Enjigiriza ez’Ebyafaayo n’Obulongoosebwa Obw’Ekkumi n’Emwenda

Enjigiriza ey'okwefuga mu ggwanga lya Amerika eva ku mateeka ga Bungereza aga bulijjo, Engule gye itandisobodde kusalibwa nga tewakkirizibwa.Amerika yagatta omusingi guno ku ggwanga okuyitira mu kugattika kwa Entenet Amereka, okwakkirizibwa mu 1795. Empandika egamba: "Etteeka erikwata ku bufuzi bwa United States terikkirizibwa kugaziya ku mukolo gwa mateeka oba ogw'obutakkirizibwa, okukolebwa oba okuvunaanibwa omu ku United States ekiva ku Batuuze b'eggwanga eddala oba Abatuuze oba Abatuuze mu ggwanga eritali lya ggwanga erino." Ekiwandiiko ekyo kinnyonnyola ensonga esinga obukulu nti, terikkirizibwa ku ggwanga okumenya gavumenti yaalyo, okuggyako nga gavumenti ekkiriza oba ekkomera oba okuvunaanibwa omu ku ggwanga eriyo.

Omusango ogusookedwako guzingiramu Hans v. Louisiana (1890), ogugamba nti omuntu tasobola kutwala buwagizi mu kkooti ya gavumenti mu nteekateeka eya A173 Amerekance, ne Alden v. Maine (1999), ekiwandikiro ekyaweedeko obuteesitezi ku kkooti ekola ebyo ebiteesokebwa gavumenti. Kkooti yagamba nti enteekateeka ya tteeka ekkiriza obutereevuzi obwa bulijjo okutongoza gavumenti. Ekitongole ekyo kyasalawo nti enteekateeka ya 'FLT' ekkiriza obufunze ku butali bwa ggygygyumment'. kikola ekitongole ekigikolako eky'omukiikiikibwa [FLT]

Kyokka, okugattibwa kw'eddwaliro kuno si kwenkana wa. Era Congress eyinza okulemesa ab'obuyinza obutakwata bufuzi bwa gavumenti nga bagoberera abakwasisa amateeka agamu, nga Kitundu 5 ku nteekateeka ey'okukyusizaamu eya 14 Kkooti Esingira Ennyo tekikukugira kutwala bukulembeze ng'ogattiddwa, naddala mu nsonga ezizingiramu ebisale ebyabwe ku bwabwe. Okutegeera emitindo gino egy'amateeka kiyinza okusinziirwako okusobola okumanya ensonga ezizingirwamu mu bapoliisi.

Obumu bw’Empisa Ennene ey’Eby’obufuzi Leero

Omuntu akyetongoze akkiriza obusobozi obwo okufugibwa ku batongole ba gavumenti nga mw'otwalidde ebitongole bya poliisi, yunivasite za gavumenti, n'ebyuma ebirala. Ekibuuzo ekikulu mu kkooti yonna evunaanibwa poliisi kiri nti, awayiriziddwa aba "gyewaana lya gavumenti" erina okutawaanyizibwa. Ebimu ku ebyo bizingiramu engeri ekibiina ekyo gye kiwagirwamu ssente okukikuuma, era oba nga okusalawo kuyinza okuva mu ssente z'eggwanga.

Ebitongole bya poliisi ebisinga obungi bikolera wansi w'obuyinza bwa gavumenti, nga bibikola eby'okulwanyisa bya gavumenti mu kigendererwa eky'ebigendererwa Ekkumi n'ebiri mu mwaka. N'olwekyo, tebisobola kuwerebwa mu kkooti ya gavumenti nga gavumenti teyazikkiriza. Bwe kityo bwe kiri ne mu kkooti nnyingi ez'eggwanga, gye kitera okulagira obukuumi obufuga gavumenti okulaga enjigiriza eyo.

Kyokka, waliwo ebintu ebirala ebikulu ebiyinza okulemesa gavumenti okulwanyisa endwadde nga ekozesebwa mu kussaawo emikolo gy'ago, gamba nga okugattika ebikolerwako. Amawanga mangi gakoze ebiteeso ebikugira kasasiti ezikola ebintu mu bulagajja naye ne zikuuma obutoosooto. Okugatta ku ekyo, gavumenti ziyinza okukkiriza okukkirizibwa mu nnyiriri eziba zigobererwa, gamba nga zigoberera embalirira ssente eza gavumenti (g. g., okusobola okulaba programu z'obutebenkenkevu). Abagoba bagoberezza empandika bateekwa okwekenneenya amateeka agago ageegobereddwa buli ggwanga nga tebannakola ekiteesobo.

