Kuchokera ku Pangano Kufikira ku Vuto: Mmene Atsogoleri a UP Anaungira Northern Ireland

Ulster Unionist Party (UUUP) imaimira gulu la ndale zadziko lakale kwambiri ku Northern Ireland, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa mu 1905 kutetezera mgwirizano pakati pa Great Britain ndi Ireland . Kwa zaka 97 zoyambirira za kukhalapo kwa Northern Ireland, UP analamulira popanda kudodometsedwa, kuumba mbali iliyonse ya chitaganya kuchokera ku malo oikidwiratu kuti ikhale yolamulira. Up wa gulu la atsogoleri a gulu lasonyeza nthaŵi zonse kusagwirizana kwenikweni kwa pakati pawo: kulimbana pakati pa ochirikizana ndi Aprotestanti odzipereka ndi ofunitsitsa kupeza malo ogona. Mwakufufuza atsogoleri aakulu a Uup, tingatenge njira za malingaliro a mgwirizano kuchokera ku chiyambi chake cha ulamuliro wa kutsutsa Ulamuliro wa Home, kupyolera nyengo yake yaitali ya kusagwirizana, kuvutikira kwake kopweteka kwamakono kwa mavuto, ndi kufunafuna kwake kosintha kwa chitukuko kwa Ireland ndi Chikhalidwe la Chikhalidwe chakunja chaku chisanu ndi chiyambi cha ku Northern Auvement.

Oyambitsa: Kukhazikitsa Chizindikiritso cha Mgwirizano

Bwana Edward Carson: M’bale Amene Anapanga Mzera

Ngakhale kuti Sir Edward Carson sanali mtsogoleri woyamba wa UP, iye adakali wofanana ndi gululo. Mtsogoleri wa Dublin-barrister ndi MP wa Dublin University, Carson anali wolephera kupambana Ulsterism. Utsogoleri wake kuyambira 1910 mpaka 1921 anafotokozedwa ndi kukana kwake kotheratu kuvomereza Ulamuliro wa ku Ireland. Carson sanangotsutsa Ulamuliro wa Third Home Bill ; anasonkhanitsa gulu la anthu. Pangano la Ulty la 1912 [[FLT: 1] linali chikalata chake chovomerezekayitsa, chovomerezeka ndi amuna pafupifupi 500,000 ndi akazi kugwiritsira ntchito "zofunika" kugonjetsa ulamuliro wa Palamenti. Zimenezi zinasintha mgwirizano kuchokera ku gulu logwirizana logwirizana ndi gulu lolimbana ndi zida zankhondo.

Carson anachirikiza Uup kwambiri. Iye adathandiza gululo kukhazikitsa gulu lankhondo logwirizana ndi dziko la Britain kwa zaka makumi ambiri. Atapanga chigamulo cha kukhulupirika kwa Boma ndi Briteni, mmalo mwa kutetezera ufulu wokha. Komabe, Carson analinso wotsatira malamulo a boma. Iye anathandiza kukhazikitsa gulu la Ulster Lodzifunira monga gulu lankhondo koma pomalizira pake linasungidwa ku Palamende ya Britain. Pamene gawo la Carson linakhala losapeŵeka, Carson motchuka anakana kutsogolera Northern Ireland, akumasankha kukhalabe mu Westminstern. Kukana kwake koyamba kwa kutsogolera malo oyambawo kunamgwetsa chilamo chake kuti sakapulumutsa chisumbu chonse kaamba ka mgwirizano. Cholowa chake cha m'malo chake chakudzitetezera ndi ulemu waungwelo.

James Craig: Kumanga Nyumba Yamilandu Yachiprotesitanti

James Craig, pambuyo pake Lord Craigvon, anali mtsogoleri wa UUP amene anamangadi boma la Northern Ireland. Kutumikira monga Nduna Yaikulu yoyamba ya Northern Ireland kuyambira 1921 mpaka imfa yake mu 1940, Craig anatembenuza mawu a Carson kukhala zikalata zamphamvu za ndale zamphamvu. Anayang'anira kulengedwa kwa Royal Ulster Consabulary, B-Speculary, ndi dongosolo lapamwamba la osankhidwa ndi osankhidwa kukhala ogwirizana olinganizidwa kusunga chigwirizano mu ulamuliro. Craig analengeza motchuka kuti Northern Ireland inali ndi "Palamenti ya Chiprotesitanti ndi Boma la Chiprotesitanti. Zimenezi sizinali chabe mawu; zinali zongonena za.

