Entegeka ey'ekkumi n'ena mu kkumi na kimu ewandiikiddwa mu mwaka gwa 1868, y'emu ku mizingo egikyasinze okukyusibwa ku nsi yonna. Wadde nga yakolebwa okukakasa eddembe ly'abaddu abaakava mu ddembe oluvannyuma lw'olutalo lwa Civil, enteekateeka zaakyuka okusukka ku kigendererwa ekyo ekyasooka. Leero, Amereka agashereje emirundi 14 gakwata ku buli kika ky'obulamu bw'abantu, okuva ku kiseera kye bazaalibwa ku ngeri gye bayisibwamu ku mulimu, mu kkooti, ne ku kasanduuko akalaga engeri abantu gye bayisibwamu buli lunaku. Ekitundu kino kinnyonnyola engeri gye kisobozesamu abantu okutegeera engeri y'okugonjola obulamu bwabwe obw'omulembe guno okukolebwamu, n'okwenyigira mu bantu bonna mu nsi ya Amerika.

Omuntu Ayitibwa Claus: Ani Mutuuze?

Ekitundu ekisooka eky'e 144th Amendment kigamba: “Abantu bonna abazaalibwa oba abaatondebwa mu Amerika, era nga bafugibwa obuyinza bwayo, batuuze ba Amerika ne gavumenti gye babeera.” Ekirango kino ekyangu kyaguunikiriza obutuuze Scott v. Sandford okusalawo kwa 1857], okwali kutwala nti tewali muntu wa mu Afirika ayinza okubeera omu kufuuka mu ggwanga lya U.S. Mu kutandikawo obutuuze bw'ekika (era kimanyiddwa nga [[FLT:]]] jus soli ), okumanyibwa, okumanyibwa nti kumpi buli muntu yenna eyazaalibwa mu Amereka obutundu, kabega oba ekika kya ggwanga, oba ekiva mu ggwanga.

Okubeera Omutuuze mu Butonde Kiragibwa mu Ngeri Esikiriza

Abaamereka abasinga obungi, ekitongole kino kye bavunaanyizibwa ku nsonga z'eggwanga. Kikwata ku baana abazaalibwa nga tebawandiikiddwa, abatuuze ab'enkan'edda ennyo, abalambuzi, n'abakozi ab'ekiseera obuseera.[1] Ekiragiro kino kyakakasibwa mu kkooti enkulu [1298] United States v. Wong Kim Arks, ekyakakasa nti omwana eyazaalibwa mu San Francisco bazadde b'Abakyayina baali bannakyewa era nga bakkirizibwa mu mateeka.

Mu bulamu bwa bulijjo, ebigambo bino bikwata ku bw'osaba paasipooti, okulonda, oba okulaga obanga okkirizibwa okukola emirimu egitakwata ku butuuze. Era kyongera okuwa enkyuka mu mateeka etayinza kuggibwawo olw'enkyukakyuka mu ndowooza z'ebyobufuzi. Wadde nga wabaddewo okuwakana ku kumalawo obusika, ebyawandiikibwa eby'omu mateeka bisigala nga binywevu. Omuntu yenna azaaliddwa mu Amerika leero asobola okuba omutuuze okuva lwe yawandisibwa ebbaluwa yaabwe ey’okuzaalibwa.

Okutuuza Obutuuze mu Nzaalwa n’Obutuuze mu Buwangwa

Omuntu okubeera Omuntu era kizingiramu n'abantu ab'omu butonde abatuukiriza emitindo gya mateeka okufuuka abatuuze mu Amerika. Bwe baazaalibwa, balina eddembe lye limu n'eryo ery'abatuuze aba bulijjo, naye nga bakkirizibwa okubeera bannabyabufuzi. Olubalasalala era lugamba nti buli muntu mutuuze wa ggwanga gye babeera. Ekiragiro kino ekyokubiri kitegeeza nti tewali muntu asobola kukugaana kuba mu ggwanga lya gavumenti (nga bw'osobola okuleeta kkooti z'amateeka mu kkooti z'ensi).