Ebirala Bigamba nti Ebikolwa n’Abawayiri

Ekitongole kya gavumenti kyawa ekyokulabirako ku ebyo ebikolebwa mu kukakanyantibwa kwa gavumenti. Mu kufuga kwa FTCA, gavumenti eremesa abawagizi obutakwatibwa empalana ezeesigamiziddwa ku bikolwa eby'obugayaavu oba ebikyamu nga bakola omulimu gwabwe. Mu ngeri y'emu, eggwanga lya California, New York, ne Texas liwa olukalala lw'amateeka agakkiriza okutakkirizibwa ku magye ga gavumenti, nga mw'otwalidde n'ago ga poliisi, okukola ebika ebimu.

Ng'ekyokulabirako, Kkoyiro y'omu California'ekirango kya gavumenti .2 eremesa abakosebwa ebisago ebireetebwa omukozi singa afuna omulimu oba singa asubwa omulimu. Kyokka, omuyizzi tatwala nti avudde ku buwangwa oba nti yeeyisa bubi mu bugenderevu mu bitundu bingi. Alipoota eya 2019 ereetebwawo American Association for Justice[[[[FLM:1]]

Obutuuze bw’Abapoliisi ab’Eggwanga: Amakubo g’Empisa n’Ebaalirizi

Ekiragiro kino kiwa abanyazi obuwagizi bwa poliisi obutonotono obuba buwambiddwa mu mateeka. ebibibiri ebiri: ebiwandiisi ebikkirizibwa wansi w'amateeka ga gavumenti, n'ebyekwakwasibwa eddembe ly'abantu nga wabaddewo 42 U.S.C. 1983. Buli kimu kiriko ekkomo ery'enjawulo okuva ku bufuzi obufuga abantu.

Ebiragiro by'Essaawa n'Ebigambo Ebya Kasaza

Wabula gavumenti nnyingi tezirimu mitawaana nga bannabyabufuzi, oba abamenyi b'amateeka okusiba oba okusibawo abo ababawambye. Kino kitegeeza nti ne bwe kiba nti omukungu wa poliisi akoze ekikyamu mu bugenderevu, ekitongole kiyinza obutabaako musango, ne kileka omukungu oyo okuba n'asaze (naye nga akuumibwa obukwasiddwa obusonga obutuufu oba enkola ez'okwerinda).

Bwe bavunaanibwa mu buwandikiro bwa gavumenti TCA, abanyagibwa bateekwa okugoberera ebiragiro ebikalu, ebiragiro ebigobera ebbeeyi (emirundi egisinga ebeera emyezi mukaaga okutuuka ku mwaka gumu), era n'emiwawaatwa egisaze. Florida's resagir[]] Ebbeesaawo obunene ku muntu yenna oba doola 1000,000 buli mwaka. Buli mwaka, obubenje buno buleetera enzigeetwaze okukendeeza ku buzibu obw'okwewala okulongoosebwa.

Ekitundu Ekya 1983 n’Amatoffaali g’Etteeka

Okuziyiza okulondoola obusobozi bw'okwerinda mu ggwanga, abapoliisi bangi bakyuka ne batuuka ku 42 U.S.C. 1983, ekikkiriza empalana ezikwata ku bakungu abamenya etteeka lya gavumenti. Kyokka, bagamba nti tebatwalibwa nga "person" wansi wa 2016 era nti tebayinza kugikolako. Omukutu gwa Price ogw'Akakumi mu kkumi n'ekitundu gukola bwe gutyo nga guwandikiddwa mu kkooti ya gavumenti, okuggyako nga gavumenti ekkiriza.

Naye ate, wansi w'enjigiriza ey'obukuumi obutuufu, abakungu bakuumibwa obutabaako musango okuggyako nga bamenye etteeka eryateekebwawo. Okwewoolera eggwanga kuno kuwangula 2016 ne bwe kiba nga kya kabi nnyo. Ate era, ne bwe kiba nti omusirikale avunaanibwa, gavumenti eyinza okumusalira omusango, naye okusasula kw'ekibonerezo tekireme kuziyiza kitongole kuziyiza kiwaabiina ekyo.