Utsogoleri wa Craig anakhazikitsa UUP monga woimira anthu onse mmalo mwa chipani chandale chamwambo. UUP pansi pa Craig anasanganizidwa ndi Orange Order, malamulo okhulupirika, ndi matchalitchi a Chiprotesitanti. Chitsutso sichinachokera kwa auniversitist , omwe anachotsedwa ku ulamuliro, koma kwa ogwirizana omwe anaimba mlandu Craig kuti anali wofewa kwambiri. Chiyambukiro cha Craig chinali kuyambitsa boma limodzi lomwe linasungabe kukhazikika mwa kuyendetsa ufulu wa anthu ndipo, pamene kunali kofunika, kukakamiza. Chitsanzo chimenechi cha ulamuliro wogwira ntchito kwa zaka pafupifupi makumi asanu, koma chinabzala mbewu za vuto la ufulu wa anthu limene pomalizira pake likawononga dongosolo la Symo. Craig anapanga UUP ndi boma lenilenilone, malo oopsa pamene bomalo linabweretsa chitoko.

Nyengo ya Thrmont: Kusungitsa ndi Kugwedezeka

Bwana Basil Brooke: Mtumiki Wautali Koposa wa Ulamuliro wa Mbali Imodzi

Brooke, pambuyo pake Visount Brookerough, anatumikira monga Nduna Yaikulu ya Northern Ireland kuyambira 1943 mpaka 1963. Palibe mtsogoleri wa UP amene anakhala ndi mphamvu kwa nthaŵi yaitali, ndipo oŵerengeka anali osunga mwambo. Brooke anali mwamuna wapansi kuchokera ku County Fermanagh yemwe anaona upaniko makamaka monga wotetezera zikondwerero za Chiprotesitanti. Chopereka chake choipitsitsa chinali mawu a 1933 amene anafulumiza ogwirizana kusagwiritsira ntchito Akatolika, kuwatcha iwo kuti "okhulupirika" ndi chiwopsezo ku boma. Pamene Brooke pambuyo pake ananena kuti ndemanga zimenezi zinatengedwa molunjika, iwo anasonyeza bwino malingaliro achinyengo a ulamuliro wake.

Brooke anakhazikitsa utsogoleri woyambirira wogwirizana ndi boma la zaumoyo la pambuyo pa nkhondo, limene linabweretsa mapindu aakulu ku Northern Ireland. Komabe, iye anatsutsa kusintha kulikonse kwa dongosolo la ndale zadziko. Kugawidwa kwa nyumba, ntchito, ndi malire a osankhidwa kunakhalabe kolimba molimbana ndi atsamunda. Brooke anakana kukumana ndi Irish Taois Sheamon Éalate de Valera ndipo anasunga mtendere wosamvana womangidwa pa tsankho. UUP anatsimikizira kuti UUP ukhalebe wozizira mu mkhalidwe wake wa Craiga - rera, wosakhoza kapena wosafuna kusinthira ku kusintha dziko la 1950 ndi 1960. Pamene magulu alamulo anatulukira mu 1960, UUP adalephera kuvomereza chifukwa cha kuvomereza kwa Brok adatha zaka makumi aŵiri kutsutsa lingaliro lake la kusintha.

Chenjerani ndi O’Neill: M’kutu wamakono Womwe Walephera

Terence O'Neill anakhala Nduna Yaikulu mu 1963 ndipo anaimira kutha kwakukulu kwa utsogoleri wa UP . Anaphunzitsidwa ku England, adatumikira ku Irish Guards , ndipo anali ndi masomphenya a techncratic a Northern Ireland monga chigawo chamakono, chotukuka chomwe chikanakopa anthu achilendo. O'Neill anazindikira kuti boma la maukwatiwo silingapulumuke kosatha popanda kufotokoza mawu a dziko. Iye adachititsa wailesi yakanema kulimbikitsa maunansi abwino, anachezera sukulu za Katolika, ndipo mu 1965, adaitana Taoisseach Seach Seant Lemas kuti alembe nkhani. Umenewu unali msonkhano woyamba pakati pa Northern Ireland Prime ndi mtsogoleri wa Dublin kuyambira Dublin.

