Table of Contents

Kuzindikira mmene boma limagwirira ntchito mu United States kumafunikiritsa kuyang’ana kupyola Washington, D.C., pamene malamulo a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amalamulira mitu yankhani, chenicheni nchakuti Amereka ambiri amakhala ndi kugwirizana kowonjezereka kwa tsiku ndi tsiku ndi boma lawo ndi dziko kuposa ndi boma la boma. Kuyambira pamene muuka kufikira nthaŵi imene mupita ku tulo, mabungwe a boma a m’miyezo yosiyanasiyana amaumba zokumana nazo zanu, kutetezera kwanu, ndi kupereka mautumiki ofunika amene amapangitsa moyo wamakono kukhala wotheka.

Dongosolo la chigwirizano cha Amereka limapanga dongosolo locholoŵana koma logwira ntchito kumene mphamvu imagawidwa m’milingo ya boma, boma, ndi malo akumalo. Muyalo uliwonse uli ndi mathayo osiyana, komabe iwo amagwira ntchito pamodzi m’njira zosaŵerengeka kutumikira nzika. Nkhaniyi ikusanthula mbali zomvekera bwino zimene maboma ameneŵa amachita, mmene amagwirizanirana, ndi chifukwa chake amamvetsetsa nkhani zimenezi kwa munthu aliyense wa ku Amereka.

Kumvetsa Boma

United States imagwira ntchito pansi pa dongosolo la boma kumene ulamuliro wa boma umagawidwa pakati pa ulamuliro waukulu ndi magulu andale zadziko. Malamulo ameneŵa, okhazikitsidwa ndi Lamulo la U.S., amakhazikitsa kulinganizika kumene kumalola ponse paŵiri umodzi wa mtundu ndi mitundu ya madera.

Maziko a Malamulo

Pansi pa Kusintha kwa Khumi ku Lamulo la U.S., maulamuliro onse osapatsidwa ku boma la boma amasungidwa kaamba ka maboma ndi anthu.

Maulamuliro osapatsidwa ku boma la boma la boma ali osungidwira maboma ndi anthu, amene amagawidwa pakati pa maboma ndi maboma akumaloko.

Nyumba Yokongola Kwambiri Yokwana Zitatu

Maboma onse a boma amatsanziridwa ndi boma la boma ndipo ali ndi nthambi zitatu: akuluakulu a boma, ndi achiweruzo. Malamulo ofanana ameneŵa amatsimikizira mmene boma limagwirira ntchito m’milingo yosiyanasiyana pamene likusunga macheke ndi zipilala zimene zimaletsa nthambi iliyonse kusonkhanitsa mphamvu zochuluka.

Nthambi yapamwamba, yotsogozedwa ndi Pulezidenti pa mlingo wa boma ndi akazembe pa mlingo wa boma, imasungitsa malamulo ndi kuyang'anira ntchito za boma la tsiku ndi tsiku. Nthambi ya malamulo imapanga malamulo ndi kulamulira ndalama zowonongedwa ndi boma. Nthambi yachiweruzo imamasulira malamulo ndi kuthetsa mikangano. Kulekanitsidwa kwa maulamuliro kumeneku kulipo ponse paŵiri m'boma ndi boma, kukupanga mipambo yambiri ya kuŵerengera mlandu.

Ntchito Yochititsa Chidwi ya Boma la Federal pa Moyo Watsiku ndi Tsiku

Mathayo ake amatenga pafupifupi mbali iriyonse ya moyo wa Amereka, kaŵirikaŵiri mwa njira zimene sizimawonedwa.

Kuteteza ndi Chitetezo cha Dziko

Boma la boma limasungitsa nkhondo kutetezera dziko ndi nzika zake. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo osati kokha magulu ankhondo ankhondo komanso mabungwe a luntha, chitetezo cha m’malire, ndi ntchito zachitetezo za dziko. Dipatimenti ya Homeland Security (DHS) ili ndi thayo la kutetezera malire a United States mwa kutsutsa anthu ndi katundu kulowa m'dziko la United States mosemphana ndi lamulo; kutetezera ku kuloŵa m'zinthu zowopsa, narcons, ndi mfuti; ndi kuwona, kuvomereza, ndi kutsutsa zigaŵenga, ozemba mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndi anthu ena amene amafuna kuvulaza United States.

Kusamukira ku Dziko Lina Ndiponso Kukhala Nzika

Mabungwe a boma amayang’anira malamulo a anthu oloŵa m’dziko, amene amakhudza amene angaloŵe ndi kukhalabe m’dzikolo. Malamulo osintha zinthu monga maviza, njira zopangira zinthu zachilengedwe, ndi kuyendetsa malire a dziko, zonsezo zimayenderana ndi boma.

