Table of Contents

Zopanga Zauyang’aniro wa America: Kupeza Abambo ndi Mabuku Awo Osonyeza Kulinganizika

Kupangidwa kwa boma la United States kuli chimodzi cha ntchito zadala ndi zanzeru za maluso andale m'mbiri ya anthu. Kupezedwa kwa Abambo, kugwiritsa ntchito nzeru zandale ndi zokumana nazo zawo za atsamunda, kunakonza dongosolo lolinganizidwira kulinganiza ufulu ndi dongosolo la boma ndi mgwirizano wa dziko, ndipo kotchuka kudzakhala ndi kukhazikika kwa madongosolo. Masomphenya awo a boma lachikatikati sanali chabe njira yongoyerekezera ndi ulamuliro wa Briteni ndi kulephera kwawo koyamba pansi pa Zigawo za Confedera. Kumvetsetsa masomphenya ameneŵa kumafuna kupenda masamu aakulu amene analinganiza, miyambo ya filosofi imene inauzidwa, ndi kulolera kopindulitsa kumene kunatheketsa.

Zithunzi Zazikulu ndi Zopereka Zawo

Anthu ambiri amene anatchuka ndi dzina lakuti A Fathering Fathers, anali ndi luso landale, nzeru, ndiponso nzeru zothandiza.

George Washington: Mtsogoleri Wosatsutsika

George Washington anachititsa ntchito yake yopanga kampaniyo kupitirira lamulo lake lankhondo pa Nkhondo ya Reivolution . Monga pulezidenti wa Constitution Washington anabwereka ulemu wake waukulu ku ntchitozo, kupereka kuyenera kwa ntchitoyo ndi kuthandiza kuchititsa nthumwi zogwirizana kusumika maganizo pa chifuno chawo. Kukhala kwakeko kokha kunatsimikizira anthu ambiri a ku Amereka kuti boma latsopanolo lidzaikidwa m’manja odalirika. Zosankha za Washington pambuyo pake monga pulezidenti woyamba , kupereka mwaŵi wapamwamba wa ntchito ya kabati, ndipo modzimodzi nkutsata pambuyo pa zitsanzo ziŵiri zomwe zinaumba presidenti ya mibadwo. [FLD:] Farewellices Farewell Ady . zinachenjeza za kuopsa kwa kutchuka ndi kusamuka kwa dziko la America, malangizo osonkhezera kuti anthu a ku America a m’zaka za zana lakunja.

James Madison: Wopanga Malamulo

Palibe munthu mmodzi amene anathandizira kwambiri ku kapangidwe ka Malamulo kuposa James Madison. Kaŵirikaŵiri otchedwa "Atate wa Malamulo," Madison anafika pa Msonkhano ku Philadelphia ndi mapulani atsatanetsatane [1] Virginia Plan (amene anakhala maziko a chikalata chomaliza. Kuphunzira kwake kozama za mbiri ndi mapangano a malamulo a boma ndi kudziŵitsa kuti maufumu amalephera ndi kuti ndi zinthu zotani zimene zimachirikiza kukhalabe chikhalire. Zopereka za Madison's ku [FLT: 0] Mapers , makamaka [[FLT:]] Fideralist [[FLT]] list projectives [ikulu kwambiri]] [[FLT:]] Fidristrist [astritioses] yogwirizana ndi mphamvu zake zazikulu zotetezera dziko lonse. Ngakhale kuti iye anachirikiza chigawero chachikulu, ngakhale kuti chivome chivomezo chake chotsutsa chikanetso chake chotsutsa chitsutsa chikanetso chake chotsutsa.

Alexander Hamilton: Gulu la Boma Lamphamvu Lapakati

Alexander Hamilton adapereka masomphenya a boma lamphamvu limene linagwirizanitsa njira yanzeru kwambiri ya Madison. Monga mlembi woyamba wa Federal Papers , Hamilton anatsutsa monyengerera kaamba ka kukongoletsa, kufotokoza za mphamvu ya boma, kupenda, ndi ukulu wofunika wa ulamuliro wa boma. Ntchito yake yapambuyo pake monga Mlembi woyamba wa Kayendedwe a [FLT:] kukhazikitsa banki ya dziko, kusenza ngongole za boma, ndi kupanga dongosolo la mapangano a malamulo. Masomphenya a Hamilton a malonda ndi boma lalikulu kwambiri. Malamulo ake anali ogwirizana ndi Jerson, ndi kukwaniritsa kwake kulongosola kwa zaka makumi ambiri.

