Entegeka ey'ekkumi n'ena mu kkumi na kimu ekkirizibwa mu mwaka gwa 1868, ekiikirira etteeka erikwata ku ddembe ly'obuntu mu Amerika. Enteekateeka zaayo zikutte ku nkolagana wakati wa gavumenti, gavumenti, n'abantu kinnoomu. Tewali kifo kyonna mu kuyigiriza kwa bantu, gye kiyinza okusinziirwa ennyo okusobozesa ebiwandiiko eby'enkuukuutizo okusobola okuwa obukuumi obw'engeri y'enjawulo n'engeri y'okuteekawo amateeka agenkanankana. Okutegeera ettuuti z'ekkumi n'ena kyenkanankanankana ensonga ezizi okumanyira mu Amereka. Okutegeera ettendekero ery'eby'enjigiriza n'eddembe erya bulijjo kizingirwamu mu Amerika.

Enkyukakyuka yakolebwa mu kiseera eky'okuzzaawo era n'okuggyawo olutalo. Kwakolerwa okusiguukulula ensala ya Kkooti ey'Empaka Enkulu mu Dred Scott v. Sandford (18857), eyagamba nti Abafirika tebaali batuuze. Enteekateeka ez'okuzzaawo kino zisangibwa mu kitundu kyayo ekyasooka, ekitongoza obusika era nga kirimu ebisatu ebisatu eby'amaanyi: obusika oba obusika obwa Clausce, oba Immunonice Claus, ne Claus Claus aw Provity. Entegeka y'obukungu obukiikiziyambi obukiikiziyambi obukiikizibwa buleme okuteebwa mu buli kitundu kyayo kyonna eky'omu mateeka. Okukuuma obwa Claus kufuga etteeka ku mateeka kiyinza okusobozesa okuteekawo amateeka mu nkola y'okulwanirira abantu.

Obukuumi Obwenkanankana n’Enkuŋŋaana z’Eby’Enjigiriza

Ekibuuzo ekikulu mu nsonga zino kiri nti, gavumenti efuga abantu mu ngeri ey'enjawulo eyinza okukkirizibwa okusinziira ku kigendererwa kya bantu. Kkooti zikozesa embalirira ez'enjawulo okusinziira ku langi ezizingirwamu, obusosoze, n'ebiragiro by'essomero okusoomooza okusobola okuleetawo enjawukana mu langi, n'okutongoza obusosoze mu masomero. Ekibuuzo ekikulu mu nsonga zino kiri nti, engeri y'obufuzi ey'okukwata abantu mu ngeri eyawukana eyinza okukkirizibwa okusinziira ku kigendererwa ekya bulijjo.

Okukoma [[Akabonero:0] Dere[[AK'AWULA] [[:1] Obusangiro

Mu kusalawo kuno okwali kwa buli omu, kkooti enkulu yagamba nti okusosola abaana ab'enjawukana mu masomero kwamenyawo eky'okukuuma Enjigiriza kya Claus. Kkooti yagaana enjigiriza eyawulwawo naye nga ynkana mu [FLT:] Plettev v. Ferguson (1996], era yasanga nga abaana ab'enjawukana mu langi mu masomero ga gavumenti teyenkana olw'okuba baaleetera abaana abatono okuyisibwa mu ngeri ey'enjawulo. Okusalawo okwo kwali kutuuka ku buwanguzi ku ddembe eriwandikiddwawo ku ddembe lya bannannyini era ne ku kitebe kyago mu matendekero g'ebifo ebiwerako.

