Obukujjukanyi mu nkankano z'ensi mu nkaalu z'ensi mu mateeka egoberera ebiwandiiko eby'edda era n'enkyukakyuka ez'omulembe guno. Omuntu bw'ayingira endagaano ne gavumenti nga yeekomyawo akakwate ka gavumenti.[1] Ka kibe nti ejje, oba nga waliwo ebiva mu mulimu oba nga waliwo ebintu ebirala ebikulu, ekibuuzo kino kijjawo: Eggwanga liyinza okusazesebwa singa limenya endagaano eyo? Eky'okuddamu kyesigamye ku nfugezo, omusingi ogukukugira gavumenti obutakwatibwa kkooti z'amateeka okuggyako nga ekkiriza okusalirwa omusango. Ekitundu kino kikebera ek'obutebe bw'obwemaliribirimu mu n'enkankambi, era kiwa obulagirizi obw'omuganyulo eri abakozaago n'ebitongole ebikola ku gavumenti.

Obumu obw’Omufuzi w’Obutonde Bwonna Kye Ki?

Omufuzi w'obutonde bwonna njigiriza eremeseza gavumenti okusalirwa omusango awatali lukusa. Enjigiriza eyo yasibuka mu mateeka ga bulijjo ag'Abangereza, kabaka gye yali tayinza kuwerebwa mu kkooti ze kubanga yatwalibwa nga kabaka ensibuko y'obwenkanya. Ebyasa bingi, omusingi guno gwagobererwa mu Amerika, gye gukosebwa gavumenti era gye gukolanga ku gavumenti nga guyitira mu nkola y'ebyuma ebitongole ebikola empanvu okuzza empewo ensonga.

Mu Amerika, olukusa olw'ekkumi n'omusanvu luwa obuwagizi mu kkooti z'amateeka obutakugirwa kusasulwa baseti. Kyokka, enjigiriza era egenda ne mu kkooti za gavumenti wansi w'amateeka. N'olwekyo, omuntu yenna ayagala okusasuza endagaano ateekwa okulaga nti gavumenti egaanye okukkirizibwa oba nti egobererwa. Okutegeera ensonga eno y'emu kubanga singa ekuumibwa era nga tewamenyeddwa, omusango gujja kumalibwa ku ntandikwa y'endagaano.

[[AGUMENTI:0]" Ekiragiro bwe kibala ennukuta efunze, tekikyusa ekifo buli omu ky'ayinza okumanyira ekibiina kya gavumenti."

Engeri Omufuzi w’Obutonde Bwonna gy’Ayinza Okugonjoolamu Enkaayana

Omuntu bw'aba ayingira endagaano, aba takyasobola kugikolako mu mateeka singa gavumenti teziyiza gavumenti. Wansi w'emisingi egy'okufuga, gavumenti tesobola kukkirizibwa kutwaliriza ndagaano okuggyako nga ekkiriza endagaano. Kino kitegeeza nti ne bwe kiba nti gavumenti emenya endagaano, ekibiina kyayo tekiyinza kugikolako mu mateeka singa gavumenti tegirabye kukugira kuyingira mu nsonga. Ebiwabyo bikkiriza obutali bwenkanya obuli mu tteeka lino, naddala mu nnyiriri eziriraanyeewo obukkirizo, era etaddewo amateeka agagitakugira kakwate ne kkansa emu.

Yakola ebiwaawaatiro mu ngeri ey’ekisaawe

Ekiragiro kino kiyinza okukkirizibwa. Ekiragiro kino kikkirizibwa okuyisa akakiiko akafuzi akayisa etteeka erikkiriza amasasiti okumenya endagaano wakati wa gavumenti. Ng'ekyokulabirako, gavumenti nnyingi zirina etteeka "Claims Against the State" erikkiriza endagaano, litera okukolebwa mu kkooti etongodde nga kooti efuga ebireetebwawo. Singa etteeka erikkirizibwa liba likkirizibwa, etteeka erikkirizibwa liyinza okukkirizibwa mu mateeka ng'enkola y'enkiiko y'eggwanga. Singa etteeka liba lirina obukwasifu mu kugaso, ne liba nga liteekeddwamu ekiwandiiko ekikkirizisa olugattiddwawo oba singa kooti ekkiriza okukkirizibwa mu n'ensonga emu. Kyokka, kkooti zigaana okuzuula olukalala olutuufu; olutuufu oluteekwa okukkirizibwa, era olutuufu.

