Chiyambi: Chiyambi cha Chipani cha America

Kugaŵana kwa mphamvu pakati pa boma la boma ndi maboma ndi mbali yolongosola za dongosolo landale la United States. Malamulo ameneŵa, odziŵika monga a boma, anakonzedwa mwadala ndi Abambo Okhazikitsidwa kuletsa kuikidwa kwa ulamuliro m'gulu limodzi lapakati pamene akuthandizabe kuti dzikolo likhale logwirizana. Malamulo a U.U.S. amatumikira monga njira yopezera mapangano a ubale umenewu, kutchula mphamvu zenizeni ndi kuika malire amene onse aŵiri boma ayenera kuyenera kulemekezedwa. Kuzindikira zimene mlingo uliwonse ungachite ndi zimene sungathe kuchita kwa nzika, opanga malamulo, ndi aliyense wofuna kuyendetsa zinthu za ulamuliro wa ku America. Nkhaniyi imapereka kupenda kokwanira kwa boma ndi mphamvu zawo, ndi kulephera kwawo, ndi malire a madongosolo a boma onsewo.

Maulamuliro Okhala ndi Mphamvu a Boma la Federal

Boma la boma ndilo boma lamphamvu lokhala ndi malire. Mfundo I, Chigawo 8 cha Malamulo amandandalika maulamuliro ena operekedwa ku Congress, amene ambiri a iwo atembenuzidwa mokulira. Maulamuliro otchulidwa ameneŵa amapanga maziko a ulamuliro wa boma ndipo amaphatikizapo mbali zotsatirazi:

  • Kulamulira Interstate and Foreign Creator : The Commerce Claus imapatsa Nyumba ya Malonda mphamvu "kukonzanso Zamalonda ndi Mitundu Yachilendo, ndi pakati pa Maboma angapo, ndi ndi Aindiya . Mphamvu imeneyi yagwiritsidwa ntchito kulungamitsa lamulo la boma pa chilichonse kuyambira pa malamulo a ntchito kuyambira ku malamulo a ntchito ndi malamulo a malo okhala, malinga ngati ntchito yofunsa imakhudza kwambiri malonda a mayiko osiyanasiyana.
  • Kupereka Ndalama ndi Malo Oikizira Malo: Mfundo I, Chigawo 8 chimapereka ulamuliro wa boma wapadera wa kukhoma ndalama ndi kuyendetsa phindu lake. Maboma amaletsedwa kwambiri kukhoma ndalama zawo kapena kugula ngongole, kutsimikizira dongosolo la ndalama la dziko limodzi.
  • Kufalitsa Nkhani Zakunja ndi Kulengeza Nkhondo: Boma la boma limayang'anira maunansi a mapangano a zaunansi, mapangano a zikwangwani (ndi chivomerezo cha Nyumba ya Malamulo), ndipo liri ndi mphamvu yokha yolengeza nkhondo. Dziko silingaloŵe m'pangano lirilonse, mgwirizano, kapena chigwirizano, kapena kusaloŵa mu nkhondo popanda kuloŵerera kapena ngozi yoyandikira yotero monga ngati lifunikira kuchitapo kanthu mwamsanga.
  • [[FLT :0] Kupimitsa Maofesi a Post ndi Mapazi: Mapost Claus amatheketsa kukhazikitsa dongosolo lapositimenti ya dziko, limene lakhala losavuta m'mbiri kugwirizanitsa ndi malonda m'mbali za boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti onyamula anthu panopo akupikisana, boma limasunga ulamuliro wa boma pa ndandanda yaposi.
  • Providing for National Defense: Congress iri ndi mphamvu yokhazikitsa ndi kuchirikiza magulu ankhondo, kupereka ndi kusungitsa gulu lankhondo, ndi kupanga malamulo a kulamulira kwa magulu ankhondo. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo ulamuliro wa kuitana gulu la asilikali kuti apereke malamulo a boma, kutsendereza zigaŵenga, ndi kuchotsa ziukiro.
  • Malamulo Oyenerera ndi Oyenerera: Malamulo Oyenerera ndi Oyenerera Claus, odziŵikanso monga Elpastic Claus, amapereka mphamvu ku "kupanga Malamulo onse amene afunikira ndi oyenera kuchititsa Maulamuliro otchulidwawo. Mawu ameneŵa akhala magwero a kukula kwakukulu kwa boma, kulola Malamulo kukhazikitsa malamulo ogwirizana ndi mphamvu zake zotchulidwa ngakhale ngati sanandandandalitsidwe bwino.