Kyokka, okutongozebwa kwa rown tekwali kwangu. rown II (1955], kkooti yalagira nti ekiwandikiro kikoleezebwa mu bwangu obwannalyo, ekigambo ekikkirizibwa okuziyiza n'okulwawo. Ebifo by'amasomero bingi mu bukiika obwa South birimu okuziziyiza ennyo, okuggalawo amasomero mu kifo eky'okugagatta. Kkookita ne kisalawo okwongera okuyingiza ebibakwatako, ekintu mu nsonga nga [[FLT:]] Cooperper [FLT:] ] [1988]) okukakasiza mu kiragiro. Era, amasomero mangi ga Amerika gasigala nga gakyakola bulungi mu kifo eky'okukyungizaamu ebigereko, n'okukireetera okumanyisawo n'okukkutuukiriza bye yayanjulako. [F7] [Foteevi:]

Ensimbi ez’Essomero n’Obulungi

Era ekitongole ekiyitibwa Foundation Claus ekifuga ettuttumu lya Claus kyasembezebwa okusobola okwogera ku nsonga z'ensimbi eziba zifuniddwa mu misolo. Mu bitundu ebisinga obungi, amasomero ga gavumenti gassente ezisinga obungi gassibwawo okuyitira mu misolo gy'amakolero gy'amatunja g'ensi gye gabeeramu, ekireetawo enjawulo mu nsaasaanya y'ensi yonna mu bitundu ebigagga n'ebyavu. ] San Antonio Independent School District . Rodriguez[FLT][7773] [1973] Kkooti enkulu]

Oluvannyuma [[NKULA:0] Rodriguez, abafuzi badda mu kkooti z'amateeka ne ssemateeka mu by'ensi n'okuddaabiza okuwakanya okusaasaana kw'ensi. Eggwanga nnyingi zigamba nti ssemateeka agafuga ga'empandika ez'eby'enjigiriza galina okusaasaanyizibwa mu ngeri ennungi. Okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku nsonga ku nsonga ezikwata ku by'enjigiriza, ne ku nsonga za Washington ne kireetawo enkyukakyuka ez'enkyukakyuka mu bitundu nga New Jersey, Kentucky, ne . Ekiragiro kino kisalawo kya gavumenti kitera okutaputa emisingi egy'okwenkanankanankana mu mateeka mu ggwanga lyayo. Kkooti ekkulu kinnyonnyonnyonnyonnyodde okunnyonnyola ekiko.

Ekikolwa eky’Obukakasibwa mu Buyigirize obw’Ennyonvu

Ekintu ekirala ekikulu mu Amereka ak'ekkumi n'ena eky'okutongoza ekibadde kikozesebwa kwe kukozesa langi mu matendekero. Ekibuuzo ekikulu kiri nti, Kkooti esinga obukulu enzivuunvu zisobola okukakaatika enkola z'enkula mu ngeri ezikontana ne omuwendo gwa Claus. Mu Regents of the University of California v. Bakke[[FLT] [[FLT]] [1978]), olukiiko olukulu lwagamba nti wadde nga obusosoze bw'enjawukana mu langi tebulina kye bufuga, empalagwagwagwagwa zisobola okukozesebwa mu kusalawo okw'okutuuka ku miganyulo gy'ekibiina ky'abayizi ab'enjawulo.

Emyaka nga kkumi, kkooti yeeyongera okutereeza enzivuunula y'enjawukana mu langi. Graiter v. Bollinger (2003), kkooti yawagira ebiwandiiko bya yuniversite y'e Michigan Law School, ebyatwala okusiibya mu nkyukakyuka ez'enjawulo. [FLT] Supers [Foctive:] mu ngeri y'emu, olukalala olwo olumanyibwawo oluvanyuma lw'enjigiriza za yuniversite ya Michigan'e, olukyasiikiriza enzivvu mu ngeri y'oyimirimu. [FFF] Enkyukakyuka ezo zonna zireeseteevugibwa mu nsonga eziba nga zigobeetawo. [[FF][5]

Enkola y’Okusalawo n’Ekiruubirirwa ky’Abayizi

Era ekuuma abayizi obutabaako gavumenti eyeesalirawo era n'ekakasa nti essomero lituukiriza enkola zaalyo ez'obwenkanya. Okugoberera emisingi egigobererwa amasomero kireeseewo amateeka mangi agalaga eddembe abayizi lye balina okugoba, n'okugoba bannaabwe mu kibiina.

