Table of Contents
Omusingi Omulamu ogw’Eddembe ly’Omu Amerika
Constitution y'Amerika yakolebwa nga kiwandiiko ekikola nga kiwandiiko ekisobola okutuukana n'ebyetaago by'eggwanga erikulaakulanye. Wadde ng'ebitundu omusanvu ebyasooka byatandika engeri y'enkola y'obufuzi, okutereeza kwe kukuuma eddembe ly'abantu okusingira ddala kwe kukuuma eddembe lyabwe. Okulongoosebwa kuno kusigala nga kukuuma bukuumi obw'olubeerera eritagobererwa gavumenti, nga kunnyonnyola ensango z'obuyinza n'enkwalo z'abantu. Okutegeera obukwasiddwa obwo si nkola ya buyigirize bwa buyigirize obuyigirize; kuba kitundu kya mugaso nnyo eky'okubeera omutuuze mu gavumenti omuwagizi mu gavumenti.
Eddembe abantu lye balina liba eddembe eribakugira bokka okufugibwa gavumenti olw'okuba teyinza kukkirizibwa mateeka oba n'okutaputa n'amateeka. Zisangibwa mu kitabo ekiyitibwa Bill of Rights era ne mu bikyusibwa ebirala, ne kivaamu ebiwandiiko ebifuula eddembe lya Amerika. Okuva ku ddembe ly'okwogerera ku muntu ekimu okutuuka ku bukakafu obulaga nti okuwozesebwa kwa bwenkanya, enteekateeka zino zikugira abantu okuva ku buyinza obw'enkomeredde. Ekitundu kino kikebera enzijirizi ezisobozesa eddembe lino okukuumibwa, nga kisinziira ku byafaayo byabwe, amakulu gaabyo, n'enkola y'abyo.
'Kibinja' mu bujjuvu eby'empewo ebyakubanirwako ebirowoozo,' 'National Ttereal TTEREKERO Kino kiwandikiro ezikugisibwa.American Civil Liberetion Union (ACLU)[FLL] Kino kiwawa obuwayiro obugenda bwekebererwa ku bikwata ku ngeri gye buyisibwamu mu kkooti ez'omulembe guno.
Ebiwandiiko Ebikwata ku Ddembe: Enzikkiriza Ekkumi Esooka
Yateekebwa mu kifo nga Ddesemba 15, 1791, era nga yeganira ku bukuusa wakati wa Federaliss, akkiriza nti kyali kyetaagisa gavumenti y'eggwanga ey'amaanyi, ate Anti-Federalists eyatyanga nti amaanyi gayinza okunyigiriza abantu kinnoomu. Enkyukakyuka zino ekkumi tezaali zirondesezza buggwesi naye zaali zigattiddwako obutereevu obwali bulaga nti Amateeka ga Bukaavu gaali tegakuumibwa butereevu. Bagoberera butereevu gavumenti era okuyitira mu ku Kiwandiiko eky'Emiteendereza ekya 1414 eky'emitima ekiikirira enkola y'okukwata ku gavumenti z'ensi n'ebitundu ebinene.
Omuteende Ogutandikiddwa: Eddembe Etaano
Mu mitemere ey'okusooka, mu Amerika mulimu demokulase, era esobola okukuuma eddembe ly'okwogera, ery'eddiini, ery'okukuba ebitabo, ery'okukuŋŋaana n'ery'okusaba. Ddabi lino lisikirizibwa: eddembe ery'okwogera ku ddembe okusobola okuwaŋŋana endowooza, ebiwandiiko bya gavumenti okuvunaana abantu, era eddembe ery'okukuŋŋaana awamu lisobozesa abatuuze okutegeka enkyukakyuka.
