nti “okuteekebwawo kw'obuyinza bwonna, ekitongole kya commu, ekya gractication, ne judiary, mu mikono gimu... kiyinza okunnyonnyonnyonnyonnyolebwa obufuga.[FLT][1]

Obuzibu bw’Ebitundu Ebikwata ku Kukkiriza

Nga tewannabaawo ssemateeka, ebiwaatiro by'amateeka ebyatandika mu gavumenti ey'omuseetwe ne bitaba na bakulu ba buyinza ba njawulo. Okunoonyereza kuno kwaleetawo akabi: Consert teye'ayinza kukwasisa mateeka, okutegeka obulungi eby'obusuubuzi, oba okuteekawo emisolo mu kifo ekituufu. Shays Revenegion’s Revelution mu 1786-1787, byayoleka akajagalaguzo akava mu kuba nti tewaaliwo gavumenti za maanyi era nga teziri nfugeko. Omulembe ogwatandikawo gwa bayimbi gwayiga nti eddembe terigwataagulibwa ku buyinza bwo bwo bwokka naye era n'ekizimbe ekikkiriza buli ttabi okukkirizibwa okukolera ku bugattika obubwe yekka. Olukiiko lw'embalo olusooka olw'embalo olusooka olw'e 1787 lwakolebwako.

Amatabi Gasatu: Gaawukana mu Bwesimbu

Amateeka g’Amerika, gaawebwa mu 1788, ne gassaawo amatabi ga gavumenti asatu ag'enjawulo, buli emu yaweebwa obuvunaanyizibwa obw'enjawulo era n'engeri y’okuziyizaamu okuyingira mu nzikiriza endala.

Olukiiko olukulu olw'ebiragiro [Olwa bulijjo] luvunaanyizibwa mu kukola amateeka. Lubaamu ebibamba: Nyumba y'ababaka, abalina ennyimirira ezilondebwa abantu butereevu buli luvannyuma lw'emyaka ebiri, ne Ssemateeka, ebyasooka okulondebwa amatabi. Enteekateeka ya Badameral ekiikirira okwawulwawo ne bunene obunene bw'ennyumba yagobererwamu en'ewandikiro n'eziyiza ekiragiro eky'okumenya amateeka. Ktabi lya Kkomyantikko liziyiza obuyinza bw'empandika y'ekiwandikiro, lilangirira olutalo, era ne kkampunti ya pulezidenti.

Obwannakyemalira [Akakiiko k'omukitundu] (Atuuti II]) kateeka amateeka mu nkola era ne kaweefube. Abasawo baakuba empula ku nsonga obanga kampasi alina kubeera muntu omu oba kakiiko, mu nkomerero basalawo ku mukulu w'ekitongole okusobola okukaka n'okuvunaanyizibwa. Pulezidenti akola nga akakiiko akayita akakulu mu buyinza bw'omujaajaajaajaajaajaanyi, era nga y'akwata ebiragiro ebyava mu mawanga. Kyokka, okulonda n'okuteekawo endagaano kyetaagisa bannakyewanya, okukebera omulimu gw'obukulembeze mu kibiina.

[[NKULA] Ettabi erisalirako abalamuzi omusango [Actle III] [Article III] linnyonnyola amateeka era liba ne kooti za gavumenti entono. Applications baateekawo olukiiko olwakyewa era olw'okuwangaala (olw'empisa ennungi) okukuuma abalamuzi obutapikirizibwa. Oluvannyuma Omulamuzi omukulu John Marshall yasigira ddala amaanyi ag'okunoonyereza mu Marbury v.Madison [183]), ng'aleka kkooti okumenya amateeka agamenya amateeka agafuga amateeka. Ettabikko lino likola ng'enkola ng'omukko w'omukulu w'amakulu w'amateeka.

Endowooza Ennuŋŋamu Ekwata ku Kulabirira Omu omu bw’Afuga Omukwano

Okwawulawo obufuzi ku bwabwo kwokka tekwamala; abakola olukalala baayongeramu enkola eya bulijjo esobozesa buli ttabi okuziyiza obukumpanyi obulala bwonna. nga Madison bwe yannyonnyola mu Federalist No. 51, “Ebiruubirirwa biteekwa okukolebwa okuziyiza ettuttumu.” Akakwakkulizo kano kakakasa nti wadde ng'obuyinza bwawuddwawo, era kagattibwa mu ngeri eziziyiza okufugibwa.