Obunafu ku Kwesigamya

Ne bwe kiba nti gavumenti eremesezza abantu obutatuukibwako kabi konna nga bawakana, eyinza okubakugira okuzzaawo ebisawo. Obusobozi bungi buzingiramu okuteekako kansalo ku mirimu gye bakolera nga doola 500 oba doola 100 oba obukadde bwa doola z'Amerika (era doola 1000,000 oba doola), era eteeka amateeka agakugira okubonerezebwa ku by'okusasula abakungu ba gavumenti.

Omukutu ogw’Akataano ogw’Okukka mu Kibiina n’Enkola ya Kkooti

K'empandika y'ekkumi n'ennya ey'okugonjoolwa mu kkooti z'amateeka mu Amerika ewa gavumenti gavumenti. Kino kitegeeza nti ne bwe kiba nti gavumenti emaze okuwona eddembe mu kkooti zaayo, kiyinza obutakkirizibwa kugikolako mu kkooti z'ensi okuggyako ng'omuteesiteesi agatta olukiiko olukulu olw'eggwanga. College Safiers Bank vvuls v. Florida Preareasureary Education Board [1999]), kkooti enkulu ekkiriza nti gavumenti terimukugira butebe bw'empaka olw'eby'obusuubuzi mu kkooti z'eby'obusuubuzi. Nkulembedde, abakkenneenya ensonga bannannyini bateekwa okukebera n'obwegendereza oba okukkiriza embeera eyo ekkiriza okukkiriza enkaayaananya ezo. [1999] Enkaawulumenti enkulu y'empala y'ensonga ez'omu kkooti z'eggwanga eri mu kkooti z'eggwanga. Bwe kiba nga kigattiddwa mu kkooti z'ekuusa.

Enjawulo Ezili mu Butakkaanya Obuva eri Omufuzi Waffe

Ng'oggyeko abo ababba, waliwo abamu abayinza okukkiriza endagaano okukolebwako nga bamenyawo ewawaanya ne bwe kiba nti tewali na mutawaana gwa maanyi nnyo.

Ebikolwa by’Abaweereza

Eggwanga liwa enjawulo wakati w'ebyo ebisalibwawo mu kusalawo oba okusala emisango mu kibiina n'emirimu egitali gimu egiragiddwa mu buweereza. Omuntu obutakwatibwa bukulembeze obufuga gavumenti akuuma ebweru w'obukwasifu singa asalawo ku buwagizi naye nga tayinza kukwata ku mirimu gy'obuweereza. Mu kugootaana, ensonga enkulu eyinza okuleetawo enjawukana mu kusalawo kw'amateeka oba okulemererwa okukola omulimu gw'obuweereza. Ng'ekyokulabirako, singa ekitongole kya gavumenti kisalawo okusaza omulimu gw'okuzimbira omulimu ogw'okuzimbira mu nkola y'ensonga, okusalawo okw'amagezi kuyinza obutabaawo mu ngeri esaanira. Naye ekitongole ekyo bwe kilemererwa okusasula etteeka nti gulina okusalwawo, ekyo kiyinza okuba nga kikolwa eky'okuweereza.

Empandika eya "Eyokugqibela-sort" Ekirala

Eggwanga ezimu zimanyi ekifo gavumenti w'ekolera mu butunzi. Oluusi kino kiyitibwa "propicentirie" ku olwo lwokka. Singa gavumenti ewa obuweereza oba okukola ekintu ekiyinza okukolebwa bizineesi, kkooti ziyinza okuba nga zi beetegefu okukizuula nti gavumenti tezirina bukuumi bwa nukuta mu nsi yonna. Kyokka, okusoosa kuno tekukkirizibwa mu nsi yonna era tekusinziira ku buyinza bwa gavumenti.

Fraderal Analague: Tucker Act

Ekitundu kino bwe kiba kissa essira ku kukuuma etteeka lya gavumenti, kiba kirungi okwetegereza akakwakkulizo akaago akaago akaagoogerwa gavumenti. Tucker Act (28.U.S.141) kaayiya k'akawawawa k'endagaano ezimu ezikkirizibwa mu gavumenti era ne kaleka ensalo mu kkooti ya Amerika ey'ebitundu ebitegekebwawo okusobola okugobererwa. Amagatte mangi galina enkola y'ekitongole ekikola ekiwandikiro nga "Ekirabo eky'obuyinza obwa gavumenti".