Ebyasa by'emyaka bwe biyitawo, kkooti enkulu ennyonnyola nti eddembe lino lyasaze bulungi. Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969), kkooti yagamba nti okwogera okw'ekitongole kikuutira ekikolwa ekitali kya mateeka okuggyako nga kyongereza kino ku bukuumi obwa bulijjo. Kkooti era yawagidde obukyayi mu [FLT] [FLT][FLT]] ster v. Phelps (20)[20] okugaana nti okwekalakaasa ku nsonga ezikwata ku bantu bonna. Ekkulembedde ku ddembe lyateezebwa mu [FL:4] Times. [2] Cov [FFFF:5].[5]
Okusoomooza okuliwo mu kiseera kino kuzingiramu amateeka agakwata ku mikutu gy'empuliziganya, emitindo egitagudde lubege wakati w'okwogera n'obutebenkevu mu masomero, era n'obukuubagano obuliwo wakati w'eddembe ly'okusinza n'amateeka agakwata ku busosoze.
Emisingi Egyasembayo: Eddembe ly’Okutambula n’Emikono
Ekitongole eky'okubiri ekiwerezaamu ekiwandiikiddwa kigamba: "Okwawulibwa obulungi Militia, nga kwalina obuvunaanyizibwa mu ggwanga eryetongodde, eddembe ly'abantu okubeera n'okukuuma n'okusitula emmundu zaamu tekulirema." Ebyafaayo bingi ebya Amerika, okutereezebwa kuno kwatwalibwa ng'eddedde ku bugwana ku ddembe erikwata ku magye. Naye mu [FLT] Diver of Columbia v. Helper [2001], kkooti enkulu yakkiriza eddembe ery'okwefunira emmu munda. Kino kyagatibwa okuyitira mu
Enjawukana ezikwata ku ddembe lino, nga mw'otwalidde n'okukugira ebika ebimu eby'ebyokulwanyisa, okukebera ebiwandiiko, amateeka amamyufu, n'okutwala emmundu mu lujjudde.Esmenti ey'okubiri y'emu ku nsonga ezisinga okusingibwawo ennyo mu byobufuzi mu mateeka, nga kino kiraga obutakkaanya ku nsonga y'okwerinda n'okwemalirira.
Omuteende ogw’okusatu: Okutwala Abasirikale
K'Olwasatu Amereka okuwaliriza gavumenti okuwaliriza abajaasi okusula mu maka gaabwe mu kiseera eky'emirembe nga tebasazeeko, era mu ngeri eyalagirwa amateeka mu biseera by'olutalo. Wadde nga tebyatera kusalibwawo, kino kiraga nti Abawaabi b'amagye tebayinza kunyweza maka gaabwe era nti baagala okukuuma obutukuvu bwago. Kyawandiikibwa mu mbeera ezigoolekawo obwa obwamaanyi, gamba nga Griswold v.Connecticut[65]
Okugayirizibwa okw’Okuna: Okwekuuma Abantu n’Obusobozi bw’Okunoonyereza
K'etaaga abakwasisa amateeka okusobola okufuna obusongasonga okusinziira ku nsonga eziyinza okuba nga ze ziviirako omuntu okulayira oba okukikakasa, era n'okunnyonnyola ekifo omuntu w’alina okuseesaawo n'abantu oba ebintu by'alina okuwamba. Ekyo kiba kikugira nnyo abapoliisi okwekumira era n'okukuuma obuwagizi.
Mu Mapp v. Ohio (1961), kkooti enkulu ewandikiddwa essomero, ewandikiddwawo olukalala olw'okumenya amateeka agafuga enkola eyo. Mu kuleetawo tekinologiya ow'enkola temukozesa mu kugezesa okw'obubonero obw'okuna. Okutandikawo kwa tekinologiya kwaleetawo enkobyo empya: Kkooti eyafuga mu California [2010] (Kiwandikiro kino nti poliisi ebadde yeetaaga ebbaluwa ekkiriza okukebera ssimu ssimu ssimu mitwe gy'abakkiriza nti ebibangirizi bino bikuumibwa mu kompyuta bibaamu obubaka obutuufu. Mu ngeri y'emu, [FLT:]Conterna][FF]Centerreeve v [FFF:5]]]) (2088]) kikkiriza ekifo eky'okumanyisaamu mu mpandika enkula y'enkola eya mu ngeri egoberera ennukuta ey'omutiromenti eya mu n'ego,
Etteeka ery’Okutaano ery’oku Amereka mu Kiseera Kinokuna lirwana n’ensonga gamba ng’okulabirako omuntu by’ayagala, tekinologiya akwata ku ndabika y’omu maaso, okunoonyereza ku nsalo z’amasannyalaze, n’okuzuula obubaka obuba bufunibwa gavumenti, gamba ng’abantu abakolera ku Internet.