Mu ngeri endala mulimu okusiiga bannassaayansi ab'omu kitundu (nga kitongole kya poliisi eky'omu kibuga) wansi w'enjigiriza naye ekolera ku nkola ezikolebwa ku bannabyabufuzi mu kifo kya gavumenti ez'omu kitundu, si ku baakwasibwa ba siteesiteesi. Laba Monell v. Ekitongole kya Kkom'ebitundu ebikola ku mbeera y'abantu (1978]). Ekitongole eky'eggwanga kiyinza okukaka obukkulembedde abaami b'abaami oba abakiyigirimu okumenya abaami ba gavumenti singa bagoberera enkola eyo.

Enjawulo Ezili mu Mateeka g’Eggwanga n’Engobe z’Omulambo

Kkooti essawa z'amateeka ziragira ddala enkola ey'okuziyiza obusobozi bw'eby'okulwanyisa endwadde. mu '. Graham' (85), kkooti enkulu ekkiriza nti essomero eri wakati wa gavumenti eteekeddwa ku mukungu wa gavumenti limu k'atwalibwa nga essaawa ezitakkirizibwa mu gavumenti era nti ewereddwawo kkooti ey'okutaano ey'okufuga. Ekiwandikiro kino tekikkirizibwa ku baami b'abaami mu buyinza bwabwe, naye kikkirizibwa kugobererwa. Kkooti ezo zigabanyiwawa olukalala lw'abaami ne bannazo. Kkooti ezikkirizibwa mu mateeka tezirina kye zikolamu okuggyako nga bannaawula amateeka agamenyeddwawo ab'omutemu. Ng'olukiiko olukulu Texas olukulu olw'omu [FL:2][FFoct3]195] olukulu olw'obutebe bw'eby'obukuumi obw'eby'amateeka obwa bulijjo (19991,199951) olugo lwe lw'ekibiina ekigo kikolamu ku ki

Mu 2023, enkola ey'okugonjoolera ddala okw'ekika kya Colorado yakolebwa oluvannyuma lw'obukajja obuli 2020, singa paawu omukulembeze wa gavumenti yayisa SB21-169, omulimu ogwassawo obukwasi mu nkola eyasalibwawo akawayiro era n'eyongera omusango ku abo abakwata amateeka. Mu 2023, ekiwagizi kya Colorado kijjuza ebiwandibwawo ebiwandibwa obuwambedwa obubambulirwa abakungu, bateri, n'okusibibwa mu buwambe olw'abakunguzi b'emirembe. Conference of State Legistration

Ebiviirako Obukakafu

Waliwo ensonga enkulu nnyingi eziyinza okusinziirwako ekitongole kya poliisi ekya gavumenti okusalirwa omusango:

  • [[AGUMENTI]] okulwanyisa endwadde: Eggwanga limaze okuyisa ekiragiro eky'okuyisa obusawo n'okukulembereza amateeka. Okukendeera kw'omuyizzi kye kintu kimu ekikulu.
  • [[Akawayiro:0] Obubonero ku butali bwenkanya: Obuwayi bw'obusobozi bw'ebidduka buyinza okusaasaanyizibwa nga obubenje obw'omumumu n'obut'obwa mu bugenderevu busobola okuwonawo.
  • [[Act:0] Obuwayiro obulagira ddala emirimu: Obwo bwali bukola nga ebikolebwa bwe bityo? Obwewagguzi oba ebikolwa ebirabika ng'ebitali bya mukozi wa ku mirimu gye gitali gya bulijjo tebitera kugobererwa mu kukuuma ekika kya nfuna.
  • Obutuufu bw'ekiwandikiro bwalaga nti ekiragiro kyali kiteekwa okugoberererwa mu fayiro [ Kino kyalaga nti fayiro gye kitwala mu mpandika eya bulijjo tejja kugoberera biyingizibwa? Ekibuuzo eky'omu ssemattutt TC ekyetaagibwa mu nnaku 90 zokka bwe kiba nga tekinnaggwamu kusalawo, ne kivaamu obuzibu obw'okugobererwa.
  • [[Act:0] Omulimu ogw'okukyusa ebiba bitegekeddwa: Abawanguzi bangi tebasobola kuziyiza bikolwa eby'obuteeyisa nga bwe bibadde." Kkooti emirundi mingi ziteekamu enkola ya poliisi mu mbeera ezo ez'amaanyi nga ziraga nti ziri ku bunkeera, ne kikuuma ekitongole obutatuukiriza budde bwe kiba nga kyerabidde.
  • Entegeka ey'okusobozesa ekitongole okugaziya n'okuteekawo enkola eya [[[KIT:1] Akabonero kalina kye kakola:[[-FOMT] Singa ewandikibwa oba enzivvuunuzi bwe kisala abakungu ku misango egibavunaanibwa olw'ensonga, ekyo tekikugira kitongole kukuumibwa, naye kikyusa obusobozi obw'omuganyulo obw'okulonda ebiva mu ebyo ebiva mu ekyo.