Ebyokulabirako Ebikulu eby’Empisa n’Endowooza Ennuŋŋamu

  • [[NKULA]] Olukalala lw'ebiragiro Kiyinza okuleetera Presidentiyo okukomyawo mu mpandika eya Consert mu kifo kya shopulezidenti w'ekiro nga erimu n'ebitundu bibiri mu bisenge byombi. Era kiyinza okutegeeza era ne kuggyawo omukulembeze wa gavumenti akireese okusobola okuzuula ebisale ebya “bamenyi b'amateeka n'ebibi byagwo,” era kifuga engeri y'okuwaayo ssente okuyitira mu nkola y'okukubawumba obukulembedde.
  • [[NKULA] Ebbanga Limu Lisinga Okukolebwa: Prezidenti asobola okuyisa etteeka lyonna eriyisibwa Congress, wadde nga voto terikkirizibwa kuvunda. Mukulembeze era alina obuyinza okutandikawo akakiiko mu biseera eby'enjawulo era ayinza okulagira abafuzi okuba n'obuyinza ku mateeka mu mitendera egitasukka mu mitendera egimu.
  • [[NKULA] judicial Checks ku byombi: Kkooti enkulu eyinza okufulumya amateeka oba ebikolwa bya bakungu nga tezissaawo bukulembeze okuyitira mu kunoonyereza ku nsonga. Kyokka, abalamuzi batongozebwa Prezidenti era ne bakakasibwa Sekamenti, ne kisobozesa amatabi amalala okubeera n'omulembeko okusinga ogwa judiary.
  • [[AK:0] 'Legislative Chess ku Lukiiko Olukulu olw'Emitengo': Consert esobola okusazaamu abalamuzi ab'ensi eyo, okukyusa omuwendo gwa kkooti enkulu era n'okuleeta amateeka agafuga entegeka okugobererwa mu kusalawo.

Ng’ekyokulabirako, enkiiko y’Olukiiko Olukulu olw’Abayudaaya ewa obulagirizi era n'ekkiriza okusala emisango mu kibiina kyayo, ereetera obukuubagano bw'enkaayana okubeera obw'enjawulo, era ekyo kiraga engeri ebintu gye bikyakola nga bukyali mu kufuga.

Enjigiriza za Taata n’Empaka z’Okukubaganya Ama ebirowoozo

Bapaapa abaateekebwawo baateebereza gavumenti eyandikuumye eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu nga baziyiza okukolebwa kw'enfuga. Ekigendererwa kyabwe tekyali kukola bukulembeze bwa nkola naye era n'okuteekawo enkola eyandiyingiddemu ebiseera ebiyinza okukyuka nga bwe kikuuma emitindo emikulu. Enkaayana mu Convention of Constitution ziraga obutakkaanya ku ntegeka empanvu y'obufuzi, naddala wakati w'abafuniya n'abaziyiza enkola ya Antifederalist.

E mpapula z’Abafumbo n’Eragiro ly’Okwawukana

Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, ne John Jay baawandiikira New York Papers okusendasenda banyagibwa mu mateeka. Na. 47, ekyawandiikibwa Madison, kiyamba okulwanirira okwawulawo obufuzi mu kifo eky'okwetongola. Federal Hamilton, James Madison, ne John Jay okulabula ku “matabi ga nnaakalya enkola ya gavumenti okutwala amaanyi gaamu. era kinnyonnyola lwaki okwawukana ku lupapula tekumala. Omuwandikiro No. 51 kyongerawo ku nsonga ezisinziirwako okunoonyereza ku by'obwannaawufu, nga bagamba nti“ enkola ey'enjawulo n'obuyinza bw'eby'obufuzi bw'eggwanga ereetebwa bulijjo ereetebwawo n'eddembe.[FLD:][FD][1]

Ebbanja eritwala obutuuti obufuga engeri gye kisengekebwamu

Abakugu ku nsonga nga Brutus (ayinza okuba nga Robert Yates) baagamba nti Ekiragiro kino tekikola kumala kuleetawo matwale g'amawanga era nti gavumenti empya yandibadde ya maanyi nnyo naddala obukulu bwa gavumenti n'obulamuzi. Baatyanga gavumenti ey'amaanyi eyandizikirizza obufuzi obwandizikirizza. Obusosoze obw'eddembe lya gavumenti, naddala obwa Degreeth Amerekance ey'Ekkumi, bweyongera ku nsonga zino nga eteeka amateeka n'abantu. Obukaawuka obuli wakati w'obuyinza bwa gavumenti n'obufuzi bwa gavumenti busigala nga nsonga enkulu mu kugabaaneesambaanya kw'ensi n'obwa gavumenti.

Okwawukanya Obufuzi mu Kiseera Kyaffe

Omusingi ogw'okwawulawo ab'obuyinza gukyakola mu buyinza bw'Amerika mu kyasa ekya abiri mu sooka. Wadde ng'ekizimbe ekikulu tekinnagonjoka, wazzewo okusoomooza okuppya okugezesa ensalo z'amatabi. Okutegeera obuzibu buno kikulu nnyo okusobola okutegeera engeri okwolesebwa okwo gye kukwata ku kiseera kyaffe.