Okukangavvula Okukolebwa mu Ssomero

Mu [[NKULA:0] Gos v. Lopez (797]), kkooti enkulu yagamba nti abayizi balina ebintu ebikkirizibwa era nga bakkirizibwa okuteebwa. N'olwekyo, amasomero tegasobola kusumulula bayizi okumala ennaku kkumi nga tegawadde muntu yenna bukuumi. Kkooti yalina okuwa bayizi b'emisango gye baba bavunaanibwa era n'okulaga nti ne bwe kiba nga tebannaba nga bakyayinza kulagawo oludda oludda lwennyini.

Emisingi gya [[NKULA]Gos[[NKULA] Giyinza okukozesebwa ku kugoba omuyizi ku masomero, era n'ebiwandiiko bya kkooti bingi biwagidde okugoba abajulirwa ku butaka n'obubonerevu obulala. Ebisaanyizo eby'okutuukiriza mu nkola ekyetaagisa byawukana okusinziira ku bunene bw'ekivvumbo. Okusiikuula omuyigirizwa ekimala, okunyumya n'omuyizi nga kimala ekiseera kiwanvu. Okugobererwa, okugaanibwa, n'okuwulira kwa bulijjo awamu n'obujulizi obukirimu, byetaagisa obujulizi obw'enjawulo.

Obukuumi eri Abayizi Abalina Obulema

Ekiwandiiko ekiyitibwa Status Process Claus ne The Exct Classiale kiyamba mu kukuuma abaana nga balina obulema.

Enkola eno esobozesa enjuyi zombi okuwa obujulizi, okuyita abajulizi, n'okukaayana ensonga zaabwe mu maaso ga mukungu akulira abawuliriza. Enkola y'enkola ya IDEA ey'okufuga ennyimba eraga emitindo egibeera mu Amereka ak'ekkumi n'enaana, nga kikakasa nti okusalawo okukwata ku ku kuyigiriza abaana abali mu bulema tekukolebwa mu ngeri esaanira era nti obwetaavu bw'omwana kinnoomu. Etteeka erya gavumenti z'ensi n'empandika y'amateeka bireeteerese enkola yago mu kukuuma eddembe ly'abayizi abali mu kabi.

Okuwaayiriza kw’Eddembe ly’Eddembe

Enjigiriza eno egamba nti, Sseath Procession Claus of the 14th Amendment esobozesa enteekateeka eya Bill of Rights okuba nga ya mugaso mu gavumenti.

Enjigiriza eyo erina eky'amaanyi kye yakola ku bigambo by'abayizi. Tenker v. Des Moines Independent School Community [1969], kkooti yagamba nti abaana tebateesa ddembe lyabwe ery'enkusifu ery'okwogera oba ery'okwogera ku mboozi ku mulyango gw'essomero. Kkooti yamanya nti Enziji z'eby'obufuzi zigoberera amateeka okuyitira mu kiwandiiko eky'e 14 ekitegekebwa ekiwandiikibwa ekiwandiikibwa ekimala, okusobola okufuga oba okuyingiza obusosoze mu masomero. Kino kikozesebwa mu nsonga nnyingi ezikwata ku bayizi, emboozi, ne ku bigambo eby'obubonero.

Kkooti eno era ekuuma abaana obutakwatibwa busige olw'okunoonyereza okw'ekika kya kuna n'okugwa ensimbu. Mu [FL:0] New Jersey v. T.L.[FL:1] (1985), kkooti yagamba nti abakungu b'essomero balina okukkirizibwa mu nteekateeka ey'Okwegatta naye nga banoonyereza mu masomero tebeetaaga kuteebereza buli nsonga ekkirizibwa, so si nsonga eyinza okuviirako ekyetaagisa okunoonyereza ku mateeka. Omusingi guno ogwa wansi gulaga ebyetaago by'essomero eby'enjawulo ate nga na kati biwandikidde abaana ku mateeka. Obusobozi buno obw'enkomeredde ku ssomero busobola bulungi okuleeta ebyambisibwamu.

Entegeka za Kitundu Enjawulo Ezeenkanankana

Ng'oggyeko obuyigirize obwa bulijjo, etteeka lino lisobozesa amateeka ga gavumenti okugobererwa mu ngeri gye gafugamu mu kiseera kino.

