Pamene tsoka lichitika . Zikachitika, mkuntho, mliri, kapena kuchitapo kanthu kwa uchigaŵenga, funso limene likubuka ndi lakuti: Kodi ndani amaweruza? ku United States, yankho silikhala lolunjika nthaŵi zonse chifukwa cha dongosolo la boma. Maboma aŵiri ndi boma lili ndi mbali zosiyanasiyana, koma mathayo awo amagwirizana ndipo nthaŵi zina amatsutsana. Kumvetsetsa mmene magawo aŵiri a boma akugwirizana panthaŵi ya tsoka nkofunika kwa mabwana a zamwadzidzidzi, opanga malamulo, ndi nzika zofanana. Kusanthula kowonjezereka kumeneku kumakumba maziko a malamulo, kufufuza kwenikweni kwa dziko, ndi zitokozo zimene zimalongosola chivomerezo ku America lerolino.

Maziko a Lamulo la Kulabadira Mavuto

United States Constitution imakhazikitsa kugaŵikana kwa maulamuliro pakati pa boma la dziko ndi maboma. Pansi pa Demendment ya Thurt , mphamvu zosagawidwa ku boma zasungidwa ku maboma. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo “mphamvu za boma” kutetezera thanzi, chisungiko, ndi ubwino wa nzika. Monga chotulukapo, boma ndi maboma a kumaloko ndiwo muyezo woyamba wotetezera m'zochitika zambiri. Boma, panthaŵi ino, lakhala likutchula maulamuliro a dziko, kuphatikizapo malonda a dziko, ndi maunansi achilendo.

Malamulo a malamulo ameneŵa amapanga dongosolo la kayankhidwe kokhala ndi zidutswa. Maboma a kumaloko (maboma, kuŵerengera) ndiwo oyamba kuchitapo kanthu. Pamene chuma chakumeneko chagonjetsedwa, bwanamkubwa angalengeze mabungwe a boma odziwitsa tsokalo ndi kutumiza mabungwe a boma. Ngati tsokalo liposa mphamvu ya boma, kazembe angapemphe thandizo la boma kudzera mu Stafford Act Act [[FLT] Act , imene imavomereza Pulezidenti kutsogolera chuma cha boma [1] kuphatikizapo Federal Eme Managency Agency (FMA) yochirikiza zoyesayesa za boma. Njira imeneyi yapangizidwa inapangidwa kutetezera ulamuliro pamene ikutsimikizira khoti la dziko lonse.

Kaamba ka kuyang'anitsitsa pa Stafford Act, onani [[FLT: 0] FMA Stafford Act shoct .

Mathayo a Boma Ali Pamavuto

Maboma ali ndi thayo lalikulu lalamulo ndi kugwira ntchito kwa kuyang'anira zamwadzidzidzi m'malire awo. Boma lililonse lili ndi bungwe loyang'anira zadzidzidzi (monga Texas Division of Emergency Management kapena Office ya California’s Emergency Service) limene limagwirizanitsa kukonzekera, kuyankha, ndi kuchira. Bwanamkubwa amatumikira monga mkulu wa bungwe pamavuto, wokhala ndi mphamvu zoperekera malamulo a akuluakulu a boma, kutumiza National Guard, ndi kupempha thandizo la boma.

Mautumiki a M’nthaŵi Yamsanga ndi Opereka Chithokozo Choyamba

Apolisi ndi malo oyamba kupereka chivomerezo [1] , moto, mautumiki a zachipatala . Antchito ameneŵa amaphunzitsidwa ndi kukonzekeredwa ndi boma ndi boma. Mwachitsanzo, madipatimenti a moto afufuza ndi kupulumutsa, pamene apolisi akuyang'anira zothaŵa ndi zoyendetsa galimoto. [FLT:] National Guard ndilo thandizo lapadera: pansi pa mikhalidwe yachibadwa, imakhala pansi pa lamulo la kazembe. Makampani a olondera angawonedwe kaamba ka chichirikizo cha boma, zolembapo, ndi ntchito zachitetezo, kuthamanga pampuluwa pakati pa magulu ankhondo a boma.

Kuyankha Tsoka ndi Kukonzekera Kuchira

Boma lililonse limasunga makonzedwe a kuyendetsa zinthu zamwadzidzidzi [[FLT: 1] amene amandandalika ntchito za mabungwe a boma (kutembenuza, thanzi, chitetezo cha malo okhala) ndi maboma akwawo. Makonzedwewa amakambirana zonse kuchokera ku njira zothawa ndi ntchito zotetezera ku kuchotsa ndi kukonzanso chuma. Maboma amachititsanso kuyesetsa ndi kuchita maluso awo. Mwachitsanzo, Florida’s Division of Emergency Management imayendetsa ntchito zapachaka zimene zimaphatikizapo mabwanala a zangozi, otetezera m'makampani, ndi mbali ya zachinsinsi.