Thomas Jefferson: Wafilosofi wa Ufulu

Ngakhale kuti sanalipo ku France mkati mwa Constitution ya Constitution, chisonkhezero cha Thomas Jefferson pa ulamuliro wa Amereka chinali chachikulu. Wolemba wake Chilengezo cha Ufulu wa Anthu anakhazikitsa maziko a filosofi a ntchito yonse yokhazikitsidwa, akumati maboma amapeza mphamvu zawo zolungama kuchokera ku kuvomereza ulamuliro wa olamulidwa ndi kukhala ndi ufulu wachilengedwe. Kukayikira kwa Jefferson kwa mphamvu zamphamvu ndi kukhazikitsa kwake ulamuliro wa malamulo kunaumba kutsutsa maprogramu a Hamilton ndi kupereka mawu kwa awo amene anaopa boma latsopano kuti likhale lopanda ulamuliro wankhanza. Udindo wake wa maphunziro, ufulu wachipembedzo, ndi kumadzulo anasonyeza masomphenya a ku America monga ufumu wa ufulu mmalo mwa ulamuliro wa mphamvu.

Benjamin Franklin: Mawu a Nzeru Yogwira Ntchito

Pa zaka 81 zakubadwa, Benjamin Franklin anali nthumwi yaikulu pa Convention ya Constitution , komabe zopereka zake zinapyola pa kukhalapo kophiphiritsira. Nzeru ya Franklin inathandiza kugamulapo machenjera angapo osuliza, kuphatikizapo Kulolera Koipa Kokulira kumene kunapanga nyumba ya malamulo ya kampando ya Bayamaral. Kuitana kwake kotchuka kwa nthumwizo "Kudziwitsa pang'ono za kusalakwa kwawo" ndipo lingaliro lake la kutsegula chigawo chirichonse ndi pemphero (ngakhale kuti sanavomerezedwe) linasonyeza kumvetsetsa kwake kuti kunyada kwa munthu ndi kuuma khosi kumachititsa chipambano cha msonkhanowo monga kusagwirizana kulikonse kochepa kwa . Mbiri ya Franklin yapadziko lonse ndi chidziŵitso chake monga nduna yake inampatsa ulemu wapadera m’kusonkhezera.

Oyambitsa Ena Odziŵika

Ziŵerengero zina zambiri zopanga zopereka zofunika. John Adams [1] John adafotokoza nkhani ya kulekana kwa maulamuliro mu "Masetts on Boma" ndi kutetezera Malamulo m'zolemba zake. George Mason [[FLT:] [[FLT]] anathandiza ntchito ya kulolera kulakwa kwa ufulu, kukana kusaina malamulo a malamulo popanda mmodzi ndi kuthandiza kutsimikizira kulandiridwa kwa masinthidwe khumi oyambirira. [FLT:] [FLT:] [FLT] Sherman [FLT:] [FLT:] [FLT:] [FLT] [FF] inathandiza ntchito ya kugawa kwa Constanticut imene inathandiza kukhazikitsa mkangano kopambana pamsonkhano. [Ft:] Jay]

Maziko a Chiphunzitso cha Chiphunzitso: Chiphunzitso Choyambirira

Opezawo sanapange malingaliro awo onena za boma kuchokera ku kufutukuka. Iwo anakopa pa mwambo wolemera wa nthanthi zandale zoyambira ku Girisi ndi Roma wakale ndi kusesa kwa olingalira Anzeru a m’zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziŵiri ndi lachisanu ndi chitatu. Kumvetsetsa maziko a filosofi ameneŵa nkofunika kumvetsetsa zimene Oyambitsawo anafuna kumanga.