Obubonero obusobola okukozesebwa mu kusosola mu by'okwetaba

Congress yayisa omutwe IX ku mutemwa gw'enjigiriza mu 1972 wansi w'obuyinza obugukozesa, naye etteeka likwataganyizibwa nnyo n'emisingi egikwata ku Amereka ak'ekkumi n'ena. Olukalala lw'ebiragiro lugaana obusosoze mu nteekateeka yonna ey'eby'obuyigirize oba omulimu gwonna okufuna obuyambi bwa gavumenti mu by'ensimbi. Etteeka lino libadde lisomero ekkulu mu kukulaakulana kw'abawala n'abakazi mu mizannyo era lye likola kinene mu kugonjoola okutulugunyizibwa n'okutulugunyizibwa mu by'okwetaba mu masomero ne mu matendekero.

Agumect Claus era egaana amasomero okulonda engeri z'okwetaba gye zigobereramu emitindo gy'okulonda abantu ab'ebifaananyi. Wadde ng'enkola ey'okwegatta tekkirizibwa nnyo ng'omutindo ogusinziirwako okulonda abantu ab'enkan'enkan'awo nga basinziira ku langi, kkooti enkulu ekkiriza nti okulonda abantu ab'ebifaananyi nga beegatta kusinziira ku ngeri gye bayisibwamu, era nti okugabaawula kw'ebifaananyi kulina okuba nga kusinziira ku gavumenti enkulu.

Okukuuma Abantu Abatafa

Mu Plyler v. Doe (19982), kkooti enkulu yagoberera etteeka lya Centul Protection Claus okusattulula etteeka lya Texas eryaziyiza ensimbi z'okuyigiriza abaana abaali batakkirizibwa mu mateeka mu Amerika. Kkooti eyo yagamba nti abaana tebayinza kugaana kuweebwa buyigirize bwa gavumenti olw'okuba batwalibwa mu nsi endala. Kkooti eyo yakiggumiza nti okugaana obuyigirize obwa bulijjo kuyinza okukomyawo katyabaga ku baana bano ne ku bantu bonna, era n'okweyongera okunoonyereza ku mateeka ga Texas.

Okusalawo kusigala nga kwanguyira abaana okutegeera eddembe ly'ab'omu maka agagwira. Kukitegeera nti obuyigirize buvunaanyizibwa bwa gavumenti era nti okugaana abaana okufuna obuyigirize okusinziira ku nkyukakyuka y'obutuuze kibaleetera obutafuna buyambi bwa nkalakkalira. Omusango ogwo kye kyokulabirako eky'amaanyi ekiraga nti ekitongole ekimanyiddwa nga Secult Leatvice Claus ekikola okutakkirizibwa mu ggwanga eririna bannaaw'omulembe. Cornell Law School’s Legal Information Institute ewandity Plyler era n'obusobosokezi obukyeyongera guwandisizza ku nsonga ezikwata ku bantu.

LGBTQ+ Eddembe n’Engeri ez’Okukwata ku Kwetaba Bye Tutegeera mu Kiseera Kino

Mu myaka egyakayita, ekitongole kya kkooti enkulu mu by'enjigiriza kyagamba nti okusosola mu by'okwetaba kusinziira ku ngeri y'okusosolamu mu by'okwetaba wansi wa puligaant Claw Classiale ne Title IX kyeyongeredde ddala. Bostock v. Clayton County[20]]

Okunnyonnyola kuno kuwadde abaana ab'ekika eky'obukuumi obw'amaanyi, nga kukakasa nti bakuumibwa obutatulugunyizibwa oba obutakwatibwa busosoze mu masomero. Ennyinnyonnyola ey'ebiwandiiko 14 mu kitundu kino y'emu ku ngeri ezisinga okukozesebwa mu kulwanirira eddembe ly'abantu, ng'enkola z'amateeka ezeesambattu nga zeeyongera okunnyonnyola engeri ez'okwerinda okwetaba n'okwegatta mu ngeri ereetaagibwamu mu masomero ga gavumenti.