Okugattika Omusango okw’Okutaano: Eddembe mu Misango gy’Abamenyi b’amateeka
Omuteeso ogw'okutaano guwa abantu abavunaanibwa omusango ogw'okukola ebikolobero. Gukakasa nti tewali muntu n'omu ayinza kufiirwa bulamu, ddembe, oba bintu nga tewali [[FL:0]] nkola y'amateeka[[. Ekuuma amateeka obutaddamu kukolebwa [[] era kikuuma abo abavunaanibwa [[[FLT:]]] [[FLT]]] nga [[FLT:]][2][3]] era nga kigendererwa emirundi ebiri. Era kikwetaagisa nti obumenyi bw'amakoba nga buyinja buyingi obuva mu ggwanga buyimirizibwa mu kulabula kwa bannabukkusi. Era kikwetaagisa okutwala obululu ("lina eddembe ery'okusiriirwa obutuufu olw'okusiriikiriza obukyamu mu kifo eky'okutukira mu kifo kya mu kifo kyamakungu.[FFFF:]]][FLT:[6]]][FLT]]]][FLT]]]]]
Enkizo ey'okulaga nti omuntu takyayinza kwefuga yekka y'eba n'akakulu ennyo mu Miranda v. Arizona (66]), eyalagira nti abo abakikwasibwa bategeezebwe eddembe lyabwe. Etteeka erigaana ekiragiro kino liba liwandiikiddwako nti buli Bill of Rights ekikuuma gavumenti. Okutwala Claus kukakasa nti singa ekifo kya gavumenti kikoleramu ebintu, kirina okusasula omutemwa gwabyo olw'okubinya ebintu, wadde Klo v. Ekibuga kya New London (2005]]) engeri ezinnyonnyonnyolebwa "coose" okuleetawo okukulaakulana mu by'eby'eby'enfuna.
Omutemwa ogw’omukaaga: Eddembe ly’Okwogera n’Obwannabbi
Olukiiko olw'omukaaga olw'okukyusaamu luwa obukakafu [ obwa tteeka erilagira ddala enkola y'obusosoze n'ey'okusalamu abalamuzi abangi. Ekitongole kino kikakasa obwannannyini [ obujulizi obwa bulijjo[ (Okumeemeza ne]'okumeemeemebwa kwa abantu mu lukiiko olukulu, obukkirizibwa mu ngeri ey'okukiikiriramu [[FLT:]]] era n'okuteekawo obujulizi obulungi, n'okusobozesa okuwa okuwabula okubuulirira okw'okuteesa ne] okusobola okwewongeerwa mu nsonga ezo ezimenyesebwa. Okuteesa okugaziwa mu [FLT:G.] v.[FFFF]G]GOLT] kuk][9][9]
Etteeka erikwata ku musango liremeddwa mu nkukutu okugobererwa mu kkooti ne bwe kiba nti waliwo ensonga entonotono eziba zikkiriziddwa, era nga buli omu asoseddwa ku lukiiko olusalira omusango olw'ensonga ze kimwetaagisa.
Okumeeta mu Mitendera egy’Omusanvu: Okugezesebwa kw’Abalamuzi
Ekitongole kino kiziyiza abalamuzi okunoonyereza ku nsonga ezikwata ku kkooti z'amateeka okuddamu okuziddamu nga bagoberera amateeka aga bulijjo. Wadde nga enkyukakyuka eno tezikoleddwa mu masaza, enzivuunula za gavumenti nnyingi zirina obukuumi bwe bumu. Era ziwa obukakafu obw'amaanyi nti omukungu alina obuvunaanyizibwa obw'okwenyigira mu nkola y'amateeka, era nti abantu aba bulijjo bakkirizibwa okusala enkaayana mu kifo ky'okubaleka okusala emisango mu maaso g'abalamuzi bokka.