Matenda a Umoyo Wapoyera

Madipatimenti a zaumoyo a boma amatsogolera ku kuyambika kwa matenda, monga fuluwenza kapena Chovid-19. Ali ndi ulamuliro wopereka malamulo odzipatula ndi kutsegulira anthu kwaokha, kuyendetsa makampani a katemera, ndi kugaŵira mankhwala kuchokera ku mliri wa Zachuma wa National Stockpile . Mkati mwa mliri wa CHOVID-19, boma lililonse linakhazikitsa malamulo ake pa zotsekera, malamulo a kubisa, ndi mabizinesi, kusonyeza kusiyana kwa zosankha za boma zapamwamba m'zachipatala.

Malo Owonjezereka a Boma

  • Mutual Aid Compacts: United States angagawana ndalama kupyolera m'mapangano onga Emergency Management Affect Compact (EMAC), imene imalola maboma kupempha antchito ndi ziŵiya kuchokera ku maiko ena popanda kuyembekezera kachitidwe ka boma.
  • Maulamuliro a Governor:[[FL:1] Kazembe angaimitse malamulo, kuvomereza kuyendetsa mtengo, kapena kuwongolera zoikizira za bajeti ya boma kumasula ndalama zangozi.
  • Chigawo cha Malo Ogulitsira ndi Zopereka: Maboma ambiri asanafike chigawo cha 76 (madzi, chakudya, khoti) pamalo oyenerera ndi kugwiritsira ntchito njira zawo zosungira.

Ntchito za Boma la Boma Zili Pamavuto

Boma la boma silimatsogolera kwenikweni kuyankha kwa tsoka lapamalopo. Mbali yake ndiyo kuchirikiza ndi kuwonjezera boma ndi zoyesayesa za kumaloko pamene kulemera kwa tsokalo kwagonjetsa mphamvu ya boma. Bungwe lalikulu la boma la yankho la tsoka lapanyumba ndilo FEMA , koma mabungwe ena ambiri amapereka [1] kuphatikizapo Dipatimenti ya zaumoyo ndi mautumiki a anthu (HS) kaamba ka kuthanzitsa kwa nkhondo, Dipatimenti ya Desertment of Defense (DOD) ndi Department of Energy (DOE) kaamba ka chitetezo cha nkhondo.

Kuwononga Ndalama ndi Chuma

Stafford Act imapatsa mphamvu Pulezidenti kulengeza “tsoka lalikulu” kapena“kukhozetsa,” kutsegula ndalama ndi chithandizo cha boma. Ndalama za Federal zingaphimbe 75% ya boma loyenerera ndi ndalama za kumaloko zochotsera zinyalala, njira zotetezera zamwadzidzidzi, ndi kukonzanso zinthu za anthu. FEMA imatumizanso antchito, makampani olankhulana ndi apaulendo, ndi katundu kudzera m'madongosolo ake. . Komiti ya , yowonjezera ntchito zimenezi.

Ngati mukufuna kudziwa mmene FEMA imagawira ndalama, pitani ku pulogalamu ya pulogalamu ya pulogalamu ya pulogalamu ya pulogalamu ya pulogalamu ya pulogalamu ya pulogalamu ya pulogalamu ya anthu onse.

Kugwirizana ndi Chichirikizo Chogwira Ntchito

FEMA , monga kuyankha kwa mtundu, ndi chisamaliro cha dziko, chimodzi ndi chimodzi chotsogozedwa ndi bungwe la boma. Mkati mwa tsoka lalikulu, Farmendial Colidating Officer [FLT:] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kutumiza boma kuti agwire ntchito m'boma ku chigawo cha Coverdatement , ndi kuyang'anira. [FLT.5] Kutsogolera kwa bungwe la boma. [FLD:]

Chisungiko cha Dziko ndi Mikhalidwe Yapadera

M’zochitika zosachitika zambiri zophatikizapo chisungiko cha dziko lapansi . monga ngati kuukira kwa zigaŵenga kapena chochitika cha nyukiliya . Difense Service ya Maulamuliro a Chiŵeniŵeni (DSCA]) chiphunzitso chilola DoD kupereka mphamvu zapadera (chitsanzo, zipatala zankhondo, zoyendera kwambiri, kapena mabungwe ochotsera ufulu) pa pempho la akuluakulu a boma. Pulezidenti alinso ndi ulamuliro kwa polisi ya National Guard , akutenga lamulo la boma kuti alabadire kapena kuyankha kusokoneza kwakukulu kwa boma kwa anthu panthaŵi ya ufulu wa nzika ndi pambuyo pa nyengo ya Karnam'ka.