O'Neill's joning joints inayambitsa chidani choopsa. Reverend Ian Paisley anatulukira monga wotsutsa wa khwalala, akuimba mlandu O'Neill wa kugulitsa mgwirizanowo. Mkati mwa UP, backch MPs, kuopa kuti alonjezedwa ndi utundu. O'Neill's analephera kwambiri: anafulumira kwambiri kwa ochirikiza ake ndipo pang’onopang’ono analimbana ndi gulu la ufulu wachibadwidwe la kukufuna kusintha kwa mwamsanga. Pamene Northern Ireland Covil Rights Association inayamba kuyenda mu 1968, O'Neill anayesa kukwaniritsa theka la mapangano omwe sanakhutiritsidwe ndi munthu. Analeka kutuluka mu April 1969, miyezi yochepa chabe mavuto asanatuluke.

O'Neill's aup anali ndi chiyambukiro chodabwitsa. Iye anasonyeza kuti wogwirizanayo angagwedezeke, kuti panali ufulu m’chigwirizano wofuna kuloŵa m'kukonda dziko. Koma anasonyezanso kuti mizu ya udzu ya chipanicho sinalole kusintha kofulumira. Mtsogoleri aliyense wotsatira UP amene anayesa kusintha anayang'anizana ndi chitsutso cha mkati. Kulephera kwa O Neill kunagwetsa mthunzi wautali pa chipani.

Brian Faulkner: Nduna Yaikulu Yomalizira ya Tsarmont

Brian Faulkner anali mtsogoleri waluso kwambiri wa nyengo ya Stormont. Poyamba, munthu wina wolemera yemwe anachoka ku O'Neill kutsutsa kusintha zinthu, Faulkner anasintha kwambiri. Pamene anakhala Nduna Yaikulu mu 1971, Northern Ireland anali kale mtsogoleri wachiwawa. Faulkner anayambitsa kusokonezeka popanda kuyesedwa mu August 1971, lamulo lakupha limene linasiyanitsa Akatolika ndi kukulitsa mkanganowo. Koma Faulkner anazindikiranso kuti njira zankhondo zinali zosakwanira. Pofika 1973, adakambirana ndi Sunningdale Revention , imene inakhazikitsa mphamvu ya boma kuphatikizapo akuluakulu a dziko ndi gulu la anthu a mtanda wa Alliance.

Faulkner wofunitsitsa kugawana ulamuliro anali njira yosinthira zinthu kwa mtsogoleri wa UUP. Analandira bungwe la Council of Ireland, bungwe loyang'anira chigawo cha anthu amene anali kuopa kwambiri. Sumingdale Guide Guide adatha miyezi isanu yokha asanagwetsedwe ndi bungwe la Ulster Workers’s Council mu May 1974, ntchito yokhulupirika yoletsa kuti boma la Britain linakana kulimbana ndi. Faulkner linasiyidwa ndi gulu lake, limene linakana mphamvu zolamulira. Iye anachotsa Uupup ndi kukhazikitsa Chipani cha Union cha Northern Ireland, pro-Sunningdalemp yomwe sinapezepo gawo. Tsoka la Faulkner linali lakuti iye anasintha mofulumira kusiyana ndi gulu lake. Ntchito yake inasonyeza kuti Uulbup ikhoza kusakaza mtsogoleri wa chigawo cha chigawo cha chigawo cha chigawo chakunja, pambuyo pake, atsogoleri a .

Mavuto ndi Njira Yaitali Yopezera Mtendere

James Molyneaux: Kudekha

James Molyneaux anatsogolera Uup kuyambira 1979 mpaka 1995, nyengo ya zaka zamdima kwambiri za Mavuto ndi zosonkhezera zoyambirira za dongosolo la mtendere. Molyneaux anali woyang'anira wotchuka, woyendetsa nyumba ya malamulo amene anasankha mabizinesi a kumbuyo ndi kukonza . Iye anakayikira kwambiri za Chipangano cha Anglo - Irish chosainidwa mu 1985, chimene chinapatsa Republic of Ireland ntchito yofunsira pa nkhani za Northern Ireland. Molyneaux analinganiza kutsutsa kwa gulu la anthu koma potsirizira pake analephera kuletsa chitsutsocho, chimene boma la Britain linakhazikitsa chitsutso cha mgwirizano.