Ensonga zino zisengekeddwa bulungi. Munnamateeka ateekwa okwekenneenya amateeka g'ensi n'amateeka agakwata ku nsonga nga tannatandika kugisemba. Ekipimo kino kiyitibwa nga 2021 okunoonyereza okwa ' nga kunoonyezebwa kwa Civil Rights-Civil Liviles Learnce Review[ nga kizuuliddwa nti mu masaza 28, obusobozi bw'ebyewazesebwa ku nsonga ezikwata ku gavumenti kibawandikiro n'empandika za poliisi, ate nga awalala 9 wokka we abaako abawandikiro ezisaasaasa Empisa ez'empaka.

Obuzibu Obuleetera Abapoliisi Okuvunaanyizibwa olw’Obuwagizi bwa Bannaggwanga

Omufuzi afuga aleetawo enziba ez'amaanyi eri abo abakuumibwa nga banoonya obwenkanya. Ne bwe kiba nti etteeka liba liremeddwa okukuuma ebiwandikiro, enzisa zaalyo zisigalawo. Okugonjoolebwa kw'empankufiira ku nzisa za Georgia era ne bwe kuba nga kwa kabi. Ng'ekyokulabirako, enzigi z'okutaasaamu eyinza okugoosa obusaze ne ziba doola z'Amerika ezisukka mu 1,000 buli kifo ekikolebwawo nga okikkiriza nti ekikolebwako, naye singa kye boogera kiba nga kiva mu "los" ekireetebwa oba okuggibwawo.

Obuzibu obulala bwe bulaga obutafaayo ku nsonga ezikolebwa abapoliisi ze basala obukwasi mu bukyamu.

Ate era, singa omuntu afuna ebisaanyizo ebimuyamba okwekuuma ebiwangwa, kimuyamba obutawangulwa gavumenti kubanga ewa abantu eddembe ly'okwesalirawo.

[[NT:0] Ekitongole ekikola ku by'obwenkanya kiwa obukakafu ku ngeri gye kizitoowerezza ennyo abantu ab'ebbeefu naddala abalina ebizitoko ebya langi ebitono ebiba bigenda mu maaso, abakwatibwako abasirikale naye nga balina obuwagizi bwa mateeka okusobola okukebera amateeka agakwata ku by'obutebenkevu. Abo abalwanirira enkola y'amateeka okusobola okusasula ebbeetuka bavunaanyizibwa mu nkola y'okusasula ssente eziweebwa abakungulwa.

Okufuba Okuleetawo Enkyukakyuka

Olw'okuba poliisi yeeyongera okuwoma omutwe mu kubonerezebwa, gavumenti nnyingi zirabye oba zirowoozezza nti zigezeeko okukendeeza ku bukuumi obuva ku poliisi mu bitongole bya gavumenti.