Okumanya ebisingawo ku byafaayo n'engeri gye tutegeeramu amakulu g'ekitongole kino nga kiyitibwa Claus, laba Constitution Antonotive okuva mu tterekero ly'amakomyawo ag'empandika.

Okukuumibwa kw’Amateeka Okwangu

The Aumeter Protection Claus of the 14th Amendment eragira: “Tewali gavumenti... erigaana omuntu yenna ali mu buyinza amateeka okukuumibwa mu ngeri y'emu.” Ebigambo bino ebyangu bye bifuuse omusingi gwa mateeka okulwanyisa obusosoze obwa buli ngeri.Kyetaagisizza gavumenti okuyisa abantu mu ngeri y'emu nga bali mu bifo bye bimu, era singa tegasattululwa mu kyenkanankanankanankana, gavumenti eteekwa okuba ng'esobola okutuukiriza ekigendererwa ekikulu.

Ekisibo n’Ekisibo n’Ekisibo

Mu kyasa ekya 20, kye kyasooka okukola nga kukuuma Abafirika obutateekebwawo mateeka agakwata ku busosoze. Mu Brown v. Akakiiko ak'Essomero [1954], olukiiko olukulu lwalina ekigendererwa eky'okukuuma abantu mu Amerika obutatwalirizibwa amateeka ga gavumenti. Mu maseera ga 20 kati kaafuuka kyamacakula kyayinja kya kusunzibwa, ekikongojjedwa okusiiga “enjigiriza ya era nga kyenkana” n'enjigiriza ya [[FLT:]. Kino kyeyafuga kyakyusa eby'enjigiriza n'obulamu bw'abantu mu Amerika. Leero, olukuuti oluva mu langi mu ku vooti, mu kulonda, kulonda, kulonda abalamuzi, ne kukwata ku kufuna obwerukusaanyisi.

Ekikolwa eky’Obukaba

Wadde nga Amateeka tegeogera ku by'okwetaba, kkooti enkulu era ewa endowooza nti kireseewo engeri ez'enjawulo ez'okusosolwa kw'abakazi n'abasajja. Amateeka agayisa abasajja n'abakazi mu ngeri ez'enjawulo gasobola okugobererwa nga “gayisiddwa mu ngeri ey'enjawulo.”Cewa bulijjo galaga nti okuteekamu enkola eno kirina akakwate n'ensonga enkulu era nga kye kituukagana n'ekigendererwa ekyo. Amateeka gano gagoleddwa okumenya amateeka agasinga abakazi mu buyinza bw'eby'amatwale oba agatawaza bakazi mu mirimu egimu.

Gye buvuddeko awo, kkooti yakizuula nti okugattulula obufumbo ku mateeka. Kkooti yakizuula nti okugaana ebiwandiiko by'abafumbo abagenda okufumbiriganwa mu ngeri y'emu tekikkirizibwa mu mateeka. O.[FLT]]

Ebirala: Obukulu, Obunafu, n’Obugagga

Agumential Protection Claus teyenkanankana. Naye era ebibiina tebitwalibwa nga “bitundu ebinoonya enjawukana” (ng'eggwanga oba eddiini), kkooti zigoberera emitindo egigonvu era egigamba nti“pyr [[FL:0] Plyler v. Doe[FLT:] [1982]] Kino kitera okukiwayira ku mateeka ga Texas agatakkirizibwa mu matendekero g'eby'obufuzi. Kyokka, kino tekitegeeza nti obusosoze ng'obwo buli kiseera bukkirizibwa. Amakaaweeti nga [[FLT:][192] (192] gaamenyeka amateeka ga Texas agatense abaana okuva mu matendekero ga bantu, nga bakozesa engeri ey'okwetegereza ebintu kubanga baayize baawadde n'abaana baabwe. Ate ne baleme okumanyisaamu ennyinyiikeromenti ey'ensonga mu kibiina, era nga baleme okunnyonnyola obulungi ensonga enkulu ey'ensonga ezikwata ku by'amateeka, ekibiina ekitongole ekiwayungidde ekiwayungidde mu n'okunnyonnyola ebituufu.[FF.][