Utsogoleri wa Molyneaux unadziŵika ndi kuchenjera kwapadera ndi kukana kuloŵa m'boma la Ireland. Iye anasunga ubale wapafupi ndi British Conservative Party koma anadzipeza kukhala wonyozeka pamene boma la John Major linayamba kupenda nkhani zapambuyo ndi IRA. Chiyambukiro cha Molyneaux chinali choipa kwambiri: Analola UUP kutengeka pamene Thup pansi pa Iisley inalanda njira zoyambira m’makwalala. Pofika nthaŵi imene adapuma pantchito mu 1995, UP inali idakali gulu lalikulu la bungwe la chipani, koma kutchuka kwake kunali kotsutsana. Molyneaux anapereka wotsatira wake wokonzekera masinthidwe odabwitsa amene anali kubwera.

Davide Alephera: Womanga Mtendere ndi Kutha kwa Kulamulira

David Trimble utsogoleri wa UP kuyambira 1995 mpaka 2005 ndi amene anayambitsa ndi kutsutsana kwambiri m'mbiri ya chipani. Trimble adatuluka m'phiri lolimba la chipani. Iye adatsutsa pangano la Anglo-Irish ndi kugwirizana ndi Ian Paisley motchuka pa chionetsero pa 1995 Orange Order pa Drumcree. Komabe Trimble anali ndi luntha lapadera limene linazindikira mwaŵi woleketsedwa ndi IRA. Iye adaloŵa nkhani ndi Sin Féin ndi boma la Ireland, ulendo umene ukanakhala wosayembekezereka kwa atsogoleri a UUP.

Choposa chinachita chinali Chikalata cha Good Peace Lachisanu cha 1998, chimene anakambirana ndi mtsogoleri wa SDLP John Hume, Irish Taoisseach Bertie Ahern , ndi Nduna Yaikulu ya Briteni Tony Blair. [FLT: 0] David Trimble adagaŵana Price ya Nobel ya Mtendere ndi John Hume [1] chifukwa cha ntchito yake yobweretsa mtendere ku Northern Ireland. Pangano lokhazikitsidwa la mphamvu zolamulira, linavomereza mfundo ya chivomerezo ponena za kusintha kwa malamulo, ndi kuyambitsa njira zothandizira kudutsa mtanda. Trimble anasonkhezera anthu ambiri a chigwirizano kuvomereza panganolo mu 1998, ngakhale kuti anthu ochepa anakana.

Utsogoleri wa Trimble unali ntchito yotchuka. Iye anayang'anizana ndi chitsutso chosalekeza kuchokera ku chipani chake, kuchokera ku Dupu, ndi kuchokera ku mbali za Orange . Anafuna IRA kupempha kuti apereke mphamvu monga choyenera kuti agawire Sin Féin, lamulo limene linachedwetsa kukwaniritsa panganolo koma kusungidwa kwa mgwirizano. Msonkhano wa 2003 unaona DuP ikulanda UP kwa nthaŵi yoyamba, tsoka lowononga. Trimeble anachotsedwa monga mtsogoleri mu 2005 UP itakhala malo amodzi a ku Westmin.

Choloŵa cha Trimpble nchotsutsana kwambiri. Iye anathandiza kuthetsa nkhondo imene inapha anthu oposa 3,500, chipambano cha m'mbiri. Koma kufunitsitsa kwake kulolera kuopsa kwa mtendere kunawononga UP, kutumiza ovota amphamvu ku Dupu ndi postrist ku Chipani cha Alliance. Trimmet anasonyeza kuti UUP angatulutse atsogoleri okhoza kukhala nduna zoimira boma. Iye anasonyezanso kuti utsogoleri wotero ukhoza kuchitika pamtengo wa chipani cha osankhidwa ndi osankhidwa. Chiyambukiro chake pa UP chikumvedwabe zaka makumi aŵiri pambuyo pake.