Chisonkhezero cha John Lock

Wafilosofi mmodzi wotchuka kwambiri wa oyambitsa America anali John Locke wa ku England amene ankaganiza. Specondie of Government (1689) adatsutsa kuti boma lovomerezeka limakhala ndi chivomerezo cha olamulidwa ndi amene alipo kwenikweni kutetezera ufulu wachibadwa ($wrafe), ufulu, ndi chuma. Lingaliro la pangano la anthu [“chigamulo cha anthu)] kuti anthu adzipatula modzi ndi modzi kufuna kutetezera ufulu wawo wotsalawo [1] adapereka chilungamo cha kuukira boma limene limatsutsa chikhulupiriro chake. Chinenero cha Jennson mu Declation of Independetion Cocce Cange, makamaka mfundo yakuti maboma apeza malo awo kuchokera ku ku kuvomereza kwa anthu" ndi kuti anthu asakhale ndi "kulamulira ufulu wa kulowa pansi" kapena kusokoneza boma.

Montesquieu ndi Kupatukana kwa Mphamvu

Wafilosofi wa ku France Montesquieu anapereka lingaliro lake la kukhazikitsa losiyana kwambiri. Ngati maulamuliro aŵiri asanganizidwa, ufulu umawopsezedwa; pamene onse atatu aphatikizidwa, zotulukapo zauchinyama. Oyambitsawo anatenga lamulo limeneli mumtima, kupanga nthambi zitatu za boma zokhala ndi magwero a ulamuliro ndi maulamuliro osiyanasiyana. Nyumba ya Oimira ufulu iyenera kuimira anthu mwachindunji, Pulezidenti akasankhapo pa Ele College, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira iliyonse yovomerezeka.

Chifuko ndi Ukoma

Kuposa kugonja ndi kumvetsetsa kwa mapangidwe a Montesquieu, Oyambitsa adagwiritsira ntchito mwambo wa kutembenuza koyambirira kumene kunagogomezera ubwino wa anthu . . Kufunitsitsa kwa nzika kunyalanyaza zabwino zaumwini. Malamulo onga Adams ndi Madison anada nkhaŵa kuti popanda unzika wabwino, palibe lamulo lokhala ndi ufulu. Kudera nkhaŵa kumeneku kunatsogolera ku maphunziro, mabungwe achipembedzo, ndi ulamuliro wa kumaloko monga maziko ophunzitsira anthu a dziko lolamulidwa ndi dziko. Oyambitsawo analingalira kuti boma laufulu limadalira pa khalidwe la anthu ake, ndipo anapanga mabungwe amakhalidwe abwino kuti asunge mbali yaikulu ya khalidwe limenelo.

Kuunikiridwa kwa ku Scotland

David Hume ndi Adam Smith anzeru a ku Scotland anasonkhezeranso Oyambitsa, makamaka m’kumvetsetsa kwawo mmene chitaganya chamalonda ndi kudzifunira chingaperekedwere kutumikira anthu. Kukayikira kwa mpatuko ponena za phukusi landale ndi kugogomezera kwake mbali ya mabungwe m'kuletsa chikhumbo cha anthu chokhudzana ndi mafikidwe a Madison mu [FLD:0] Apulogalamu No. 51 , kumene adanena kuti "chikhumbo chiyenera kuchitidwa kuti chitsutso cha ndale ndi kutchuka. Oyambitsawo sanayembekezere angelo kulamulira; anapanga dongosolo limene likagwira ntchito ngakhale ndi anthu olakwika omwe amalondola zofuna zawo.

Kulephera kwa Nkhani za Chigwirizano

Asanalingalire za Malamulo, nkofunika kumvetsetsa chifukwa chake Oyambitsawo anasiya kuyesayesa kwawo koyamba ku boma la dzikolo. Nkhani za Confederation, zinavomerezedwa mu 1781, zinapanga "ubwenzi wolimba" pakati pa maiko amene anatsimikizira kukhala osakhoza kuthetsa mavuto oyang’anizana ndi dziko latsopano.

Zofooka Zachibadwa

Nkhanizo zinapanga Nyumba ya Malamulo ya unihadaral yomwe boma lililonse linavota kamodzi, mosasamala kanthu za anthu. Panalibe nthambi ina yoyang’anira yokha kukhazikitsa malamulo, panalibe lamulo la boma lothetsera mikangano pakati pa maboma, ndipo panalibe mphamvu ya kukhoma msonkho kwa anthu mwachindunji. Nyumba ya Malamulo ikanapempha ndalama kuchokera ku mabomawo, koma siikanakakamiza kulipira. Makonzedwewa anasonyeza kuti Oyambitsawo anali kuopa ulamuliro wapamwamba pambuyo pa ulamuliro wa Britain, koma anatsimikizira kukhala osagwira ntchito.