Singa amateeka gakukugira olw’eggwanga lyo, obukaba, eddiini, oba endowooza gy’olina ku by’okwetaba, Amereka ak’okubiri ewa obukakafu obw’amaanyi nti okuyigganyizibwa okwo kusoomooza gavumenti.

Amateeka Bwe Gali nga Tegannakolebwa

Mu Amereka ak'okubiri emirundi 14 mulimu eby'enkola nga 4 (Sseary Process Claus: kino kikwata ku gavumenti y'ensi (enzijijira ey'okutaano, eteekebwa ku masaza nga gamenya etteeka okuyitira mu kkumi n'ena) era n'ekisuubizo ekya ddala ekya kakkumi n'ena: “Eggwanga lyonna teriyinza kubuza muntu yenna bulamu, eddembe, oba ebintu, nga tewali mateeka galina nkola.” Omulimu ogwo gulina amatabi abiri amakulu: procedtura ne 'culost'.

Engeri Gavumenti gy’Eyinza Okutuukirizaamu Ebisaanyizo: Obulungi nga Bikolebwa

Okuteekateeka okwetaagisa gavumenti okukozesa enkola ey'obwenkanya nga tennaba kusaanyaawo bulamu, eddembe oba bintu by'omuntu. Kino kitegeeza nti olina okutegeezebwa buli kintu kyonna kye wandikoze era n'omukisa ogw'okuwulirwa mu ngeri ey'omuganyulo. Ebyokulabirako ebya buli lunaku bizingiramu:

  • Layisensi yo ey’okuvuga nga tennaweebwa mwana, olina okuweebwa amagezi n’okuwangula ssente eziba zikwekeddwa.
  • Singa ogobebwa mu nnyumba ya bonna, oba okkirizibwa okuwulirwa.
  • Mu nsonga z’abamenyi b’amateeka, okunnyonnyola ekiba kyetaagisa kiwa omukungu obwannannyini obwannannyini, obwannannyini okutuukirira abajulizi, n’obusobozi bw’okuwozesa omuntu mu ngeri ey’obwenkanya.

Obukuumi mu nkula y'ebifa ku bantu aba bulijjo era butuuka ne ku bantu abatagenda ku kitongole. Ng'ekyokulabirako, okuyingiza amatu g'abagenda okubuyingiramu mu nsi endala kitwaliramu okuwa obujulizi n'obukalu obwa bulijjo. Ebisaanyizo byennyini ebyetaagisa byesigamye ku bunene bw'ebyetaago eby'abantu ababa bakyali ku muti. N'olwekyo, okusobola okuwa obujulizi obwo obuba bwa maanyi, n'okukendeeza ku bye baagala.

Engeri Egeetaagisa: Okukuuma Enkolagana Ennungi

Ekimu ku bintu ebikulu ennyo ebikolebwa kwe kutwala eddembe ly'omuntu nga kkulu nnyo ne kiba nti gavumenti teyinza kuliyingira okuggyako nga lirina ensonga enkulu ennyo, ka kibe nti enkola eyo ya bwenkanya kwenkana wa. Obusobozi buno tebumenyebwa mu Mateeka wabula butwalibwa ng'ekitundu kya “bulimu obubenje” obukuusibwako okuyitira mu nkola ekolebwa.