'Gue purecutive' n'Ekitongole ekifuga ekitundu ekitegekedwa kiwandikiro bye bitegeka puloguramu

Mu makumi g'emyaka egyakayita, bakulembeze abamu bawagidde “obukulembeze obwawulamu” enjigiriza, nga bagamba nti Prezidenti alina obuyinza bwonna ku ttabi era nti Conseum tasobola kukugira buyinza obwo okuyitira mu bakwasisa oba okukugira okuggibwawo. Enjigiriza eno ekozesebwa okulaga nti obulambe obufuga tekkirizibwa, era nti obutongole obwo busobola okunafuya omulembe ogwa Ssettukkulu mu biseera bya kakyo kano, era nti obuwagizi ng'obujjanjabi obwo busobola okulemesa omulembezi gwa kompyuta. Abakulembe wa gavumenti bukyusizza ensonga zino mu nsonga nga , enjereere olusooka mu kifo kya [P].[FLT], mu kifo ekya bulijjo, mu kifo kya projeevices , (195]], ekiwandiikibwa P.C.C.[20]])

Okwekenneenya Omusango n’Enkomerero Zagwo

Obusobozi bw'okulambulaamu obw'okusala emisango bweyongedde nnyo okuva Marbury v. Madison. Kkooti enkulu kati esala ku nsonga z'eby'obufuzi, okuva ku ddembe ery'okuggyamu ebiwandiiko. Empaka ku “bujaanyi obwa yunifistianti” era ne “obubonerezebwa obwa bulijjo” bwoleka obutakkaanya ku kifo ekituufu ekya judia. Ebisalizo ebisalibwawo mu nviiri nga Brown v. Ekitongole eky'enjigiriza by'enjigiriza by'empaka ez'eby'empaka ez'eby'obufuzi (1194]) era n'okusinziira ku nkola ey'ensonga ez'eby'eby'obufuzi, ebireetebwa [FLT:] bennyini. Hog.[FFFFFF:5] kye kikoze mu kifo eky'enna y'ensonga ez'ensonga ez'ensonga ez'amateeka, ebijuliri mu kifo eky'okunnyonnyola mu bu

Okusalawo mu Ngeri ey’Ebikolwa eby’Obukulembeze

Ekimu ku biva mu kwawukanya obufuzi kwe kusobozesa amatabi ag'enjawulo okubuusibwabuuka singa abafuzi bagootaanya. Kino kireetawo ebibuuzo nga bannasayansi batandise okukuba oludda olumu mu nsalo. Abayiiya bassawo eky'okulwanyisa okulemesa abafuzi okussaawo amateeka n'enkola ez'okufuga okuleka enteekateeka ez'okubaako kye bakola, era nga kino kireetawo okubuusabuusa obanga abakola enkola eno esobola okukola obulungi mu mbeera ey'obusobozi. Abeekenneenya abamu bagamba nti enkola eno ebadde mu bugenderevu okuziyiza enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi mu nkola ey'okutereeza ebikolebwa mu bwangu.

Gavumenti n’Okwawula Amaanyi

Eggwanga lyawulamu gavumenti si y'ensi eyo yokka; buli ssemateeka w'ensi eno era agabanya obuyinza mu bannakyewa, bannaawulamu, era n'amatabi. Kyokka, ewawula kwa njawulo mu ngeri gye batwala okwawukana. Eggwanga ezimu, nga Nebraska, zirina kayisaali emu ey'omukono. Abalala bannabyabufuzi baawula buli kimu ku bintu mu mitwe gy'amasaza agateetaagibwawo — obuyinza Prezidenti w'eggwanga bw'alina. Era amawanga mangi galonda abalamuzi, ekireetawo amaanyi ag'enjawulo okuva ku nkola y'abalamuzi ab'ensi emu. Ekiragiro kyago kungulu era kisobozesa bannaawulawo okusengeka ebintu ebirala ebibangi ennyo okubutegeera obulungi: amateeka ga U.