Miliri ya Madendene ya Ma 1780

Kulephera kwa Nkhanizo kunatulutsa mpambo wa mavuto amene anakhutiritsa atsogoleri ambiri kuti kusintha kwakukulu kunali kofunika. Boma la dzikolo silinakhoze kulipirira ngongole zake, kusiya anthu ankhondo ya chisinthiko osalipidwa ndi okongoletsa achilendo osakhutiritsidwa. Maboma anakhazikitsa zopinga za malonda pa maiko apafupi, kuchitirana monga maiko akunja. Angelezi anakana kuchotsa malire ofunikira ndi Mapangano a Paris, akutchula kusagwirizana ndi makonzedwe a pangano. Mowopsa, [FLT: 0] Chipanduko cha Masagwa cha kumadzulo kwa Massachusetts mu 1786 - 1777 anasonyeza kuti bomalo linalibe ndi mphamvu zoletsa zigaŵenga zankhondo kapena kuthandiza kusungitsa dongosolo la boma. Ambuye ndi oopera ndalamawo adaopa kuti dziko likagwetse chiweruzo ndi kugwetsa boma.

Maphunziro Ophunziridwa

Chokumana nacho chapansi pa Nkhanizo chinaphunzitsa Oyambitsa mfundo zofunika kwambiri. Choyamba, boma limene silingakhoze kukhoma msonkho. Chachiwiri, boma lopanda nthambi ya boma silingatsatiritse malamulo ake. Chachitatu, boma limene limadalira pa kugonjera kwa boma mwaufulu lidzalephera pamene zofuna za boma zisintha kuchokera ku zofuna za dziko. Maphunziro ameneŵa anasintha mbali iliyonse ya Convention of Constitution, pamene nthumwi zinafuna kukhazikitsa boma lolimba kwambiri kuti ligwire ntchito popanda kuwopseza ufulu.

Msonkhano wa Malamulo: Kupanga Boma Lolinganizika

Convention ya Constitution ya 1787 inali ntchito yodabwitsa m'kulingalira kwa ndale zadziko. Msonkhano m'chinsinsi mu Nyumba ya Independent ya Philadelphia, nthumwi makumi asanu ndi asanu kuchokera ku maboma khumi ndi aŵiri (Rhode Island anakana kutengamo mbali) inatha miyezi inayi ikukambitsirana, kulolera molakwa, ndi kupanga chikalata chimene chikakhala lamulo lalikulu koposa la dzikolo.

Dongosolo la Virginia ndi New Jersey Plan

Msonkhanowo unayamba ndi masomphenya opikisana a zimene boma latsopano liyenera kuoneka. Plan ya Varginia , yosankhidwa ndi James Madison ndi Edmund Randolph, inalinganiza boma lamphamvu la dziko lokhala ndi nyumba yoikizira malamulo, ndi kuimira m'nyumba zonse ziŵiri zozikidwa pa anthu. Woyang'anira ndi judicaria adzasankhidwa ndi nyumba ya malamulo, ndipo boma la dziko lidzakhala ndi ulamuliro pa malamulo a boma. Kumbali ina, New Jersey Plan , yoperekedwa ndi William Paters, wongofuna kukonzanso Mabungwe a Confedera mmalo mwake, kuimiranso boma lofanana ndi lokhala ndi lachigamulo limodzi lokha.

Kulolera Koipa Kokulira

Mkangano waukulu . "Kuimira kuyenera kukhala kozikidwa pa chiŵerengero cha anthu kapena kufanana pakati pa maiko . Kulolera Kokulira (kumene kumatchedwanso Connecticut Ololera) kunathetsa kulakwa kumeneku mwa kupanga nyumba ya malamulo ya ma bidameral: Nyumba ya Oimira okhala ndi ziimirizo zozikidwa pa anthu ndi Nyumba ya malamulo yokhala ndi oimira aŵiri ochokera ku boma lirilonse mosasamala kanthu za ukulu wawo. Makonzedwewa analinganiza zolinganiza zikondwerero za maboma aakulu ndi aang'ono pamene anali kupereka kuyang'anirana. Kuloleranako kunapulumutsa msonkhanowo ndi kukhazikitsa boma lachiyambi cha ku America.