Emitindo gy’Empisa n’Ebyokulabirako by’Etteeka ly’Olukiiko

Buli ggwanga lirina amateeka gaalyo agafuga enkaayana eziba mu ndagaano.

  • [[Act:0] California: Kode ya Gavumenti ya California ekkiriza empati ezisaasa okusiimula endagaano n'eggwanga. Ekiragiro kiyinza okukkirizibwa okukkirizibwa mu nkaalo nga kiwandikiro eky'ekika kya muntu okusobola okukituukiriza ekyo. Ekiragiro kino kikkirizibwa okukituukiriza ebbanja eryo naye tekikkirizibwa kubonerezebwa.
  • New York [[NKULULA]: Kkooti ya New York efuga koonti zinnaazo ezifuga en'empandika mu ngeri emenya amateeka ga gavumenti. Naye waliwo amateeka agakugira ebizingirwamu (emirundi mukaaga ku byewandiike ebiwerako, naye kontanti zigoberera mateeka ga njawulo).
  • [[AWULA:0] : Akawayiro ka Texas Tort As Acts Actives artives produces (''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
  • [[AWULA:0] FLORIDA: Florida erina ekiwandikiro ekisobozesa obuteetwaze obw'okwefuga okusattulwa kontulakiti nga awawyiro olukalala lw'essomero wansi w'ekitundu 768.28, Enzikkiriza ez'amateeka mu Florida, naye ebisale ku kika ekyo biteekebwamu doola 1000,000 ku muntu kinnoomu ne doola nga doola 5000,000 buli emu ku nsonga emu.

Ebyokulabirako bino biraga nti abazimba kampuni bateekwa okunoonyereza ku mateeka g’ensi gye bagenda okuwamba agakugira endwadde.

Ebiyamba Abo Ababa Balina Obuzibu bw’Okukola

Bizineesi n'abantu kinnoomu abeegatta ku gavumenti, tekibeetaagisa kutegeera bumanya nti tebaba na buyinza bwa muntu yenna.

Okulwanyisa n’Abalabe

Emu ku ngeri esingayo obulungi ey'okukuuma eddembe lyo kwe kuggyamu etteeka erikusobozesa okwetongoza mu nkalala. Eggwanga nyingi lirina enkola eyinza okukkirizibwa okuweerwa mu kkooti emu. Endagaano ennungi eyinza okuzingiramu: "Eggwanga liba likyirizza kyonna kye ligamba nti terikkiriza kwefuga oba nti terikkiriza kukkuta kubaako ky'okwawula ku nkuta yaalyo. Kyokka, olukalala olwo luyinza okubeera olw'omuganyulo singa ekitongole ekyo kiba kikkirizibwa mu mateeka ga gavumenti. Ebitongole ebimu bye byetaaga okuteesa n'okuteesa n'amateeka agafuga enneyisa mu ngeri eyo nga tebinnaagoberezebwa.

Ebyetaagisa Okwesalirawo

Ne bwe kiba nti ebiteeso by'okulwanyisa endwadde bireme okugobererwa, wayinza okubaawo ebisaanyizo ebikalu. Ebitundu bingi by'ekyetaagisa omuzimbi okuwandiika amabaluwa ga ssente ze zikolerwa mu kiseera kitono nga wayiseewo ennaku 90 oba emyezi mukaaga oluvannyuma lw'okuyomba. Singa agaana okugigobererwa, eb'obutongole obwo kiyinza okuviirako okukomyawo obujjanjabi, gamba nga bwe kiba nga mu kukola endagaano okusobola okuzzaawo enkyuziganya ebizikwatako. Omuntu okusooka okusasula eb'abyo nga tannabawaabiina.

Okulonda Enteekateeka Ennungi

Singa eggwanga liba nga teririna bukuumi mu kkooti emu, omuzimbi ayinza okusalirwa ekibonerezo okusemba ewa ssemakungu mu kkooti y'eggwanga eririna obuyinza. Mu mbeera ezimu, okutongozebwa kuyinza okubaawo singa endagaano ebaamu ebigambo ebikkirizibwa mu lukiiko olwo era singa gavumenti ekkiriza okukkirizibwa. Kyokka, ebigambo ebiggiddwa mu kuzimba ebiba bitegekeddwa biteekwa okuddiriŋŋanwa mu ngeri ey'amagezi kubanga gavumenti ziyinza okukuuma obusobozi obwa nnannyini mu kkooti efuga ebizikwata ku nsonga.