Mathayo a Umoyo Wapoyera

  • CDC ndi HHS: [[FLT :1] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ya U.S. (CDC) imapereka kuyang'anira matenda, kuchirikiza kwa malaboratori, ndi chitsogozo cha umoyo wa anthu. Administration for Stratec Lingnes and Resolution (ASPR) imayang'anira National Stockpile [ ya mankhwala ndi mankhwala.
  • National Disaster Medical System : Magulu okhoza kuchotsedwa a madokotala, manesi, ndi othandiza owonjezera madongosolo a zaumoyo a kumaloko.
  • Kusintha ndi Mayeso: Boma la boma limakambirana ndi kugaŵira akatemera ndi mankhwala, monga momwe akuonekera ndi akatemera a COVID-19 ndi mankhwala oletsa fuluwenza.

Kupenda za Kulabadira Mavuto

Zitsanzo zenizeni za dziko zimasonyeza kuseŵera kwa pakati pa pakati pa dziko ndi malo a boma.

Mphepo ya Katrina (2005)

Kuyankha ku mphepo ya mkuntho Katrina kumanenedwa kaŵirikaŵiri kukhala kulephera kwa kugwirizana kwa magulu onse aŵiri. Boma la Louisiana silinapange makonzedwe ake angozi, ndipo mzinda wa New Orleans unalephera kugwiritsa ntchito njira ya kachitidwe ka ngozi. Bwanamkubwa anapempha thandizo la boma, koma FEMA inachedwa, inasokonezeka ndi kuchedwa kwa boma ndi mizere yosadziŵika bwino ya ulamuliro. Bomalo linasulizidwa chifukwa chosagwiritsa ntchito chuma mofulumira, pamene bomalo linalakwa chifukwa chosachotsapo chivomezi chonsecho. Pambuyo pa Katrina, Congress Reformed FEma , inalimbitsanso National Resource France , ndipo inagogomezera kufunika kwa kukonzekera ndi chithandizo cha boma.

“ Katrina anatiphunzitsa kuti pamene maluso a boma ndi a boma agonjetsedwa, chivomerezo cha boma chiyenera kuikidwa mwamsanga ndi moyenerera. Chinasonyezanso kuti maboma sangadalire pa Washington [1] iwo okha ayenera kukulitsa kukonzekera kwamphamvu kwa iwo eni. ." – Congressional Research Service

COVID-19 Pandemic (2020)

Mliriwu unagogomezera njira yochitira zinthu. Mayiko anakhazikitsa njira zosiyanasiyana zaumoyo wa anthu, zina zinakhalabe zotseguka. Boma la boma, kudzera m'CDC ndi HHS, linapereka zitsogozo koma silinalamulire dziko lonselo. Nyumba ya White House inagwirizanitsa [ Warp Rape Katswiri, ndipo Nyumba inapereka ndalama zambiri zothandizira mayiko, mabizinesi, ndi anthu ena. Komabe, kusoŵa kwa malamulo a boma kunatsogolera ku kayendedwe andale ku mabomba ndi magaleta, ku boma lokhala ndi zoyesayesa. ACTERS ActS . [FFFF:3]

Mphepo ya Hurricane Harvey (2017)

Harvey anasonyeza kugwirizana kwa boma. Texas adapanga maseŵero aakulu a mphepo yamkuntho ndipo anali ndi unansi wolimba ndi FEMA. Bomalo mwamsanga linapempha chilengezo chachikulu cha tsoka, ndipo FEMA inakhazikitsa zinthu. . . . . . Tsokalowera kuti pamene zonse ziŵiri zilankhulana ndi kugwirizanitsa kupyolera mwa Incident Provice System, chivomerezo ndi kuchira zingakhale zogwira mtima kwambiri.

Moto wa kumadzulo kwa dziko la United States (2020 - 2022)

Moto wa m'nkhalango ku California, Oregon, ndi Washington ukusonyeza malire a chuma cha boma. Komiti ya nkhalango ya United States (federal) imayang'anira nkhalango zazikulu za dzikolo, koma moto sumalekeka pa malire. Mayiko ayenera kupempha injini zozimitsa moto, sitima zonyamula ndege, ndi timagulu ta oyendetsa zinthu. National Multâque COUDINATITING Group [1] Zinthu zimenezi n’zosoŵa. Mkati mwa nyengo zamoto, mpikisano pakati pa mayiko a chuma cha boma umakhala wowopsa, ukuvumbula zofooka m'dongosolo la zopereka katundu.