Kulolera Kulakwa kwa Anthu Atatu ndi Zinthu Zina Zofunika

Kulolera kwina kunatsimikizira kukhala kovutitsa kwambiri. Kulolerana katatu ndi kusamvera kunaŵerengera anthu akapolo kukhala atatu mwa atatu mwa anthu aukapolo kaamba ka zifuno za kuimira ndi msonkho, kupereka maulamuliro owonjezereka m'Nyumba pamene akuwonjezeranso thayo lawo la msonkho. Kulolera kumeneku kunaika ukapolo m'malamulo ndi kupereka mphamvu zaukapolo kwa mibadwo yambiri. Msonkhanowo unavomerezanso kuwonjezera malonda aukapolo apadziko lonse kwa zaka makumi aŵiri, zimene pambuyo pake Nyumba za Malamulo zinaletsa. Izi zinasonyeza kufunitsitsa kwa Oyambitsa lamulo lamakhalidwe abwino kaamba ka umodzi wa ndale zadziko, chigamulo chimene chikatsogolera ku nkhondo yaupandu zaka makumi asanu ndi aŵiri pambuyo pake.

Nthambi Yoyang’anira ndi Wotsogolera

Kupangidwa kwa pulezidenti kunali imodzi ya ntchito zovuta kwambiri pamsonkhanowo. Nthumwi zina zinaopa mkulu mmodzi monga wolamulira kwambiri, pamene ena anada nkhaŵa kuti mkulu wa bungwe la anthu ochuluka adzachititsa chisokonezo ndi mikangano. Msonkhanowo unachititsa pulezidenti mmodzi wokhala ndi mphamvu zazikulu . Lamulo la asilikali, ulamuliro wa kukambirana mapangano (ndi chivomerezo cha Boma), mphamvu yoika akuluakulu a boma, ndi kuyendetsa malamulo a boma , koma kuyang'ana ku manthambi ena. Electoral College adapangidwa monga kulolerana pakati pa masankhoti ndi masankhoti otchuka, kusonyeza nkhaŵa zonse ziŵiri ponena za kulankhulana kwa dziko lalikulu ndi kukayikira nzeru za demokrase.

Kupenda ndi Kuweruza

Malamulo anapanga Bwalo Lapamwamba ndi lolamulira kuti akhazikitse makhoti a boma. Oweruza a Federal akatumikira moyo waumoyo pa makhalidwe abwino, kuwatetezera ku chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko. Pamene kuli kwakuti Konsichushoni sinapereke mphamvu ya kupenda kwa chiweruzo . Udindo wa kulengeza malamulo osasintha. [[FLT:] Mapepala a Fateralist [1] [[FLT:] "FLD] ndi kapangidwe ka chikalatako kanali kopereka chithunzicho. Alexander Hamilton adatsutsana ndi [FL:] Nambala] Nambala [[FLT] [7] [FLD] [5] [7] [FLD] ndi programtiestiom] chifukwa chakuti maofesi a nthambi aikulu a bomalone ndi chigawere, koma kuti chilomo cha lamulo lokhudza lamulo.

Kutsutsana kwa Makwalala ndi Mapepala a Oŵerengera

Malamulo anafunikira kugwedezeka ndi asanu ndi anayi a maboma khumi ndi atatu kuti agwire ntchito. Kutsutsana kwapambuyo pake kogaŵanitsa Aamereka kukhala Ofufuza za chitaganya amene anachirikiza Malamulo ndi Anti-Fedalist amene anatsutsa. Kukambitsiranaku kunatulutsa zina za zolembedwa za ndale zadziko zofunika koposa m'mbiri ya Amereka ndi kuumba kuwonjezera kwa Bill of Rights.