Kkooti Enkulu yakkiriza okubaamu eddembe eriteekeddwa okulangirira:

  • [[AGUMENTI][[[AK'AKATANDIKI]] (nga mu nkalala ez'ebivaamu mu [[NKUMBO:2]] okuva mu v. Virginia[[KAFUZI:3]]] Obufumbo obw'ekika ky'omu [] bwe buzingiramu n'obufumbo obw'ekika ky'ekimu n'obw'omuddiringi obufaananyirizo obufaananyirizo [[FLT:]]]]
  • [[AK'AMUTANDIKA] [[AK'AMUTANDIKI][[KATANDIKI]] [[[:2]]GRILOld v.Connecticut[[KATANDIKA]]
  • [[Akawayiro:0]] Okukuza abaana [[[KITONDE] (obukalu, [[KITONGO]]]][OBWALA]]][OBWAGUMENTI]]][[OKATANDIKA]]][[OKATANDIKA]]]]]
  • [[Akabonero:0] Privtak[[=AK'AWULA] (nga mw'otwalidde n'eddembe ery'okwesalirawo ku bujjanjabi)
  • [[Akawayiro:0]Travel[[Akawayiro] (Obwonge bw'osobola okugenda wakati w'enfuga n'ensi zo kizikkiriza)

Ekimu ku bintu ebyaleetawo enkaayana ennyo mu nkola ereetebwawo okuggyamu ebbali. Roe v. Wade [1973]), kkooti yakizuula nti okuggyamu olubuto kye kimu ku bintu ebikkirizibwa mu obwama bwa kompyuta nga kiragiddwa mu nkola ekyetaagisa okuggyamu enzijjuvu. Ekiragiro kino kiraga nti mu ngeri esaanira mu Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization (20222]), ekigamba nti, ekitongole eky'eby'obulamu ekya 14 tekibaako kasogo kafundizo ku . Akawampukulwa kano kati kalekebwa akalaga nti enkola eya bulijjo tekoma ku ntandikwa ya kkooti.

Enjigiriza Ekwata ku Kintu

Nga terinnawo Mmeeri ey'ekkumi na kimu, Bill of Rights yakoma ku gavumenti y'ensi, so si gavumenti. Nga bakozesa emisango egiddiriŋŋana mu kyasa ekya 20 (eyitibwa “okulonda entegeka”), kkooti enkulu yakozesa enkola y'Ekiwandiiko kya Claus okukozesa ebisinga obungi ku Bikolwa eby'Eddembe by'Obwannakyewa mu masaza. Leero, eddembe lyo ery'okwogera mu ddembe ery'okusinza, obukuumibwa obutereevu, era n'okuwozesebwa abalamuzi mu buli kitongole kyonna ekikola ku ggwanga olw'ekukyusa kwa 147. Kino kitegeeza nti omukungu wa poli mu kibuga kyo tasobola kumenya ddembe ly'okugattika obutuufu eririmu.

Ekiwandike [[NKUMBO] [ekikola ku nkalala olwagigatta kimu nakyo kibaamu n'enkola endala ez'enjawulo [[[LT:1] kiwandiika ku nsonga n'ennyonnyolwa mu bufunze.

Engeri Omuteende ogw’Akakkumi n’Ana gye Gukwata ku Bulamu Bwo

Wano waliwo ebintu bye tuyinza okukola okulaga nti ebiwandiiko ebyo bituuka ku muntu, so si ku bulombolombo obutaliimu.

