Ensibuko y’Obumu Obufuzi bw’Eggwanga Ery’Oludda Olunene

Enjigiriza egamba nti abantu ba gavumenti za Amerika baatandikira ku mateeka g'omu Bungereza gye batandisobodde kuvunaanibwa nga tasoose kukkirizibwa. Amatwale ga Amerika bwe gaatandikawo enkolagana, endowooza eno yatwalibwa mu maaso ng'obukuumi eri gavumenti empya ezaatondebwa. Abatandikawo amateeka baateebereza nti buli ggwanga lirina obufuzi bwalyo obwa bulijjo, nga kitegeeza nti tewali ggwanga liyinza okwerwanako mu kkooti z'omufuzi omulala nga tewali kiwandiiko. Okutegeera kuno tekwali kwalina bulombolombo bumala kukolebwa; era kwalina kye kwalina kukyusa kuzimba mbeera y'obufuzi bw'ekitongole ekikye.

Okusalawo kw'omu kkooti enkulu okwasooka, nga Chachilm v. Georgia [1793] (1793) Kkooti bwe yakkiriza omutuuze okwegattira mu lukiiko olw'eggwanga Georgia, kyaleetera omuze ogw'okumenyawo. Ennyanja ey'ekkumi n'ekkumi n'etaano yakkirizibwa mu 1795 okusiiga enkaluza okusalawo ku nsonga eyo, era nga kiraga bulungi nti obuyinza obwa gavumenti tebwatuuka ku ggwanga ly'omu ggwanga linnaagye oba amawanga amalala. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, Kkootikko, enkuumi ey'okusiikumi n'okukwata ku mu ggwanga lyennyini eryewanjula, era n'okusiikiriza abatuuze mu ngeri y'okufuga.

Omukutu ogw’Akataano ogw’Okuwummuza Omutima Gwa Yakuwa n’Okukwata Obulagirizi mu Kiseera Kyaffe

Ekitongole eky'ekkumi n'omusanvu kiwa obukakafu buno: “Etteeka erikwata ku kusala emisango mu Amerika teritwalibwa ng'eriraga nti lirina etteeka lyonna erikkirizibwa mu mateeka oba mu bwenkanya, era terikkirizibwa kutongozebwa oba okusalirwa omusango ogukwata ku mulembe gwa Amerika. Ekituuze oba Abatuuze oba Abatuuze mu ggwanga eritali lya ggwanga. Wadde ng'ebigambo ebyo birabika ng'enkola ya buli ggwanga, Kkooti enkulu ebaddeko omusingi gwa gavumenti ogukwata ku butebenkevu mu kkooti zonna ez'amateeka nga mw'ogasse n'ebyo ebireetebwa abatuuze ba gavumenti.

Mu ngeri esoomooza, okugattibwa kw'abantu kuba kufuga: kulemesa kkooti z'ensi okufuga essente ezifuga eb'amawanga agatakkiriza. N'ekivaamu, ne bwe kiba nti omukungu wa gavumenti akkirizibwa okuteekawo amateeka, kkooti eteekwa okuggyako essomero okuggyako nga obwetwaze bugo. Omusingi guno gulina amakulu amangi ennyo ku ddembe ly'abantu, empaka z'endagaano, n'okwewandiisa mu gavumenti.

Ebigaba Obuyambi eri Omufuzi w’Obufuzi

Wadde nga kiri kityo, okulwanyisa obusosoze si kye kisingawo ddala. Abatuuze bangi bakkirizibwa okuwerera ebbeetu oba okuyisa abakungu ba gavumenti mu kkooti y'ensi. Okutegeera obusosoze buno kikulu nnyo eri abo abaagala okukomyawo eb'obuyinza.

Waiver oba Kikkiriza

Ekyetaagisibwa kiyinza okukolebwa singa gavumenti esalawo kyeyagalire okuziyiza obuwambe. Ng'ekyokulabirako, gavumenti eyinza okukkiriza okukituukiriza okuyitira mu lulimi olw'ekika ky'omukono oba nga kikola endagaano, oba nga yeeyisa mu ngeri eraga nti ddala ebeere nga ddala ebeereeddewo obwannakyewa obwannannyini mu mateeka. Kkooti zeetaaga obujulizi obulaga nti gavumenti elina ekigendererwa eky'okutawanguyira okuziyiza ebizirinda; singa enzijirizi yonna emalirivu esobola okumalirizibwa okutaa ku bukuumibwa. Ng'ekyokulabirako, gavumenti nnyingi ziwagidde ebikolwa nti obutegoozi obuttulwa obutwaliriza ebizingirwamu naye nga biteeka mu ngeri y'ebyo ebizingirwamu, gamba ng'obukwakulizo, gamba nga biragiro. Mu ngeri y'emu, singa akakiiko akakiiko akakwakkulibwa akawa akabu akawa akabu akawa akaweentu akago kago kago kamaliddwa mu kibiina era ne kakkiriza okubaamu k'ago.