Kuwonjezera pa maulamuliro a malamulo ameneŵa, nthambi yaikulu imachita malamulo a boma, imachita malamulo achilendo, ndipo imatumikira monga mkulu wa asilikali. Oweruza a boma amamasulira malamulo a boma ndi kuthetsa mikangano yomwe imabuka pansi pa malamulo a boma.

Mphamvu Zotsala za Maboma

Pansi pa Tenth Amendment, "Maulamuliro amene sanaperekedwe ku United States ndi Malamulo, kapena kuletsedwa ndi United States, amasungidwa ku United States, kapena kwa anthu. Kugawidwa kumeneku kwa maulamuliro kumatanthauza kuti ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu pa nkhani za kumaloko. Maulamuliro ameneŵa osungidwa kaŵirikaŵiri amatchedwa "maulamuliro," amene amaphatikizapo kukhoza kukhazikitsa thanzi, chisungiko, ubwino, ndi makhalidwe a anthu. Maboma aakulu a boma amaphatikizapo:

  • Kuphunzitsa: Madziko ali ndi thayo lalikulu la kukhazikitsa ndi kuyendetsa masukulu a boma, kukhazikitsa sukulu zapasukulu, kupatsa aphunzitsi, ndi kuyang'anira sukulu zaumwini ndi za tchata. Pamene kuli kwakuti boma limapereka ndalama ndi kuika zofunika za maziko kupyolera mwa malamulo onga ngati Everse Students Foundations Act, maboma amasunga ulamuliro wotsimikizirika pa malamulo a maphunziro.
  • [[FLT :0] Maboma amayang'anira kumanga ndi kukonza misewu ya boma, misewu, milatho, ndi madoko. Amayang'aniranso zoyendera za m'mayiko, kuphatikizapo njanji ndi zipangizo zamakono zimene zimagwira ntchito m'malire a boma.
  • Uloza ndi Umoyo wa Anthu: Maboma amayang'anira zipatala, akatswiri a zamankhwala, ndi kuyendetsa maprogramu a zaumoyo wa anthu monga Medicaid mogwirizana ndi boma la boma. Alinso ndi ulamuliro wa kukhazikitsa njira zopatulira anthu ndi kusungitsa malamulo a zaumoyo ndi chitetezo.
  • Law Enforcement and Public Safety: Madziko amasunga magulu awo a apolisi (mt., kulondera kwa boma) ndi kutumiza ulamuliro wowonjezereka ku mabungwe a apolisi, madipatimenti a m'boma, ndi mabungwe a kumaloko. Maboma amagwiritsiranso ntchito njira zawo zowongolera ndi kuyendetsa mfuti m'malire awo, zodalira pa malire a boma.
  • Banja ndi Nyumba za Mabanja: [[FLT: 1] Ukwati, chisudzulo, kulera ana, kulera ana, choloŵa, ndi nkhani zina za banja zimalamulidwa ndi lamulo la boma. Izi zimatulukapo kusiyana pakati pa maiko onena za nyengo ya ukwati, zisudzulo, ndi kuchirikiza kusungitsa ana.
  • Lamulo lachiwonjezeko ndi la Chipangano: Maboma amamasulira kuyenera kwa katundu, kuyendetsa malonda a malo, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a mapangano a mapangano. Mikangano yambiri ya katundu, nkhani za mwini nyumba, ndi mapangano a malonda amaikidwa m'makhoti a boma pansi pa lamulo la boma.
  • Lamulo lachiwembu: Unyinji wa milandu imaimbidwa mlandu pansi pa lamulo la boma. Maboma amalongosola upandu, kupereka zilango, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito makhoti awo ndi ndende. Upandu wa magawo uli wokha m’maupandu amene amaphatikizapo zikondwerero za boma, monga ngati upandu wa m’dziko, kugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, uchigaŵenga, kapena kuswa malamulo a boma.