Obulagirizi Obukwata ku Biseera eby’Omu Maaso

Mu kyasa ekya 21, kkooti zigoberera emisingi gyayo mu bibuuzo ebikulu ebikwata ku kusalawo amasomero, okwogera, n'okukangavvula ebizikwatako. Ebibuuzo ebyaviirako okugobererwa kw'essomero okuba eby'obwenkanya, okwenkanankana, n'enkwaso za buli muntu ezaayoleka enzivuunula eyo, bikyali bya mugaso leero nga bwe byali mu 1868.

Okulondawo Essomero n’Ebigambo Ebirungi

Okusalawo okubaamu enkola z'essomero, nga mwe muli n'enkola ezikkiriza essomero okusobozesa essente eza gavumenti okukozesebwa mu matendekero ga nnaddala, zireetawo ebibuuzo wansi w'ekitongole ekiwandiikizo ekiyitibwa Aumential Protection Claus ne the Administation. Abawagizi bagamba nti programu zino ziwagidde amaka naddala aga mu bitundu ebisaasaanyizibwa. Abaziyiza bagamba nti ziggya eby'obugagga mu masomero ga gavumenti era ziyinza okusobozesa obusosoze mu masomero g'eddiini. Empino v. ekitongole kya PRODUCENTIN[[F:20]), Kkootimenti Erced Free Classive Classie, ekyayimist, ekyayingibwa okuyitira mu kkomyaamu ey'ekkumina, kiba kyetaagisa amaduukanya okubaamu amasomero g'eddiini mu nteekateeka eza bulijjo. Ebitongole bino biraga nti okukolagana wakati w'obuyigirize obw'enjigiriza obwa DBG.

Enjogera Ennyo ku Mikutu gy’Ebirala n’Ekiruubirirwa ky’Abayizi

Mu [FL:0] Mahanoy First ·Classis der der der system Classis [B.L][[FL:1]], kkooti enkulu yasalawo nti essomero terisobola kubonereza mu masomero olw'ennyimba ez'enjawulo ezikolebwa ku mpuliziganya ne mampuliziganya ne ssimu, naye terimalako buwagizi obuyinza ku ssomero ku mikutu gya kompyuta. Kkooti yakkiriza okusoomooza okw'enjawulo okwabanga kukolebwa nga bannasayansi era yaggumiza obukulu bw'okubeeyisa obulungi emboozi eziba ku ssomero.

Ebibuuzo ebikwata ku nsonga za bayizi eziba ku Intaneeti, n'ebyo ebikwata ku ngeri abaana gye bayinza okuyisibwamu ku Intaneeti, okusobola okubitegeera, kkooti zisaanidde okukolera ku misingi gya tteeka lya Katonda erikwata ku ngeri y'okukwatamu enkola eyo.

fundikira

Entegeka ey'ekkumi n'ena ye musingi mu mateeka ogusingayo obukulu mu ddembe ly'abantu n'enjigiriza mu Amerika. Ekisuubizo kyayo eky'obukuumi obw'enkola y'okuggyawo enjawukana mu nsi, okusoomooza okussaawo enjawukana mu by'ensimbi, era n'okuleetawo enkyukakyuka mu by'ensi yonna. Ekisuubizo kyayo eky'okukangavvula abaana mu masomero kitaddewo obwenkanya mu kukangavvula era kikuumye n'eddembe ly'abayizi abaliko obulemu. Okuyitira mu nyiso, kiwandisizza obukuumi bwa Bill of Rights mu kibiina, nga kikakasa nti abaana bayigirizibwa ne mu mayumba g'essomero bakuumibwa mu mateeka.

Okutegeera omutemwa ogw'ekkumi n'ena, kikulu nnyo eri abayigiriza, abafuzi, abayizi, n'abantu, era si bisuubizo bya mateeka byokka, naye era n'ebyo ebikwata ku kubeera obutuuze bwe bumu wansi w'amateeka.Essomero lya Amerika bwe lifuna okusoomoozebwa okuppya okukwata ku tekinologiya, okunkalu, n'okujjukiriranya, emisingi egikwata ku Amereka ak'Akasanyusebwawo ak'okubiri gijja kweyongera okusobozesa abantu okufuna enkola ey'okuleetawo entegeka ey'obwenkanya n'okuleetawo obuyigirize obw'enjawulo.