  • [[Aka 'FLT'] Agabaanyisa: States nga Colorado, Washington, ne New Mexico zikwasizza amateeka agakugira abakuumi b'amateeka obutakwatibwa olw'obuyinza obusukkiridde, obulumbaganyi, n'okukwatibwa ab'obuyinza.
  • [[NT:0]] Okutegeeza ebiva mu mpisa embi eza poliisi: California SB 2 (2021) California 2 (2021) yaggyawo ebibalo ebikosebwa mu kawumbi omubalirwa w'obuwaze olw'okumenya emitindo gy'abantu, ne kisobozesa abakungu ba gavumenti okuwona ebbanja ly'ekisawo n'okulumizibwa mu biseera eby'omu maaso.
  • [[[NT:0] Ekiragiro ekitegeeza nti obulabirizi obwa kyetwala n'esawo ekkomo:[ Ebitundu ebimu bitaddewo obusalo obuwandike obuwandiikiddwa obuwandiikiddwa obw'okwejjukanya n'obusobozi bw'okukubiriza okukangavvula, wadde ng'emibiri egigiwandu tegitera kuwa bisago.
  • [[AKMENTI:0] Akawayiro akagatta enkola ey'okuziyiza obusobozi bwa pulogulamu n'okukwataganya enkola: Ekyakulabirako eky'okussaawo ekitongole kya poliisi okukkiriza enkola ez'okuziyiza obuteesiteesi ez'ekika ekisingayo obulungi, gamba nga kamera n'okugobererwa kwa mu mubiri.

Ku mulembe gwa gavumenti, Conseils yatwala obukwasiro mu kkooti y'ensi yonna nga butwala ssente eziba ziteekeddwa ku butebenkevu obwa gavumenti 76 mu mwaka gwa 1983 ezireesewo obusaze obw'okukwata ebikyamu ebya poliisi, naye okukugira kw'amateeka kufuula amateeka ng'ago okugobererwa mu kkooti enkulu. George Floyd Justice mu kaadi ya Policial Act[[FLL:1], ekiyinza okukongojjera ssente ku gavumenti eziyinza okuteeka ku buyinza bwa poliisi mu 2023, naye nga tegafuuse mateeka.

Kkooti za gavumenti nazo zikolamu omulimu. Kkooti ezimu enkulu zikkudde tteeka lyazo ne kizigeraageranya ku mateeka agafuga obwannannyini ne kisanga nti tegakkiriza ba poliisi kugaana gavumenti. Doe v. State (2020), kkooti enkulu mu Washington yagamba nti Kkooti y'eggwanga egaba nga ewandisizza gavumenti wansi wa Tort APTINS ebiwandiika ebiwandiikibwa obutuutizi n'ebbaali ziteekeddwawo ku bannaakyewa b'amateeka, era teyewanyisa kukkiririza ku nsonga nti abakungu ba gavumenti ze balina ku mirimu gya gavumenti. Ebisalirwa mu kkooti ng'ebyo biyinza okugaziyawuza omutindo gwa gavumenti nga tewali katemba.

fundikira

Enteekateeka z'okwefuga eremesezza ebitongole bya poliisi okutongozebwa. Wadde nga mu by'amateeka ebifuga enfuga 11 era ne mu mateeka ga gavumenti tewasobola kukuuma bitongole bya gavumenti, tewabaawo bikolwa bya gavumenti bingi, ebigootaanya emirimu, ebigootaanya, n'enkyukakyuka ezikolebwa. Obusobozi bw'okusibe bwa poliisi businziira ku ngeri y'obufuzi ey'okutuukirizaamu amateeka, engeri enneeyisa ez'ekikolwa ekyo, n'ebiragiro ebikolebwa omukungu oyo.

Bwe weeyongera okumanya abantu era ne gavumenti bwe zikolako, ekigenda kyeyoleka, ekigenda kyeyoleka kweyoleka ku bantu obutakwatibwa bujeemu bw'abapoliisi bwe bagezaako okukozesa obubi oba okukaka obukyamu. Kyokka, okukulaakulana tekuyinza kutuuka ku buwanguzi, era amawanga mangi gakyawa abo ababa bakoseddwa enzijanjaba nga bagenderedde okusobola okutaasaamulaasa. Abanyaze, okutegeera ekifo eky'omu mateeka kye kikolwa ekisooka mu kunoonya obwenkanya. Attorney ne basekerera kampuni bakyeyongera okuleetawo enkyukakyuka ezituukana n'obwetaavu bw'obwetaavu n'ensonga enkulu ezizingirwamu.

Ekiragiro bwe kigenda okusoma ebirala ebikwata ku kusobozesa obusobozi bwa poliisi n'obw'okwerinda, alipoota ey'Amateeka mu Ssomero erikola ku kuvunaanyizibwa kwa poliisi ewabula obunene ensonga ezikwata ku mateeka n'amateeka agafuga. Okugatta ku ebyo, obulagirizi obwaweebwa obwenkanya ku butebenkevu bwa gavumenti wansi wa Amerekawo ga APPPP]