Mphamvu Zokhalako Zigawana ndi Magulu Onse Aŵiri

Maboma a Federal ndi boma kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito ulamuliro panthaŵi imodzi m’mbali zofanana za malamulo, lingaliro lodziŵika monga mphamvu zapanthaŵi imodzi. Maulamuliro ogaŵanikana ameneŵa amalola kugwirizana koma angatsogolerenso ku mikangano ndi kutha kwa chiwopsezo. Mphamvu zazikulu zogwirizana zimaphatikizapo:

  • Kusintha: Maboma a boma ndi maboma a boma (kuphatikizaponso maboma akomweko) angapereke msonkho pa ndalama, katundu, malonda, ndi ntchito zina zachuma. Pamene kuli kwakuti boma la boma lingakhoze kukhoma msonkho ziwirizo zonse ziŵirizo kupikisana kaamba ka ndalama m'chigwirizano cha wopereka msonkho.
  • Ndalama zokongola: Boma la boma limakhazikitsa zomangira za Ndalama ndi ziŵiya zina za ngongole, pamene kuli kwakuti maboma amatulutsa maunansi a ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito zazikulu zonga masukulu, misewu, ndi nyumba za anthu. Mlingo uliwonse uli ndi mlingo wakewake wa ngongole ndi kubwereka ulamuliro, wogonjera ku malamulo ndi malamulo.
  • Makhoti Opereka Chidziŵitso: Chigamulo cha boma chimaphatikizapo Bwalo Lapamwamba, makhoti a chigawo a apilo, ndi makhoti a chigawo. Makhoti a boma amagwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi dongosolo la boma, ndi makhoti awo, makhoti apakati, ndi makhoti aakulu. Malamulo onse aŵiri ali ndi ulamuliro pa mitundu ina ya milandu, ndipo milandu ina ingaikidwe ku khoti la boma ku U.S.
  • Kusankha: Maboma amasankha maofesi a boma ndi boma, amakhazikitsa maola ovota ndi malo, ndi kukhazikitsa njira zovomerezera ovota. Komabe, boma la boma lingakhazikitse malamulo alamulo, monga ngati Coting Rights Act kutetezera ku tsankho la fuko, ndi kuika madeti amodzi kaamba ka masankho a boma.
  • Kumanga: Milingo yonse iŵiri ya thumba la boma ndi ntchito za zomangamanga. Mwachitsanzo, boma limapereka ndalama kupyolera mwa maprogramu onga Highway Trust Fund, pamene boma likulinganiza, kumanga, ndi kukonza misewu. Mofananamo, ndalama za boma ndi boma kaŵirikaŵiri zimaphatikizana kaamba ka maprojekiti a madzi, mabwalo a ndege, ndi madongosolo a zaulendo.
  • Ma Bank ndi Mabungwe: Boma la boma lomwe (kupyolera ku Ofesi ya Comptroller of the Intelligent) ndi mabanki a malamulo ndi maukwati a ngongole. Mabungwe amalembedwa mofala pansi pa lamulo la boma, kaŵirikaŵiri Delaware, koma lamulo la boma limalamulira mabanki, oletsa unduna, ndi mabizinesi a chigawo.

Zolephera pa Mphamvu Yaukulu

Malamulo amaika kufufuza kochuluka pa ulamuliro wa boma kuti asunge mbali ya maboma ndi kutetezera ufulu wa munthu.

Ziphunzitso Zokhala ndi Mphamvu

Boma la boma la boma silingagwire ntchito pokhapokha ngati lingaloze ku kupereka mphamvu kwa lamulo. Lamulo limeneli linachirikizidwa m'nkhani zonga United States v. Lopez [1] (1995], kumene Khoti Lapamwamba linakantha lamulo la boma loletsa mfuti pafupi ndi sukulu, kugamula kuti ntchitoyo sinayambukire kwenikweni malonda a mayiko. Posachedwapa, NFIB v. Sebelius, Khotilo linachepetsa mphamvu za boma zogwiritsa ntchito poletsa mphamvu za boma za kuchepetsa mphamvu za kuwonjezera ndalama za boma pa chigwirizano cha boma, kutsimikizira malire a [kagawo a Malamulo a I.

Ufulu wa United States ndi Lamulo la Khumi

Demendment ya khumi imatumikira monga chikumbutso cha lamulo kuti maulamuliro osaperekedwa ku boma la boma amasungidwa kaamba ka maboma. Khoti Lapamwamba lagwiritsira ntchito kukonza kumeneku kuchotsa malamulo a boma amene amalamulira malamulo a boma kapena kulamula akuluakulu a boma kukhazikitsa maprogramu a boma, monga momwe kwawonedwa mu printz v. United States (1997)].