Okwenyigira mu by’obufuzi

Ekitundu 2 ku kitongole ekya 14th Amerekance kyawa ekibonerezo mu mateeka agaasooka agagaana okulonda abasajja (kwewali nga bakendeeza ku bubonero mu Congress). Wadde ng'ekitundu ekyo kisibiddwa nnyo oludda olw'empewo olusooka olw'ekkumi n'ettaano n'eky'ekkumi n'ekkumi n'omubiri, Ek'ekirala kya Claus ekibadde kikozesebwa okusoomooza amateeka agabawandikidde, okukuba etteeka erikwata ku ku kulonda abatuuze abatuuze aba bulijjo. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu [FLL:0] Shelby County v. Harter[FFLT:1], kkooti yakuba olukunkunkuutizo ku nsonga ezikwata ku ddembe, naye olutuufu zisigalawo eriwo n'abo abagamba nti amateeka ag'okulonda mu bugenderevu okusosola mu ggwanga oba ekituuti. Singa okyusizza ekkomera ku nsonga y'okunoonyereza okwo, olutuufu, oluyinza okulabika ng'ensonga ekkirizibwa okuba nga y'ensonga ekkirizibwa mu mwaka gwenkanankanankanankanankanankanankanankanankana olutuufu. Singa o

Okuyigiriza Abantu Bonna

Buli mwana mu Amereka alina eddembe okugenda mu ssomero ka kibe nti ali mu mbeera ki ey'abayingira mu nkyukakyuka (Plyler v. Doe). Abayizi era balina eddembe erigwanira nga batunuulidde oba nga bagobeddwa: balina okutegeezebwa n'okuweebwa omukisa okunnyonnyola oludda lwabwe nga tebannaggibwawo. Ekirabo kya 'Claus' nakyo tekikkirizibwa kuggyawo amasomero ga bantu kusinziira ku langi, ku bikolwa oba ku nkola eza programu.

Eddembe ly’Okwagala Ku mulimu

Wadde nga mu Amereka ow'ekkumi n'enamba mu 1964 tekwata ku nkola ya gavumenti (so si ku baamasimu abakyegatte bokka), abakozesa bangi bakkirizibwa amateeka agafuga antintintintintintintintintintintis decivel de Covil Rights (okuva ku Dreaseasenti). Ekiragiro kino, omutwe VII ow'Akakwa k'Eddembe ly'Obwannannyini mu 1964 kigaana obusosoze obw'okukolera emirimu egikwatagana n'eggwanga, enkula, eddiini, obukaba, obukaba, n'obwa bannaabwo obwa bulijjo. Akatundu 1981 ak'awumba k'eddembe k'eddembe k'obuntu aka (1866) kakkiriza abantu okusalirwa olubala mu mikankano, nga mw'otwalidde n'emirimu emirala emirala egibagirwamu oba egitali gya gavumenti, era tebasobola kusalibwa bukuumibwamu singa baba n'emigabo gyabwe (ng'enkola kkumi).

Kkiriza okubuuka ku Nnono za Ludda lwa Bulaaya

Bw'okozesa etterekero ly'eby'omu tayibura, ebifo, oba enkola ey'entambula, e Protection Claus ekakasa nti tosobola kuggibwa mu kifo olw'obw'obwannanyini obuva mu ntambula. Ate era, gavumenti teziyinza kugaana bantu kukola ku bintu ebirala okuggyako nga waliwo ekiteeyambi kya maanyi, era era nga n'eddagala lya bantu ba gavumenti libakakasa nti lisobola okukuyamba nga wazzeewo obujjanjabi oba obuyigirize obwa bulijjo. Emirimu bwe giba nga gavumenti egezaako okunyaga ssente ez'emmere, Medicaid, oba okusasula ebisalebwawo nga bugookkeberezza.

Obulamu bw’Amaka n’Obw’Obwaffe

Emirimu egitali gimu egitasaanira mu mateeka okuwasa oba okufumbirwa gizingiramu okufumbirwa omuntu ow’eggwanga eddala oba ow’ekikula ekirala. Eddembe ery'okubeera awamu n'abaana bo likuumibwa mu mbeera ezitali za bulijjo.[1] Ng'ekyokulabirako, emirimu egikuuma abaana giteekwa okuba n'ekiragiro kya kkooti okugoba omwana nga tokkiriza, okuggyako nga waliwo ky'okikkiriza. Eddembe ly'okutambula awatali buzibu wakati w'ensi z'ensi ez'enjawulo litegeeza nti toyinza kubonerezebwa olw'okugenda mu ggwanga limu okufuna omulimu oba okugenda ku ssomero.