Okukolera ku Kyakulabirako ky’Abamerika mu Nsi Yonna

Enteekateeka y'Amerika ey'okwawula ab'obuyinza mu bitundu bingi eby'ensi. Amawanga nga Brazil, Mexico, Nigeria, ne South Africa gakoppye enkola ezikwata ku bannaawula mu Amereka. Kyokka, batono nnyo abakoze ebiwandiiko ebikakasa obuwagizi obwa bulijjo n'obukulembedde ebyafaayo. Okuteeka mu nkola enkola za demokulasestiki ez'enjawulo mu Amereka, okuteeka essira ku ddembe okuyitira mu nzikkiriza y'empandika y'ekitongole ekyo, era nga n'eggwanga erina okukituukiriza okusinziira ku mbeera y'ekitongole kya Amereka. Kkomyuukanyo ku nsonga ezisinga obungi eziziraga . Kkomyusaze bw'obanga ku njawulo wakati w'eby'eby'eby'obufuzi n'obuyinza obwa gavumenti.

Okuyigiriza Okuyambuka kw’Amaanyi: Okwenyigira mu Mulembe Oguddako

Abasomesa balina obuvunaanyizibwa bwa maanyi nnyo mu kutegeeza abayizi amakulu g'okwagala okuba n’obuyinza obw'enjawulo.

Obuyigirize Obulungi mu Kisenge ky’Ekso

  • [[AKMENT:0] Empaka ne `Mock'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
  • [[Akawayiro:0] Etterekero'erya bulijjo Ekibuuzo: Okozesa ebyo okuva ku mpapula eza Federal List, naddala ezo eza No. 47, 48, ne 51, era abaana bawaanyanga ebigambo bya Madison mu ndukusa eza leero. National Archives biwa nzivvuunuzi za kopi zino eziyinza okutegeerwa.
  • Ssomo ez'omu ttwale lya Constitution Crissure: Weekenneenye ebyaliwo mu byafaayo gamba nga obuswazi bw'omu Watergate, obuwagizi bwa Pulezidenti Bill Clinton, oba ekifo kya kkooti esinga obukulu mu kulonda pulezidenti eya 2000. Ebyokulabirako bino biraga engeri omulimu n'embeera y'embeera ey'eby'eby'omubiri gye guyinza okukolebwa mu biseera eby'obukattujju.
  • Gavumenti [[NKULU]: Kino kitegeeza okugeraageranya sisitemu ey'Amerika ne sistemu eya ppaalima (e., United Kingdom) okulaga nti obufuzi obw'enjawulo obw'ensi emu tebuliiko kkomo. Abayizi bayinza okwogera ku birungi n'ebibi ebiyinza okubaawo.
  • Okunoonyereza ku KY'Akabonero ka Kaakano: Kubiriza abayizi okunoonya ebitundu mu mawulire ebikwata ku biragiro bya bamanejala, ku kakiiko akalamuzi, oba ku mateeka n'okumanya amatabi kigatwako. Omuze guno gukwataganya ebyo ebizingirwa mu ndagiriro z'ebitundu n'obulamu obwa bulijjo.

Abasomesa bwe bateeka essira ku bintu ebikolebwa mu ngeri entegeke obulungi, kibayamba okukiraba nti kikulu nnyo okusoma n’okutegeera ebintu ebiri mu tterekero ly’ebitabo.

fundikira

Okufuna okwolesebwa kwa Bataata okw'okweyawulamu ab'obuyinza, kukyali kwa mugaso nnyo mu Amereka, nga bwe kyali mu 1787. Emirandira gyayo egy'obufirosoofo mu Lutangaala, obusobozi bwayo mu matabi g'essatu g'amateeka, era n'obuwagizi bwago, byatandikawo enkola esobozesa abaana okumanya engeri y'okwegatta awamu n'enkola y'enkola. Wadde ng'enkyukakyuka mu kiseera kino, okukaayanaanya kw'amateeka, okukuba obusokessi, okukkaanya kwe, omusingi gwago, gubeera bukuumibwa ku bannaakyewaabwe. Abayigiriza, bayigiriza abaana nti gavumenti empya tezikolamu gavumenti zaabwe mu ngeri ndala, era n'ensonga ez'okwawula obufuzi bwe bikakasa amagezi g'abatunzi bonna okuzizza amagezi n'okuteekateeka.

[[AGUMENTI:0][[AK'AMU][[AK'AMU]][AK'AMU] James Madison, Federal List No. 47 (1788). Empandiika ey'empandika ey'ebiwandiiko eby'Amateeka esangibwa mu [ era eri ku project of Lystem[[[FLT:]]

[[AGUMENTI][[AK'AWULA][[:1]][[AK'AWULA] James Madison, Federal Lidison No. 51 (1788][[OLW'OKUMALI]]. Gov ebikongojjebwa[[[[KATANDIKA:4]]

[[AGUMENTI][[:1]][[KITABO:2] Bw'ogeraageranya obunene bw'okozesa n'obuwayiro obukola ku fayiro, kebera [[[KITONGO]] Pulojekiti [[[FLT]][[FLT]]] okuva ku yunivasite y'e Texas ku Austin.