Mlanduwo wa Ufulu ndi Kupenda Chiweruzo

Bill of Rights poyambirira inagwira ntchito ku boma la boma, monga momwe inatsimikizidwira mu Barron v. Baltimore [1] (1833). Pamene kuli kwakuti zopereka zambiri zakhala zikuphatikizidwa ndi maboma kupyolera mwa Dongosolo la 14neth Amendment, malire oyambirira akhalabe ofunika. Malamulo a Federal amene amadodometsa ufulu wonga kulankhula mwaufulu, kuchita zinthu zachipembedzo, kapena njira yoyenera ingagwedwe ndi judiary kupyolera mwa mphamvu ya kupenda kwa chiweruzo yokhazikitsidwa mu Marbury v. Mahavie . Mahaviedesi [1] [FL:3] (18]).

Malire a Zochita: Kusintha Makonzedwe ndi Kusintha kwa Maboma

Kusintha Konsichushoni kumafuna kuvota kwakukulu m'Malamulo ndi kupeputsa ndi maboma atatu mwa anayi, kupangitsa kukhala kovuta kuti boma la boma lifutukule mphamvu zake popanda kuwonjezera. Kachitidwe kameneka kakutsimikizira kuti kusintha kwakukulu pa kulinganizika kwa boma kumafuna kugwirizana kwakukulu pakati pa mabomawo.

Zoletsa pa Ulamuliro wa Boma

Boma limakhala ndi ziletso zazikulu za lamulo zolinganizidwa kusunga kugwirizana kwa mtundu m’mbali zazikulu ndi kutetezera zoyenera za munthu payekha.

Chilombo Chotchuka Kwambiri

Mfundo VI imalengeza kuti Konsichushoni, malamulo a boma, ndi mapangano ndi lamulo lapamwamba la dzikolo. Malamulo a boma amene amatsutsana ndi lamulo la boma ngosagwira ntchito pansi pa chiphunzitso cha kumasulidwa. Zimenezi zimagwira ntchito kaya ngati lamulo la boma lapasadakhale limatseguliratu lamulo la boma (kutsendereza) kapena pamene lamulo la boma likhala ndi munda wokwanira kotero kuti malamulo a boma sasintha (aperekedwa kukhala opulumulidwa). Mwachitsanzo, lamulo la boma lolamulira loloŵa dziko limayesa kuletsa kusamuka, monga mmene Khoti Lapamwamba limachitira kutsimikizira mu [[FLT: 0]. Arizona v. United States .

Malonda Achangu

Ngakhale pamene Congress sanachitepo kanthu, malamulo a Commerce Claus akuletsa kukhazikitsa malamulo amene amasankha kapena kupondereza mtolo wa mayiko ena. Mbali imeneyi "manzere" imaletsa kukondera chuma chakudziko kuposa anthu opikisana ndi boma. Mwachitsanzo, boma silingakakamize kutsatsa katundu wa boma lina kapena kuletsa kugulitsa zinthu zina popanda kulungamitsa kwa boma.

Kuvomereza Ufulu wa Anthu

Kupyolera mu Lamulo la 14 la Accommergation la Accommust Claus, Bwalo Lapamwamba lagwiritsira ntchito pang’onopang’ono makonzedwe ambiri a Bill of Rights ku maboma. Izi zikutanthauza kuti maboma ayenera kulemekeza ufulu wa kulankhula, ufulu wa chipembedzo, kuyenera kwa kunyamula zida, kuletsa kufunafuna kosalingalira ndi kugwidwa ndi njiru, ndi ufulu wina waukulu. Malamulo a boma amene amaswa ufulu umenewu angatsutsidwe m’makhoti onse aŵiri a boma ndi a boma.

Kutetezedwa Kofanana ndi Kutetezedwa ndi Kufunika Kwake

Mayiko sangakane munthu aliyense amene ali ndi ulamuliro woteteza malamulo mofanana (Foventh Amendment). Zimenezi zimaletsa malamulo a tsankho chifukwa cha fuko, mwamuna kapena mkazi, kapena mitundu ina yokayikiridwa. Maboma ayeneranso kupereka njira yoyenerera asanamanitse munthu moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu.

Malamulo a M’mayiko Ena

Mayiko sangalowe m’mapangano a mayiko, kulengeza kuti nkhondo, ndalama, kapena kuchita nawo ulaliki wa mayiko ena, ndipo sangakhozenso kukhoma msonkho kapena kutumiza zinthu kunja popanda chilolezo cha boma.