Zaka za Zana la 21: Kufunafuna Chizindikiritso Chatsopano

Reg Empey ndi Zotsatira Zake Zofulumira

Sir Reg Empey analanda UUP mu 2005, kulowa m'malo mwa chipani chotchedwa kuti chiwomba chiwomba choopsezedwa ndi kulephera kwake kulamulira. Empey anali mtumiki waluso ku Northern Ireland Guide Butting koma analimbana ndi kufotokoza masomphenya ochititsa chidwi a m'tsogolo la chipanicho. Iye anayesa kuona UP kukhala woyenerera, wothamanga m’malo a Dupu, koma Dupus Paisley ndipo Peter Robinson analamulira ndale za chipani. Empey analeka dala mu 2010 UUPUP atalephera kupanga phindu lalikulu. Khumi lake linali losintha, likuchita ntchito pamene gululo linayesa kumvetsetsa malo ake m'post-Trouble, Preant-fast - Progredment.

Mike Nesbitt: Kuyesa Kugwirizanitsa Anthu ndi Magulu Othandiza Kupeza Chibwenzi

Mike Nesbitt anali kale woonetsa wailesi yakanema amene anakhala mtsogoleri wa UUP mu 2012. Iye anaimira kuchoka kwakukulu kuchokera ku utsogoleri wa mwambo wa chipani. Nesbitt adatsutsa mwachindunji mbiri ya UP monga wotetezera aliyense ndi kufunafuna kuibwezeretsa monga gulu lodzipereka losumika maganizo pa mautumiki a anthu onse, kukula kwa chuma, ndi kumasuka kwa anthu. Anavomereza mawu akuti "Gij Northern Ireland Work" ndi kunena kuti funso la malamulo a UP kuyenera kuthetsedwa kotero kuti ndale zikhoze kusumika maganizo pa nkhani zachikate ndi zokopa.

UP adatenga malo aufulu a anthu pa ukwati wa kugonana ndi kuchotsa mimba, akumausiyanitsa ndi Dupus yachikhalidwe cha anthu. Anaitananso "chiyambi chatsopano" m'ndale za ku Northern Ireland, kutsutsa mgwirizano ndi ulamuliro wa Dup ndi Sinn Féin. Luso la Nesbitt linasonyeza poyamba lonjezo. Chisankho cha 2016 chinaona UUP chikuwonjezera mipando yake kufika 16. Komabe, chisankho cha 2017 chinali tsoka, ndi UP akugwa ku mipando 10. Nesbitt anachoka pomwepo.

Nesbitt anali ndi chiyambukiro cha kudzutsa mafunso aakulu ponena za chizindikiritso cha UP. Kodi chipanicho chikakhoza kudutsa pa chiyambi chake champatuko ndi kukhala chipani chapamwamba ? Kapena kodi kugwirizanitsa kumodzi kunali kogwirizana ndi chizindikiritso chachiprotesitanti? Nesbitt analephera kupereka lingaliro lakuti maziko a UP sanali okonzekera kusintha kwakukulu koteroko, koma anakhoza kutsegula mkangano umene sudzathetsedwa.

Robin Swann ndi Vuto la COVID

Robin Swann anakhala mtsogoleri wa UUP mu 2017 ndipo anakhala Nduna ya Zaumoyo pa mliri wa CHOVAD-19. Utsogoleri wa Swann anafotokozedwa ndi vuto la zaumoyo, limene linachititsa kuti alemekeze UUP chifukwa cha kufatsa kwake, umboni wochokera kwa iye. Iye anali munthu wodalirika kwambiri ku Northern Ireland panthawi ya mliriwu, ndipo ankapereka mafotokozedwe osonyeza kuti sayansi ikukhudza ndale. Sann anatchuka kwambiri posonyeza kuti UUP ndi wotchuka, kusonyeza kuti gululo lingaperekebe ulemu kwa anthu onse pamene linkayang'anizira pa ulamuliro wapamwamba.

Swann adatsika monga mtsogoleri mu 2021, atakhazikitsa chipanicho popanda kuthetsa mavuto ake anthaŵi yaitali. Utsogoleri wake anasonyeza kuti UP angatulutse andale aluso, olemekezeka, komanso kuti zimenezi sizinathe kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa chipani. UP anatsekedwa pakati pa DUP yomwe inalamulira voti ndi Alliance Party yomwe inakopa ovota aunike.