Nkhani za Ogwirizana

Federalists, yotsogozedwa ndi Hamilton, Madison, ndi Jay, anatsutsa kuti Malamulo anapereka kulinganiza koyenera pakati pa ulamuliro wa dziko ndi ulamuliro wa boma, pakati pa mphamvu ndi ufulu. M'nkhani zisanu ndi zitatu za [Federation:0] Federal List Papers , iwo analongosola mmene kupatukana kwa maulamuliro, kupenda ndi kulinganiza, ndi lipabuliki yofutukuka idzaletsa mfundo iliyonse yokhayokha kulamulidwa ndi ulamuliro. Iwo anatsutsa kuti boma latsopanolo lidzalekedwa kugaŵa maulamuliro ake ndi kuti anthu onse osapereka molunjikizidwa ku boma. Oyang'anira malamulo anagogomezera ngozi za kusagwirizana ndi kufunika kwa boma lakuchita bwino zinthu m’dziko.

Kutsutsa Kolimbana ndi Matenda

A Anti-Federalist anadzutsa zitsutso zamphamvu zimene zikupitirizabe kumva nkhani zandale za ku America. Anatsutsa kuti Konsichushoni inapanga boma lakutali kwambiri ndi anthu, kuti desitala anali wamphamvu kwambiri ndi wofanana ndi ufumu, kuti kusoŵa kwa ufulu wadziko kukanamiza maufumu. Olemba onga [FLT: 0] Brutus [monga Robert Yates] ndi [FT.] Faredal Far Far Far farver Far Far Far Far Far Falver Fal Fal Fact ndi kuvomereza kuti adziwere.

Msonkhano wa Ufulu Monga Kulinganiza Zinthu

Malonjezo a ufulu wovomerezedwa m'maiko angapo, kuphatikizapo Massachusetts, Virginia, ndi New York. James Madison, poyamba akukayikira kuti lamulo la ufulu linali lofunikira, anatsogolera kukonzanso mapangano m'Nyumba yoyamba ya Malamulo. Zotulukapo [] N’zosatheka za ufulu wa kuyenerera ] . Zoyamba khumizo zikuteteza ufulu wofunika ku Malamulo [FLT] [1] Kuphatikizapo ufulu wa kulankhula, kusindikiza, chipembedzo, ndi msonkhano; kuyenera kwa kunyamula zida; kuyang'ana kosalolera ndi kudwala; kuyenera kwa kuweruza mlandu wosayenera; ndi kutetezera chilango chankhanza ndi chachilendo. [FLD:] Kusintha kwa anthu onsewa. [FF.] [F.N.NUMF]

Mapeketi ndi Kulinganizika m’Chitsanzo

Malamulo a mphamvu yolinganizika osati kokha pakati pa boma la boma ndi maboma (chisankho) komanso pakati pa nthambi zitatu za boma. Kumvetsetsa mmene ntchito yoyendera imeneyi imagwirira ntchito nkofunika kuti tiyamikire mapulani a Woyambitsayo.

Msonkhano Upenda Ukulu wa Ntchito

Congress ingayang'anizane ndi mphamvu ya pulezidenti m’njira zingapo. Iyenera kutsimikizira kuikidwa kwa pulezidenti ku kabungwe, benchi ya boma, ndi maofesi ena apamwamba. Iyenera kuvomereza mapangano ochitidwa ndi mavoti aŵiri atatu. Imalamulira bajeti, popanda ntchito yapamwamba yolipirira. Congress ikhoza kuyendetsa mavoti awiri a pulezidenti. M'nkhani zowopsa, Nyumba ingamzembe pulezidenti ndi Khoti ndi kumuchotsa pa udindo. Maulamuliro ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti pulezidentiyo sangagwire ntchito pa nkhani zofunika zazikulu ziŵiri.

Prezidenti Afufuza Malamulo

Pulezidenti angapereke lamulo loperekedwa ndi Congress, kukakamiza kuletsa kuyendetsa kampaniyo. Pulezidenti angatchulenso Nyumba ya Malamulo ku msonkhano wapadera ndipo angavomereze malamulo kupyolera mwa Boma la Union ndi mauthenga ena. Ntchito ya pulezidenti monga mkuluyo imapereka chisonkhezero chachikulu pa mmene malamulo akugwiritsidwira, ndipo mphamvu yoperekera malamulo audindo imapangitsa pulezidenti kutsogolera ntchito yapamwamba ya nthambi m'malamulo.