Okuweerera Omunaana: Obukambwe n’Okubonerezebwa okw’Enjawulo
Ekitongole kino kigaana bereatri , [ faindi [, ne ekiragiro kiremesa ebibonerezo n'ebitali bya bulijjo[[[[FLT:]]. Kino kikyusa kibadde kikozesebwa ku kukyusa emitindo gya Amerika egy'okubonerezebwa. Kkooti enkulu ekkiriza nti okubonerezebwa okw'okufa kukontana n'empandika ezimu ez'abamenyi b'amateeka, nga mw'otwalidde n'ebyo ebikolebwako.[FLT:][FLT][FL]], 2002, envide [2:],[FFF][10],[5]
Era okutereezebwa kukugira obuwanvu bw'olusembe olw'okusibibwa mu kkomera. Graham v. Florida [2010], kkooti yawera obulamu bw'abaana nga tekibawasizza olw'ebibi ebikolebwa abo abatagoberera nkola ya pulogulamu. Etteeka erigaana abaana okusalibwawo ssente ennyingi, obugeraageranyizibwa mu Timbs v. Indiana [ likwata ku gavumenti, era lifuga oba gavumenti z'omu kitundu, ne ku kukuuma bannazo ebiziikibwa.
Okugattika Omusango: Abantu Bafuna Enkizo
Ekitongole ekitegeka olukalala lw'ebiragiro kigamba: "Okukkiririzibwa mu mateeka, ku budde obumu, tekitwalibwa ng'okugaana oba okugoba abalala. Kino kirina ekigendererwa eky'okulaga nti singa eddembe teriteekebwa ku lukalala, teribaawo. Enkola eno egobererwa okuwagira eddembe ly'enzikiriza, naddala mu [[FLT:] [[0] Grillold v.[FLD][1] [1965] [19] ku bikwata ku ku ku kuziyiza etteeka erikwata ku kwewama, era mu [[FLT:] r] v. W[FLT][3][1][7][7][okugoba] [okuva mu nteekiso (okuteezeseesa]]]]][FLT]]][FLT]]]v[5]]][5]]]) ekitongole ekigamba nti mu ku nsonga y'okufuga, ekivaamu, ekivaamu, ekivaamu ekyo ekibadde kiyinza okukyungi, era n'okuvanyuut'okugoba, okumanyiiraira mu ku nsonga
Okuwummuzibwa okw’Omwenda: Amaanyi Yali Tegali mu Amerika
Ekitongole eky'ekkumi kinyweza omusingi gwa gavumenti: "Amagatte tegatongolebwa Amerika lukumbo lwa mateeka, oba obutakkirizibwa Amerika, gagattibwa mu ggwanga oba mu bantu. Kino kikyusa ekkomo eririna obuyinza obwa gavumenti era n'ebwetwale w'obufuzi obwa gavumenti. Gawandiikiddwa mu nsonga ezisoomooza, gamba nga Afford Care Care Act Federation of Independent Business, 2012].
Oluvannyuma lw’Emitego Egikwata ku Ddembe Egibadde Egigazizza E ddembe ly’Abantu
Oluvannyuma lw'okukyusa enkyuuka kkumi ezaasooka, Amateeka gaakyusibwa emirundi egiwerako okusobola okuweza eddembe ly'abantu era n'okutereeza obutali bwenkanya mu byafaayo.
Okugaayirizibwa okw’Ekkumi n’Esatu (1865): Okuggibwawo kw’Obuddu
Kuno kwali kukyusa kwa maanyi mu Amerika. Wadde nga kyakoma mu kukugira obuddu, okubonerezebwa kwali kukozesebwa okusobola okuwerezaako abaddu mu kkomera, era nga n'okusasula abamenyi b'amateeka ba mateeka, okusasula abaddu baawerebwa mu makomera, era nga n'okuva ku mateeka gaamu, era nga kino kiwa kampuni obuyinza okuyisa enteekateeka zaayo okuyitira mu mateeka agaago, ne kiviirako eddembe ly'abantu okuyisibwa mu myaka egyaddako.