Doug Beattie: Wankhondo wa Chigwirizano Chamakono

Doug Beattie anakhala mtsogoleri wa UUP mu 2021, akumapereka chiyambi chapadera monga yemwe kale anali Kaputeni wankhondo wa Britain yemwe anatumikira ku Afghanistan ndi Iraq. Beattie ndi wogwira ntchito yokongola, wolandira wa Mejar Cross , ndi wogwirizana ndi anthu poyera. Iye amagwirizana ndi ukwati wa kugonana ndi ufulu wa kuchotsa mimba, malo amene anamchititsa kutsutsana ndi ogwirizana ndi miyambo ya chikhalidwe. Bettie wayesa kuchotsa malo a "umodzi wogwirizana ndi anthu a chitaganya", akutsutsa kuti mgwirizano uyenera kukhala wa Akatolika, a mafuko ochepa, ndi awo amene sazindikira mwambo wa Orange.

Utsogoleri wa Doug Beattie wadziŵika ndi kuwona mtima ndi kuwona mtima , komanso ndi kugwiritsidwa mwala kwa voti. Chisankho cha 2022 chinaona UP ikugwa ku mipando 9 yokha, zotsatira zake zoipa kwambiri. Beattie adakhala ndi mafunso osatha ponena za ngati pali mtsogolo mwabwino kwa UP monga mphamvu yodziimira. Iye akutsutsa kuti njira yolimba ya MPUP yalephera ndi kuti pali malo a mipando yoyenerera, pro-Agreeation, pro-ion . Ngati pulogalamuyo ilipo pamlingo wokwanira wochirikiza UUP ikhalabe funso lowonekera.

Kumaliza: Mapeto a Chinyengo

Mbiri ya Ulster Unionist Party ndi mbiri ya Northern Ireland . Chipani chimene Edward Carson ndi James Craig anamanga chinalinganizidwira chitaganya chimene sichiliponso. Aprotesitanti ambiri amene anachirikiza ulamuliro wa UP akhala akutha, ndipo 2021 anatsimikizira kuti chiŵerengero cha Akatolika tsopano chikuposa chiŵerengero cha Aprotestanti pakati pa achichepere. Malo a ndale zadziko agaŵanika, ndi Dupup akumanga malo olimbirana ndi Alliance protection intering meing inter.

Atsogoleri a UUP anakumana ndi zinthu zosatheka. O'Neill anawonongedwa mwa kuyesa kusintha njira imene inatsutsa kusintha. Faulkner anawonongedwa ndi kusokonezeka mofulumira kuposa gulu lake. Trimble anawonongedwa ndi mtendere weniweniwo umene anaupanga. Nesbitt anawonongedwa mwa kuyesa kupanga UP chinthu chimene sichinalipo. Mtsogoleri aliyense akusonyeza kaganizidwe kosiyana ka maganizo a bungwe la a maukwati: absolutist, wokonzanso zinthu, Pragmatist, wowonda, wowoloŵa manja. Palibe amene adapezabe njira imene ingabwezeretsere UP ku ulamuliro wake wakale.

Tsogolo la UUP limadalira pa kaya lingafotokoze bwino chithunzi cha kugwirizana chomwe chimakopa mu university, democracy Northern Ireland. Gululo liyenera kusankha kaya ngati ndilo wotetezera zikondwerero za Chiprotesitanti, wochirikiza Unic, kapena gulu lachindunji la ulamuliro. Silingakhale nthaŵi zitatu zonse. Atsogoleri amene anaumba UPP m'mbuyo anasiya choloŵa cha chipambano ndi kulephera, koma onsewo anazindikira chinthu chimodzi: Umodzi uyenera kusinthira kapena kufa. Vutolo lidakali lofulumira lerolino monga pamene Trice O'Neill anayesa choyamba kutsogolera gulu lake kutsogolo losiyana.

UUP mwina sungakhalenso mphamvu yaikulu yomwe inalipo kwa zaka za zana la 20. Koma mbiri yaitali ya chipanichi, ntchito yake yopanga ndi kuchirikiza boma la Northern Ireland, ndi utsogoleri wake kukhazikitsa mtendere kutsimikizira kuti chidzakhalabe katswiri wotchuka. Mtsogoleri wotsatira wa UP adzaloŵa m'gulu la anthu onyada koma tsogolo losatsimikizirika. Zosankha zawo zidzaumba osati chipani chokha komanso dziko landale la Northern Ireland kwa zaka makumi ambiri.