Kufufuza Mantha Onse Aŵiri a Oweruza

Mphamvu ya kupenda kwachiweruzo, yokhazikitsidwa mu Mathbury v. Madison (1803), imapatsa khoti Lapamwamba ulamuliro wa kulengeza machitidwe a Congress kapena maulamuliro a maulamuliro opanda lamulo. Mphamvu imeneyi imapangitsa khoti kukhala kuyang'anira kwenikweni pa nthambi zosankhidwa, ngakhale kuti khoti limadalira pa mkulu kuti lilimbikitse zosankha zake ndi pa Msonkhano kuti lipereke ndandanda yake. Lamulo limatetezanso ufulu wa chiweruzo kupyola moyo wonse ndi kutetezeredwa, kutsimikizira kuti oweruza angapange zosankha zozikidwa pa lamulo m’malo mwa chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko.

Kusokonezeka kwa Ndale ndi Maganizo a Anthu

Oyambitsawo sanadalire pa kuyang'ana kwa boma kuti alinganize. Anadaliranso kuyang'ana komaliza kwa lingaliro la anthu. Chiyeneretso chakuti ziŵalo za Nyumba ziyang'ane ndi chisankho zaka ziŵiri zirizonse, mamembala zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi zirizonse, ndi pulezidenti zaka zinayi zilizonse. Chitetezero cha Cost Reformation [FLD , joint, ndi msonkhano zinatsimikizira kuti nzika zikhoza kulinganiza, kusuliza, ndi kusonkhanitsa oimira awo. Oyambitsa adakhulupirira kuti odziŵa bwino akakhala osunga ufulu.

Zimene Boma Loona za Zinthu Lili Nazo

Masomphenya a Oyambitsa boma lolinganizika asintha mbiri ya Amereka m’njira zazikulu ndipo asonkhezera malamulo a boma kuzungulira dziko. Kumvetsetsa choloŵa chimenechi kumatithandiza kuzindikira ponse paŵiri mphamvu ndi kupereŵera kwa zimene achita.

Kukhazikika ndi Kukhazikika

Malamulo atsimikizira kukhala okhalitsa, opulumuka nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni, kunyonyotsoka kwa zachuma, nkhondo zadziko, ndi kusintha kwakukulu kwa kakhalidwe ka anthu. Dongosolo la zopimira ndi kulinganiza laletsa nthambi imodzi iriyonse kapena kulinganiza kwachikhalire kwa boma la America. Pamene kuli kwakuti kulinganiza kwa ulamuliro kwasintha pa nthaŵi yaitali . Ndi nyengo za utsogoleri wamphamvu wa pulezidenti, ulamuliro wa gulu, ndi kachitidwe ka chiweruzo kachikhalire kakhala kosasintha. Kukhazikika kumeneku kuyenera kuchititsa oyambitsawo kuzindikira kuti malamulo achipambano ayenera kukhala okhoza kusintha popanda kuswa.

Kugwirizana ndi Kulinganiza Ulamuliro

Kulinganiza pakati pa ulamuliro wa boma ndi boma kwakhala kusagwirizana kobwerezabwereza m'mbiri ya America. Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni inathetsa nkhani ya kusokonezeka kwa dziko koma inasiya mafunso ambiri ponena za ukulu wa ulamuliro wa boma osayankhidwa. New Democracy , , [[FLT]] Convil Rights Movement [[FLT]] Confect [2], ndipo zigamu za Khoti Lapamwamba zambiri zasintha kulinganizika kwa ulamuliro wa dziko, komabe zikunena kuti zikhalebe nyumba zophunzitsira zofunika kwambiri m'madera kuchokera ku maphunziro mpaka ku chiweruzo chauchigamulo cha zauchi. Dongo la bungwe la Adventine lathandiza kwambiri kukwaniritsa dziko limene lakula kuchokera ku mayiko 13 miliyoni mpaka ku mayiko oposa mamiliyoni makumi asanu ndi atatu.