Entegeka ey’Ekkumi n’ena (1868): Obutuuze, Enkola Egeeberezebwa, n’Okukuumibwa mu Ngeri Eyenkanankana
K'okaw'okukyusaamu okw'ekkumi n'ena ku nsonga zino, kye kimu ku ebyo ebinaakolebwako oluvannyuma lwa Bill of Rights. Omuntu ow'ekika kya Claus yakyusa ebyo kkooti enkulu Dred Scott nga balangirira nti abantu bonna abazaalibwa oba abaatondebwa mu Amerika, be batuuze b'eggwanga oba ab'eggwanga gye babeera. [[FLT:] Ekiragiro kya 'CUM] producted Programme Clausse[
Kino kye kivuddemu omusingi ogw'entegeka ez'enjawulo eziwangudde abantu mu bitundu ebitali bimu, nga mw'otwalidde Brown v. Ku kakiiko akalaga eby'Enjigiriza (1954) akaakomya obusomero bw'enjyiro ez'enjawukana mu langi mu masomero ga bantu ba bulijjo, ] okuva mu v. Virginia [1977]) (1967) eyavaako okuwera mu bufumbo obwa bannaabwo, ne [bergefell v. Hodges (20) n'empala n'okugatta obugatta abangi mu ggwanga. Ekitongole ekikuuma Clawuuula ekisigala nga kya maanyi nnyo olw'amateeka agasoomooza ebiva mu mateeka n'okulonda, n'emirimu gy'essoogwoose.
Okuteegera okw’Ekkumi n’Etaano (1870): Obuvunaanyizibwa Ka bube bwa Nsi Ki
Ekitongole ekiwerera ddala ekya 15 ekiweredde ddala okugoba obuwambe obwawula gavumenti z'ensi mu kifo eky'okugaana obutuuze obwava ku langi, langi, oba obuddu obwasooka. Wadde nga gavumenti z'ebukiika ddyo zikoze enkyuuka, okussaawo emisolo, okunoonyereza ku kunoonyereza, n'okutiisatiisaamu eby'ettemu okugoba abannamerika mu Amerika abanswera mu kyasa ekikunu. Ekkomera eriko kattuluba lya Dde mu 1965 lyatongoze okukaka obululu obwava ku langi, era n'ensala z'omu kkooti enkulu ez'okukkakkasi zeeyongedde zikyakola ku mateeka ageetwale County v. Har [FLT:] (2013]) enkalaze mu mateeka ga Resolutions Act, agako azza ek'enko.
Emisingi egy'ennamba 19 (20): Empeereze y'abakazi
Olukiiko lw'ekkumi n'ekkumi n'emwenda olw'okusiikiriza obululu lwalangirira nti omuwendo gw'abakazi abalwanibwanga gwandibadde nga Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, ne Alice Paul tebayinza kugugaana oba okusibizibwa gavumenti yonna olw'okwetaba. Kino kye kyava ku kukyusa kwa maanyi okwakolebwa abakyala okulwana n'entalo ez'okusiikirizanya, era nga bagoberera alipoota nga Susan B. Anthony, Cady Stantonton, ne Alice Paul.
Entegeka eya 20 ey'Essaawa (1964): Emirimu egy’okusasula emisolo
Ekiweezo kya 20 mu kaweredde ku kusalawo okusobozesa abakungu ba gavumenti okutongoza emisolo. Okusasula emisolo gyagootaanya okukozesebwa mu bitundu by'obukiika ddyo okulemesa abantu ba mu Afirika okufuna obululu. Okugoba kwaggyawo obuzibu buno mu by'enfuna okusobola okwenyigiramu, wadde nga gavumenti zaasanga engeri endala ez'okuziyiza okuvwoota. Kkooti enkulu yawera okuwera okulonda mu Harper v. State Board of Ecstations (19666), ekiraga nti obugagga tebukkirizibwa kulonda kulonda.
Amakumi abiri n'essasasa (1971): Okugaba obuyambi mu myaka 18
Okugattika emiwendo 20 mu mukaaga, kyakendeeza emyaka egy’okulonda okuva ku 21 okutuuka ku 18, ekyakubirizibwa enkaayana ezaali zigamba nti singa abaana baba bakulu ekimala okuyitibwa okugenda mu lutalo mu Vietnam, baali bakulu ekimala okukuba obululu.