Singa gavumenti yeeyagaliza okuggya omusango mu kkooti ya gavumenti, emirundi mingi guyimiririzaawo enteekateeka yaayo ey'okuwummuzaamu eya Ekkumi n'ekkumi n'ebiri mu kimu okugufuga. Okugatta ku ekyo, gavumenti ekkiriza okuwozesa omusango oba okwenyigidde mu nsonga nga tewabaddewo bukuumi.

Okukuba Enkizo

Kkooti enkulu ekkiriza nti Consert esobola okugonjoolera ddala enkola y'obusobozi bw'obufuzi bw'eggwanga singa ewa gavumenti amateeka era n'eraga bulungi ekigendererwa kyayo eky'okugiwa obuyinza.

Kyokka, Congress teyinza kukugira bantu kukuumibwa katundu kaayo I nga tawadde bigambo bitegeerekeka bulungi. SAMINOLE FUUS of Florida (1996], kkooti yakkiriza nti gavumenti terina buyinza wansi wa Buyindi Commerce Claus ku bukuumi bw'eggwanga, era n'ekangaanyi obuddako bugaziyizza endowooza eyo ku Kakiiko I ak'obuyinza. Kino kireetawo ekimenya amateeka ag'omukitundu ekimu ekiwandiddwa nti, amateeka agakkiriza okutawagira gavumenti okugoba gavumenti.

Ebirabo Ekirungi eri Abakungu ba Gavumenti: Ekitabo Ekikola ku Kuyigiriza Okutokota

Obwegambo obulala obw'amaanyi bwebwo obuli Ex Young Enjigiriza esobozesa kasasiti ezikwata ku bakungu ba gavumenti okuba n'obuyinza obusobola okumalawo obuweerero mu mateeka agafuga. Mu bufunze, omukungu atwalibwa ng'omuzannyi wa gavumenti, naye gavumenti yennyini si muwaayi wa muwaayi; mu kifo ky'ekyo, empisa z'omukungu oyo ziggibwawo mu mpisa zaayo eziteesiteesi. Enjigiriza eno esobozesa abateesiteesi okuwakanya enkola za gavumenti ez'ekitongole n'amateeka awatali kugoberera bulagirizi bwa gavumenti.

Expandee Young Akawayiro kano kakireetera obusobozi okukoma ku buteeso obutenkanyizidwa mu kifo eky'okugaba obuwagizi obwa bulijjo. Omuntu bw'anoonya ebiva mu ggwanika bw'omuwanika, omusirikale ayinza okusasulwa mu busobozi bwe wansi wa 42 U.S.C. . . .Uowawulu gwa gavumenti kennyini teguziyiza ggwanga. Enjawulo y'emu eyinza okuba nga erina kye guva mu ggwanika. Enjawulo erina okuba nga gulina kye gukola eri gavumenti (alabika ng'ebisiba ebiko) oba eri omukungu omu ayinza okuba nga asobola okukkirizibwa okukizibwa okuyitira mu bukuumi obutuufu, naye nga tewali muntu eyetongoddewo akkirizibwa ku nsonga ya mu nsonga ya njawulo.

Ennyambala mu Mateeka ga Ga Ga Ga Ga Ga Ga Gavumenti

Singa omukungu wa gavumenti avunaana omukungu mu kumenya amateeka ga gavumenti oba empalana, okusobola okufuna eddagala, kisinziira ku ngeri gye liba limu. Okusasulira ssente. Omukungu ayinza okusasulwa mu busobozi bwe naye embeera yennyini teyinza kukwatibwa. Olw'obuweerero eriwo okumenya amateeka mu biseera eby'omu maaso, Extee Young Ayamba mu kukwata ekkubo. Kikulu okukitegeera nti tekiri nti Amereka ery'Ekkumi n'omusanvu tegassawanya ku munnaka wa gavumenti kubanga tezitwalibwa ng'ebyokulwanyisa ebigenda okugookebwa. Ekyo kitera okuleetera abakungugibwa mu gavumenti ez'omu kitundu kyonna okuyisa abakunguziganya eddembe eryo.