Chisonkhezero pa Magulu Olamulira a Padziko Lonse

Kuyesa konsinsinsi ya American kwasonkhezera magulu a demokalase ndi malamulo a boma kuzungulira dziko lonse. Lamulo la maulamuliro olekanitsidwa lakhala lovomerezedwa m’mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi maiko ambiri. Lingaliro la malamulo olembedwa amene amaletsa mphamvu za boma lakhala pafupifupi padziko lonse pakati pa mitundu ya demokrase. Linasonkhezera zikalata za ufulu wachibadwidwe kuchokera ku Chilengezo cha ku French of Man ku United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights [.

Kuvutika Maganizo ndi Kusokonezeka Maganizo

Dongosolo la Oyambitsa siliri lopanda otsutsa ake. Ena amatsutsa kuti macheke ndi kulinganiza zimapanga kulimba kwake, kupangitsa kukhala kovuta kwa boma kuthetsa mavuto otsatizana. Ena amatsutsa kuti dongosolo limapereka mphamvu zambiri ku maboma aang'ono kupyolera mwa Khoti, kululuza ulamuliro wa ambiri. Agulu la Electoral College asankha mapresidenti amene anataya mavoti otchuka, kudzutsa mafunso ponena za kupitirizabe kwake kwalamulo. Kuikidwa kwa maweruzi a Supreme Court kaamba ka matanthauzo a moyo kwakhala kotsutsana kwambiri ndi zigamu za bwalo lamilandu la anthu. Zigamu za tchuliro zimenezi zikusonyeza chitokosokoso kupitirizabe cha kulinganiza makhalidwe opikisana m'chitaganya chamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi kusintha.

Kumaliza: Kuyang’ana Masomphenya kwa Oyambitsa Masomphenya Kukhalapo Kosatha

Abambo Opezedwa sanali anthu wamba kapena aneneri osalakwa. Anali anthu olakwika, olakwika, ndi opusitsidwa ndi tsankhu ndi kupereŵera kwa nthaŵi yawo. Anali ndi akapolo, anachotsa akazi ndi eni ake opanda ntchito pa kugawana nawo ndale zadziko, ndi kulolera molakwa pa malamulo amene ananena kuti amapatulika. Kulephera kumeneku kuyenera kuvomerezedwa ndi kunenedwa, osati kunyalanyazidwa kapena kusonyezedwa.

Komabe njira imene anapanga idakali imodzi ya zipambano zazikulu koposa m'mbiri ya ndale zadziko. Mwakukhazikitsa boma lokhala ndi mphamvu yolinganizika pakati pa zikondwerero za opikisana, kugaŵa ulamuliro pakati pa nthambi zosiyana, ndi kupanga mbali zambiri za kulowa ndi kukana, Oyambitsa anapanga dongosolo limene lakhala ndi ulamuliro wochepa, losungidwa, ndi losinthira kusintha kwa zaka zoposa mazana aŵiri. Kuzindikira kwawo kuti chibadwa cha munthu chimafuna mphamvu pa ulamuliro, kuti kukhumba ulamuliro kuyenera kutsutsa chikhumbo, ndi kuti ufulu umadalira pa nzika yofunitsitsa kudzilamulira imakhala yoyenerera lerolino monga momwe zinalili mu 1787.

Oyambitsawo sanapange mgwirizano wangwiro, koma anapanga maziko a kulondola umodzi. Iwo anamvetsetsa kuti ntchito ya boma laumwini siinathe, kuti mbadwo uliwonse uyenera kukonzanso kudzipereka ku malamulo alamulo ndi kuwasintha mogwirizana ndi mikhalidwe yatsopano. Masomphenya awo a boma lolinganizika amatitopetsa kulingalira mozama za mmene mphamvu ziyenera kukhalira, mmene ufulu uyenera kutetezeredwa, ndi mmene nzika ziyenera kukhalira ndi ulamuliro wawo. M’dziko limene mabungwe a democracy amayang'anizana ndi chitsenderezo, masomphenyawo afunikira kuphunzira mosamalitsa ndi kukhala nduna zanzeru.

Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, [[FLT : 0] National Archives imapereka malembo onse a Konsichushoni ndi zikalata zina zogwirizana. Literary of Congress imapereka chuma chachikulu pa Pentellist Papers ndi ratiation. Constitution Center [ imapereka ziŵiro za maphunziro ndi ziŵiro zothandizira kumvetsetsa malamulo.