Engeri Omulongo guno gye Gwe gukwata ku Bulamu obw’Omu Kiseera Kino
Enkyukakyuka tezibaawo mu ngeri nti tekinologiya mupya, oba gavumenti z'ekola, zigezesebwa buli lunaku. Ng'ekyokulabirako, ekirabo eky'okugootaanya amalanga ag'enjawulo ag'ensi n'eby'obufuzi kiyinza okugobererwa ebintu nga enkola za tekinologiya ow'okubiri, era nga n'okugobererwa kwa gavumenti.
Ekitongole kino kiwa obulagirizi ku ngeri gye kituukirizaamu etteeka ery'okwewala okukwatibwa kw'amasasi.
Okwekenneenya okw'amaanyi okukwata ku misango egya Kkooti ey'Empandika ey'oku ntikko, project 'ewa 'Oyez' era n'empandika ez'omu biwandiike ebya data ebijuliziddwa. Okugatta ku ebyo, Ekitongole kya 'FLT' ekiri mu ggwanga kiwa obusobozi n'enyiikivuzi eby'ennyinyonnyonnyo.'empanya, ekitongole ekikola ku nsonga eziragiddwa mu ngeri y'eggwanga
Okufuba Okutaasa Okununulibwa kw’Abatuuze
Eddembe lya bantu teriri kutuukiriza butuukiriza butuukiriza bukulembeze bwa gavumenti; litwetaagisa okubeera obulindaala, okubeera abakungu ba gavumenti, era n'abalamuzi abaagala okunywerera ku misingi gya mateeka wadde nga waliwo endowooza y'abasinga obungi. Obubonero ku nsonga ezisinziirwako okuleetawo okulwanagana okungi mu Amereka. Okusoosa eddembe lino kuyinza okuva ku bazannyi ba gavumenti abawanguzi n'abazannyi ba gavumenti, wadde nga tteeka likomako ekkomola ku nkola za gavumenti. Amawanga agafuga enjawukana mu langi, Ek'ekikula, LBTQ+ eddembe ly'ekikula, ne ku ddembe ly'abagwira, byonna byesigamye ku lulimi lwa Bill of Rights and tstrust Reconventions.
Abasomesa, abayizi, n'abatuuze bateekwa okutegeera ebiwandiiko bya nkyukakyuka zino era n'ensonga ezibakwatako ze zikwatako.
Olugero: Amaanyi Agataggwaawo ag’Obukuumi mu Mateeka
Ebinaakyusibwa ku mateeka ga Amereka si bye byamanyibwa mu biseera ebyayita; bye bisuubiza ebiteekwa okuzzibwa obuggya buli mulembe. Okuva ku ntegeka ya Amereka eyasooka okuteekawo ewa ab'obuyinza obutakkiriza bigambo ebikontana n'enkola eya 14 ey'okuwerebwawo, enteekateeka zino ze zikola enteekateeka ez'okutongoza eddembe ly'Abamerika mu mateeka. Wadde nga wabaawo enkakaanya ku ngeri gye batwalamu omulimu n'obusobozi, ekigendererwa kyazo tekikyukanga: okukendeeza obuyinza obwa gavumenti n'okukuuma ekitiibwa kya buli muntu yenna.
Okutegeera enzivuunula zino kisobozesa abatuuze okuvunaana gavumenti yaabwe, okumanya ddi eddembe lwe liba limenyese, era n'okuwagira enkyukakyuka ezeetaagisa. Okulwanirira eddembe ly'abantu tekuggwaako, naye Amateeka gawa eby'okukozesa mu lutalo olwo. Nga bwe kyali mulamuzi w'Ekkomera William Brennan bwe yagamba, Constitution "ye kkaadi y'eddembe ek'abantu ek'ennamba." Kino gavumenti kyetaaza abantu bonna abaagala eddembe lya ddembe okukola.
Abo abaagala okwongerako ebbeeyi, [[NKULA] Olukiiko lw'amakulu g'eby'amakulu ku tteeka erikiri mu Cornell[[[KATANDIKA:1] luwa ekiragiro ekiwandiikiddwako ebya 'Constitution' nga beyunga ku nsonga eziba zikkusiddwa.