Mavuto Asintha

Ngakhale kuti malamulo a boma asinthasintha ndiponso kuti athandiza zaka zambiri, mayikowa amakumana ndi mavuto ambiri.

Kugwirizana ndi Kutha kwa Kulankhulana

Boma limagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zolankhulirana komanso mawu. Ngakhale ndi NIMS, kuyendera limodzi kudakali kovuta. Mwachitsanzo, pa nthawi ya mphepo ya mkuntho Michael mu 2018, madipatimenti a moto a ku FEMA anayesetsa kufika ku maofesi a FEMA chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa wailesi. Kugwiritsa ntchito foni nthawi zonse ndi kukonza zipangizo zosiyanasiyana n’kofunika kuti athetse mipata imeneyi.

Kusiyana kwa Zinthu

Maboma achuma okhala ndi zipinda za msonkho zazikulu angapeze bwino makampani osamalira zangozi, antchito ambiri, ndi ndalama zosungidwa bwino. Mayiko aumphaŵi, makamaka awo a ku Gulf Coast ndi Appalchia, sangakhale ndi dongosolo la zinthu ndi ndalama zothandizira kulabadira bwino. Njira za chigawo zozikidwa pa anthu ndi ndalama zopezedwa pa 76capita zoyesera kuwonjezera malo oseŵera, koma boma lokonzekera za projekiti likupitirizabe.

Kuukira kwa Malamulo ndi Kwandale

Mkati mwa mavuto, mikangano yalamulo ingabuke pa malire a ulamuliro wa boma. Mwachitsanzo, Possitus Comitatu Act imaletsa kugwiritsira ntchito kwa gulu lankhondo logwira ntchito pa kusungidwa kwa lamulo, imene ingachoke kuchirikiza kwa boma pa kusokoneza kwa boma. Federal prequast yaletsanso malamulo a boma a zaumoyo wa anthu, ndi makhoti ochirikiza ulamuliro wa boma panthaŵi ya ngozi ngati lamulo la boma silinagwire ntchito. Zosemphana zandale zandale monga pamene kazembe wa gulu limodzi la boma akana chithandizo cha boma choperekedwa ndi gulu linalo.

Zimene Anthu Amayembekezera Zimatsutsana ndi Malamulo.

Nzika zambiri zimayembekezera boma kukhala ndi thayo pa tsoka lalikulu lirilonse, koma chenicheni cha lamulo nchakuti. pamene FEMA sikupereka zopereka kapena antchito mwamsanga, anthu kaŵirikaŵiri amaimba mlandu boma la boma. Kulakwika kumeneku kwa ziyembekezo kungafooketse chidaliro m’kuyankha kwa boma. Kukambitsirana kwapoyera kosasintha ponena za amene ali ndi thayo la zinthu zofunika.

Mmene Dongosolo Lingawongolere

Kusintha zinthu kosiyanasiyana kungalimbitse mgwirizano wa boma:

  • Kutsatsani Mutual Aid Protocol: Kukulitsa Emergency Management Application Confect ndi kupangitsa kukhala kosavuta kaamba ka maboma kupempha chithandizo kudutsa mizera ya boma.
  • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  • Kuphunzitsa Akufa: Kufuna maseŵero anthaŵi zonse a mitunda yambiri amene amaphatikizapo mabungwe a boma, a kumaloko, ndi a boma ogwiritsira ntchito malamulo ofanana.
  • Njila ya Mapangano a Federal Disaster Declaration: Nthaŵi imene imatenga pempho la kazembe kufikira Pulezidenti, makamaka ya kuchititsa masoka amwamsanga monga chilala kapena matenda.
  • [[MLT: 0] Active Exanted Service :[[FLT :1] Panganiza chithunzi chenicheni cha ntchito yogwirira ntchito pamlingo uliwonse, pogwiritsa ntchito GIS ndi zoneneratu kuti zidzakhalako.

Kumaliza

Kuyankha kwa tsoka ku United States si nkhani ya “malamulo a boma .aunt . ndi mgwirizano woyambitsidwa ndi Malamulo, woyengedwa ndi zaka makumi ambiri a zokumana nazo, ndi woyesedwa ndi zochitika zoyambira pa mphepo zamkuntho ndi miliri. Maboma ndiwo atsogoleri osatha, ogwiritsa ntchito chidziŵitso chawo ndi ulamuliro walamulo, pamene boma limapereka ndalama zowongola, upanikizira, ndi kuchirikiza kwaukatswiri pamene tsogolo likufunidwa. Kulimba kwa mgwirizanowo kumadalira pa maziko owonekera bwino, maphunziro opitirizabe, ndi kudzipereka kugwira ntchito ku mlingo uliwonse wa . Mwa kuzindikira mbali iliyonse ya .