Enjigiriza ey’Okukkiriza

Enjigiriza ey'okukkiriza ekwatagana n'okugaana okulwanyisa obwetwaze: endagaano y'eggwanga eyinza okuweerwa enzikkiriza. kubanga okulwanyisa okw'obuwangwa obwo nkizo ya maanyi eyinza okuggibwawo, okutegeera engeri n'okusemba gye bikkirizibwamu.

Ekiwandiiko eky’Okukkiriza Ekipya mu Kigambo ky’Okwegayirira

Ekiragiro kino kyetaagisa abakigambe okuwandiika ebiwambe mu ddirisa erifunze. Ebigambo bingi biwagidde “okukakala nti ebikolebwa tebikwatibwa oba nti biwanyisiddwa oba nti biwandikiddwa. Ekiragiro kino kyetaagisa abawaabi ku mateeka okuwandiika ebiba bisaanyizo mu ddirisa erimpiriŋŋana. Kkooti enkulu kyetaagisa nti buli muntu aweebwe amanya ebigambo mu ddirisa erimpimpimpi (g.emyezi mukaaga) era ayinza okusazesa ekimalako. Okukkiriza okw'enkola eyo kukkirizibwa ku mateeka kusobola okulabika mu n'awumba, gavumenti w'ekkiriza okukkirizibwa mu kkooti ey'empandika oba okutwalibwa mu kkooti emanyiddwa obulungi. Kkooti eyo eteekwa okubaamu “emboozi ey'olukiiko olwo lwonna. jjosenzire mu ndagaano eziba nga zigobereddwa“ enkomera mu kkooti” Enteemenyefuteesaamu; olumu olumu olumu olukiiko olukulu olw'okufuga olukulu. Kko olukulu lw'eyisamu olw'eru

Bitegekeddwa

Bwe bamala okubuuza ab'obuyinza kyewawa ekiragiro ekitegeeza nti bakkirizza okukyogerako. Ekyokulabirako ekisingirayo ddala kitera okukolebwa singa eggwanga liggya omusango mu kkooti y'eggwanga. Era bawagidde kyeyagalire okusitula gavumenti mu kkooti y'eggwanga, bwe kityo ne kiremesa embeera okugobererwa. Ekiragiro ekirala kiyinza okukolebwa singa gavumenti eteeka ebiwandiiko bya kkooti mu kkooti y'eggwanga ebigikwatako, ne kiggulawo oluggi okumenya amateeka okugattirawo ensonga zennyini. Era kkooti zisangamu nga gavumenti ekkiriza obukkirizi obuyinza bwe zibaako oluva mu nteekateeka y'ekitongole egiremu esobola okutaazesemba ebizingirwamu, kasita embeera y'emu era nga y'esobozesa embeera y'emu okukkiriza ssente ezitongole.

Kyokka, okuyimirira kwa gavumenti kutwalibwa ng'ennyimba oba okusindika enkola ey'okumalawo ensonga ezikuziyiza okukwatibwa tekikulemesa kukuuma buwangwa. Gavumenti erina okubaako ne kyakolawo okukakasa obanga eweereddwayo ku nsonga eyo mu kkooti.

Obutasobola Kuyamba Baganda Baffe mu by’Obukuumi

Omufuzi akuuma obusobozi bw'eby'okulwanyisa yeewalibwa era ne kiyinza okuwona singa kikkirizibwa mu kiseera ekituufu. Singa gavumenti yeenyigidde mu kusambajja awatali kwonoonebwa kwekuuma kwewalibwa nga toyagala kukwatibwa, era nga tewateekebwawo obukuumi obusobola okugonjoolebwa ku kkooti, singa olukiiko lw'amateeka luddamu okuwooya okw'okwerinda nga teluddewo nga terutaddeko n'obukuumi. Kyokka, olw'okuba olukiiko olumu lutwala ng'ekintu ekiyinza okugobeerwa mu kiseera kyonna, era nga ne mu kujulira. Nkusaba, abakuumi baleme okutawawawa bukuumibwa.