Kusintha kwa Ulamuliro wa Maboma ndi Waboma

M’mbiri yonse ya dziko la America, anthu ayamba kuchita zinthu moyenera chifukwa cha mavuto azachuma, nkhondo, magulu a anthu, ndi mafotokozedwe a milandu.

Ntchito Yatsopano ndi Kukula kwa Mphamvu Yadziko

Mkati mwa Kutsika kwa Chuma Kwakukulu, Pulezidenti Franklin D. Roosevel programu za New Deal . Khoti Lapamwamba linakulitsa mwamphamvu kuloŵetsedwamo kwa boma m'zachuma. Linagonjetsa maprogramu ambiriwa koma pambuyo pake linatenga kumasulira kokulira kwa Commerce Claus mu NLB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. Jones . [1977] ndi Wickard v. Filburn [[FL:] [192] [192])].

Ufulu wa Chiŵeniŵeni ndi Kukakamiza

Chikalata cha Civil Rights Act cha 1964 chinagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu ya Congress ndi Kusintha kwa 14 kwa Malamulo kuletsa tsankho la mafuko m'nyumba za anthu ndi ntchito. Mu [FLT: 0] kumvetsera kwa Atlanta Motel . United States (1964]), Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza lamulo, likulingalira kuti tsankho linayambukira kwambiri malonda a mayiko. Nyengo ino inazindikiritsa malo apamwamba a boma a kusungitsa ufulu walamulo pa boma ndi ochitira malonda a zachinsinsi.

Khoti Lobwezera ndi Kukonzanso Gawo la Federalism

Kuyambira m'ma 1990, Bwalo Lapamwamba pansi pa Woweruza Wamkulu William Rehnquist linaika malire atsopano pa mphamvu ya boma. Zosankha zonga United States v. Lopez (1995], Printz v. United States (1997]), ndi United States v. Morrison [FLT:] (2000]) analetsa kukhoza kwa kuyang'anira ntchito yosakhala ya zachuma ndi ya boma. "New Federalism" inatsimikiziranso kuti boma liyenera kulemekeza ulamuliro ndi malire a maulamuliro ogaŵana.

Mapangano a Nthaŵi Yathu Ino: Udokotala, Marijuana, ndi Kusuta

Mikangano yamakono yokhudza ulamuliro wa boma imapitirizabe m'madera onga ngati zaumoyo (kulamulira kwa munthu, kufutukuka kwa Medicaid), kuvomerezedwa kwa lamulo (pakati pa malamulo a boma ndi chiletso cha boma), ndi kusamuka (malamulo apadera a boma ndi kutsata). Mikangano imeneyi imasonyeza kusagwirizana kopitirizabe pakati pa ufulu wa boma ndi ulamuliro wa boma, ndi makhoti kaŵirikaŵiri amafunsa kulongosola malire olondola a ulamuliro uliwonse.

Kumaliza: Ntchito Yogwira Ntchito Mogwira Mtima Ndiponso Yokhalitsa

Maboma a boma ndi boma ndi maziko a malamulo a dziko la America. Mlingo uliwonse umapanga masamu kapena mphamvu zokhala, umagawana ulamuliro wa nthaŵi imodzi m'mbali zambiri, ndipo umagwira ntchito pansi pa malamulo ofunika kwambiri. Chigwirizano chimenechi chimatsimikizira kuti boma lingathe kusamalira mavuto a dziko ndi a mitundu yonse pamene likusunga ulamuliro wa boma pa zinthu zimene zimakhudza moyo wa anthu a tsiku ndi tsiku. Kumvetsa zimene mlingo uliwonse ungathe kuchita sikuli kugwiritsa ntchito maphunziro chabe kwa maphunziro apamwamba ndi kuti ukhale wofunika pozindikira ulamuliro wocholoŵana koma wolimba wa ulamuliro mu United States. Monga momwe mbiri yakale ikusonyezera, kulinganiza kwa mphamvu kwa dziko kudzapitirizabe kukhudza moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku ndi tsiku. Kumvetsa zimene boma likhoza kuchita sikuli kofunika monga momwe kulili masiku ano pamene malamulo a boma anavomerezedwa.

[[ML:0] Ziŵiya:[[Kusintha:1]