Yinsuwalensi n’Okutumbula Obuyambi

Era abakola endagaano n'abawagizi ba gavumenti balina okulowooza obanga ekitongole kya gavumenti kijja kubafuula abayinza okukkirizibwa mu bintu ebireetebwa ebibiina bisatu.

Okuva mu Ddiini ng’Ozaaliddwa

Singa gavumenti ekuuma endagaano nga teyolekezebwa, omuzimbi oteekwa okuba omwetegefu okugamba nti okulwanyisa endwadde kwayimirizibwa oba nti enkola eno egobererwa.

  1. [[NKUMBO:0]] Ekikongojjedwa mu kusengeka amateeka ag'omu mpandika eya Waiver:[ Ekiyinza okusooka kwe kuzuula amateeka oba amateeka agatakkiriza kikulwanyisa kuttukwasibwa okutuukiriza bye weewandisizza. Kino kitera okwetaagisa okwekenneenya nnyo empandika y'amateeka.
  2. [[Act:0] Empandika ey'ekika n'etaagibwa mu mbeera ezitali zimu: Singa ekiragiro kibaamu okugayaaza mu kiseera ekigereke, omuzimba ateekwa okulaga nti embeera zonna zituukiridde.
  3. [[AK:0] Argue Ekikola ku Nsonga Yokka:[ Ekiragiro bwe kiba nga koppi eyo erimu ebigambo ebikyasinze mu luwandika lwayo, essira lisinze ku kugiteekako mu lulimi olwayo.
  4. [[Act:0] Assert Act by'aweereza Ekirabo: Singa okusoberwa kuva ku buzibu obutali bwa mu kutuukiriza, bagamba nti okukuumibwa tekukwata ku mirimu gy'obuweereza.
  5. [[AGUMENTI:0] Noonya obuyambi obukozesebwa mu kulangirira ebiba bitegekeddwa:[ Mu bitundu ebimu, omuntu bw'aba asalawo ku nsonga, asobola okusooka okufuna entegeka ku bukuumi obufuga engeri y'okuziyiza ebizimbe ebyonoonebwa.

Ng'ekyokulabirako, kkooti z'ensi ezimu ziwandiisa enkola y'okussaawo kooti ez'enjawulo mu nsi ezimu, era zisobola okukkiriza endagaano eziba zikoleddwa mu kkooti ya gavumenti mu New York.

fundikira

Ekiragiro bwe kiba nga kisobozesa abakizi baaweerwa ebisuubizo bya gavumenti okussaawo endagaano mu nkaaso z'eggwanga, kiba kirungi okusala enkyuuka mu mateeka agagisobozesa okusangirira enkola za bantu ne n'entegeka zaabwe. Wadde nga aw'okwerwanako kateesite wabweru kiyinza okukuuma eggwanga okuva ku gavumenti okuva ku kugattibwa, era kiyinza okuleetawo ebinaavaamu ebitali bya bwenkanya eri abazimbi abatunzi ba gavumenti abeesize ebisuubizo. Nga bayitira mu ndagaano ez'enkola ez'enkola, okumanya abamenyi b'amateeka abaziyiza enkola ya gavumenti, era n'okugobeeyambibwa kwa gavumenti, amakoleennyo gayinza okukendeeza akabi akakwataganyizibwa n'okukolagana ne gavumenti. Wadde bwe kityo, obukuumibwa buno buyinza buba buno: nga tebannayingira mu ndagaano yonna enzikkiriza endagaano y'eggwanga, oba amateeka ga gavumenti okubutuukiriza bulungi.

  • [[Act:0] Ekitongole ekikola ku by'amakulu agagibwa mu mateeka – Omufuzi w'ekitongole [[Akabonero:1]
  • [[Act:0]GAO – Act Tucker ne Kafayiro Ezirumba Gavumenti ya 'Foderal'[[AK':1]
  • [[AGUMENTI] Olukiiko lw'Eggwanga olw'Eggwanga olw'Emigatte gy'Eggwanga – Eggwanga erifuga Byonna[[Akabonero:1]