Ebiba Bikoleddwa Okukkiriza Obukyamu

Bannamateeka abakiikirira gavumenti nga zirumba gavumenti, ekintu ekisooka kye balina okukola kwe kusalawo obanga enteekateeka ey'okukwata ebizingirwamu egoberera enkola ya gavumenti. Singa eggwanga likkiriza nga likkiriza olukalala olw'amateeka oba endagaano, olukalala olwo luyinza okukolebwa mu mitwe egiragiddwa mu mateeka ga gavumenti. Singa bye beegamba biweebwa wansi w'amateeka, abakungu ba mateeka balyi b'empalistiki bandisinzidde okulaba obanga enteekateeka ey'okukugira enkusambabirira mu kika kya 5 eky'ekiteempeesiteesi oba nga Expace Young[FFLT:1] Ekko okireetera obuweerero obuba. Mu nsonga ezikwata ku ku kumenya amateeka, amateeka gayinza okusobozesa omuntu okukola ku nsonga eyagobererwa.

Okubuulirira okw'eby'obufuzi kufuga kujja kusobozesa okuggyawo ebifo awandibadde obwetwaze nga bukyali mu kusalawo. Omugugu gubeera ku mugoba okusobola okuleetawo ekyetaagibwa. Mu misango mingi egikwata ku ddembe ly'abantu, amannya ga bannabyabufuzi n'abakungu kinnoomu mu buli ggwanga era n'obusobozi bwabwe obw'okukuuma obuwanguzi bwonna. Ebbeeteeka ery'ab'obuyinza balekebwa wansi w'obuyinza obwa nnakyewa, ne kilekawo obuwandiikibwa obuwandibwa obuwandike obuva eri abo abawaabi ebisasuzibwako, nga kino bwe kiyinza okukkirizibwa okulondoosebwa.

Era kikulu nnyo okwawulawo wakati w'enjigiriza ey'okwefuga eya gavumenti n'enjigiriza nti gavumenti tezirina bukuumi mu kkooti. Eggwanga liyinza okuba n'amateeka agageefuga agagazi ennyo oba amafunda okusinga ago agafuga enkola eyagobererwa ab'eggwanga essaawaanye mu kufuga. Omusango bwe guleetebwa mu kkooti ya gavumenti ku muwawaatwa ku mateeka ga gavumenti, amateeka ga gavumenti okugakuuma tegafuga, so si ku Amereka ak'ekkumi n'etaano n'etaano. Enkola eno ey'okubiri etwetaagisa bannamateeka okumenya amateeka.

Enkulaakulana mu Biseera Byakayita

Kkooti enkulu yeeyongedde okutereeza ensalo z'obuteetwaze. Mu bigambo ebyakayita, kkooti eyo yayogera oba nga amateeka agamu aga gavumenti gakkirizibwa obutakwatibwa wansi wa KGramenti era oba ng'ebitongole bya gavumenti bituukiriza ebisaanyizo ng'enkumbo za gavumenti okusobola okutaasa ebizikwata ku bukuumi. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu Allen v. [20] [20]), kkooti ekkiriza nti Kkooti Kkooti y'ekitongole enzikkiriza nti Kkomyunizimu ey'ekitongole ekola nga tekikkirizibwa kuba na kya muteesokerowo kubanga gavumenti teyazikikkiriza kumenyebwa obwa obwa nnamba mu mateeka okumenyebwa obwagibwa obwamu.

Ekirala ekikulu kye kimu ku ebyo ebikolebwa okulaga nti teweetwalidde ggwanga lyonna oba ebitundu ebiramu.

fundikira

Enzivuunula ya gavumenti ey'okufuga eremesa gavumenti okuba n'obuyinza obusinga okuggulwawo. Ensibuko yaazo mu mateeka ga bulijjo mu Lungereza era ne ku ku Amereka okw'Akataano ku kuleesewo nkuumi ya maanyi nnyo empalana ezisinga obungi ezikoleddwa mu lukiiko lw'eggwanga okuggyako nga gavumenti ekkirizza oba ewagiddwa. Enjigiriza ey'okukkiriza oba ey'aw'okukkirizibwa, oba ey'ekiragiro, y'emu ku musingi oguggulawo oluggi lw'abakungu ba kkooti. Okutegeera okugatta wakati w'ekibiina, okusattuuzibwa kw'essente ez'okugooddi, kwe kulina okumanyibwa kwa bannannyini, ate nga kukkulu okw'ensonga ezikwata ku ku ku ddembe okusobozesa abakunguziganya okumanyisa obulungi amateeka.

Ekiragiro kino kikebera ebiwandike ebya ne kikebera ebiwandiikiddwa byonna ebiri mu nga kikebera ebiri mu Confterment [, era ne wejjukanya ekyo kkooti esinga obukulu kye yasalako mu [[FLT:]S]SMENTle v. Florida[FLT]