Ebizibu Ebibaawo mu Kiseera Kino n’Enkaayana Ezitagenda mu Kiseera

Wadde nga mu Amereka ow’Amakumi Abiri mu kiseera kino muweza emyaka egisukka mu 150, gusigala mu kifo awasigala ennyo enkaayana nnyingi mu by’obufuzi ne mu mateeka.

Obutuuze Obulina Okukolebwa Obukaluubirirwa

Bannabyabufuzi abamu bagambye nti abaana ababeera mu nsi engwira abatamanyiddwa busika bwe balina okumalirizibwa, era nti ebigambo “bagondera amateeka gaayo” tebizingiramu abo abali mu nsi eyo mu bukyamu.

Obukuumi n’Ebikolwa eby’Okulaga nti Oli Muddu wa Yakuwa

Mu [[NKULA]] Obuyigirize obwa Fair Adgicts v. Harvard [202], kkooti enkulu efuga enzivvuunula n'ebweya, era n'esalawo nti baamenya amateeka aga Claus agenkanankana ne Claus. Kino kikyusa ekifo kya yunivesiti ne bakozesa abaagala okwongera obungi bw'ebika by'ebiwandikiro. Okusalawo tekukoma ku ku kukwata ku langi nga(adium) .

Engeri Ebintu gye Bigenda Bikolebwamu mu Kiseera eky’Okuti

Nga bugaziwa, wajjawo ensonga eziba zeetaagisa mu nkola ereetebwawo ku kusalawo okwa tekinnyonyola. Ng'ekyokulabirako, singa gavumenti ekozesa mu bukyamu layisensi yo ng'emangiddwa omwonoonyi olw'ensobi ekoleddwa ku kompyuta, olina omulimu ogusaanira okugolola ensobi eyo. Mu ngeri y'emu, okukozesa amaalukalala mu mbeera y'abaana, okusalirako omusango, n'okuganyulwa mu kunoonyereza ku nsonga eyo, kireetawo ebibuuzo ebikwata ku buzibu ku bantu abamu. Kkooti zikola ku ngeri y'obulombolombo obutuufu ey'okukwata ku ku ku kuyiga eby'awuzi.

Amaanyi Agali mu Nkuŋŋaana

Ekitundu 5 ku kikumi eky'ekkumi n'ena ku kikumi eky'Empeereze kiwa Kongress obuyinza okusobozesa enteekateeka zaalyo okuyitira mu mateeka. Kino kye kisinziirwako amateeka mangi, nga mw'otwalidde ne akakwakkulizo aka Civil Rights aka 1964, era ne Amerika abalina obusobozi obutakola nga bo. Kyokka, kkooti enkulu erina obuyinza obutono ku Kitundu 5 mu nsonga nga Kino kibeera nga kituukiriza enteekateeka yaakyo okuyitira mu mateeka. Floress [1997], nga yeetaaza etteeka eryamu ligamba nti: “Ek'okukyuka era n'okusengeka obwa bulijjo” Kko. Kino kitegeeza nti Kkoluuntikko kya Consentimenti esobola okukozesebwa okukuuma eddembe lyayo, era ne kutaba mu ngeri y'obusosoze.

Olugero: Njigiriza Ennungi Ekwata ku Busobozi bwa Buli Lunaku

Mu mateeka, abatuuze bakozesa eddembe lyabwe erisingawo okukuuma eddembe lyabwe erisinga obukulu nga bazaalibwa.

Bw’otegeera obulungi eddembe lyo bwe liba nga toyagala kutandika kugattibwa, singa okkiriza nti obutuuze bwo butyo, oba nti obuwanguzi bwo tebukkirizibwa, oyinza okutuukirira looya oba ekibiina ekiwa obuyambi mu mateeka kikuyambe okubukozesa.