Kutetezeka kwa Anthu Ndiponso Kupuma Pantchito

Boma la boma limapereka mapindu a Social Security, limakhudza anthu opuma pantchito ndi opunduka m’dziko lonselo. Programu imeneyi, yokhazikitsidwa mu 1935, imapereka thandizo la ndalama kwa mamiliyoni a Aamereka amene apuma pantchito, apunduka, kapena otayikiridwa ndi wopezera banja zosoŵa. Social Security imaimira imodzi mwa njira zachindunji kwambiri zimene boma limayambukira munthu aliyense payekha.

Chitetezo cha Anthu Ogula ndi Chisungiko

Mabungwe a bungwe la FDA amagwira ntchito yotetezera ogula ku zinthu zoipa ndi machitidwe achinyengo. Popanda kupima kofunikira ndi Food and Drug Administration, simukanadziŵa ngati mankhwala ali abwino kapena ogwira ntchito. FDA imalamulira osati mankhwala a ovomerezedwa ndi dokotala okha komanso mankhwala ongodalira pa anthu, zipangizo zamankhwala, kusungika kwa chakudya, ndi zodzoladzola.

Kupyola FDA, mabungwe ena ambiri a boma amateteza ogula zinthu. Bungwe la Federal Communications Commission limatsimikizira kuti wailesi ndi wailesi sizisokonezana. Environmental Protection Agency imakhazikitsa miyezo ya mpweya ndi madzi abwino. Bungwe la Consumer Product Safety Commission limakumbukira zinthu zowopsa. Mabungwe ameneŵa amagwira ntchito makamaka kuseri kwa malowo, koma ntchito yawo imaletsa kuvulala ndi imfa zosaŵerengeka chaka chilichonse.

Chithandizo cha Zachuma ndi Mapindu a Msonkho

Boma la boma limapereka ndalama zambiri zothandizira anthu ndi mabanja kudzera m'maprogramu osiyanasiyana ndi mapindu a msonkho. Ilo limatchedwa ndalama zochepetsera chiwongola dzanja cha ngongole ya nyumba ndipo ndi limodzi la maprogramu opindulitsa kwambiri oyendetsedwa ndi boma – kuwonjezera madola oposa 60 biliyoni pachaka. Kubweza kumeneku kumathandiza anthu mamiliyoni ambiri kugula nyumba mwa kuchepetsa msonkho wawo.

Chimodzi cha zifukwa zimene mungakhoze kulipira programu imeneyi ndicho ngongole ya ana yokwana $3,000 imene mumapatsidwa ku boma la boma chaka chilichonse.

Malonda a M’mayiko Osiyanasiyana ndi Zoyendera

Boma limayang’anira malonda a mayiko ndipo limaonetsetsa kuti njira za kayendedwe zikuyenda bwino.

Kuteteza Ufulu wa Anthu

Malamulo a dziko ndi zigamulo za khoti zimatetezera ufulu wa nzika. Malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe amaletsa tsankho lozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, mtundu, kupunduka, ndi msinkhu. Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo imakhazikitsa malamulo ameneŵa, kutsimikizira kuti Aamereka onse ali ndi chitetezo chofanana pansi pa lamulo mosasamala kanthu za kumene amakhala.

Maulamuliro a Boma ndi Mathayo

Maboma amatumikira monga mulongo wapakati m'dongosolo la boma la America, ali ndi mphamvu zambiri pa nkhani zimene zimakhudza mwachindunji moyo wa anthu okhalamo. Boma lililonse limagwira ntchito monga gulu la kamodzikamodzi lokhala ndi malamulo akeake, malamulo, ndi kakonzedwe ka boma.

Ulamuliro wa Boma

Boma lililonse lili ndi malamulo ake olembedwa, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri zikalata zimenezi nzaluso kwambiri kuposa zigwirizano zawo za boma. Malamulo a boma amalongosola kapangidwe ka boma, kulongosola zoyenera za nzika, ndi kukhazikitsa mphamvu za maofesi osiyanasiyana a boma. Mosiyana ndi Lamulo la U.S., limene limasumika pa malamulo aakulu ndi mphamvu za boma zochepetsedwa, malamulo a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amalongosola tsatanetsatane wa malamulo a boma.

Pansi pa Tenth Amendment ya ku United States, maboma ali ndi mphamvu zonse zimene sizikuperekedwa mwachindunji ku boma. Zimenezi zimapatsa kusintha kwakukulu kwa kukambitsirana nkhani zoyambira pa maphunziro mpaka pa chiweruzo cha apandu ndi malamulo a zamalonda m’njira zimene zimasonyeza chiŵerengero chawo chapadera ndi zinthu zofunika.

Njira za Maphunziro

Maphunziro ali limodzi la masukulu a boma apadera kwambiri. Elementary ndi Secondary amalandira ndalama kuchokera ku milingo yonse yosiyanasiyana ya boma: pafupifupi 8% kuchokera ku Federal Government, 50% kuchokera ku boma, ndi 42% kuchokera ku maboma akwawo. Maboma amakhazikitsa miyezo ya maphunziro, amasankha zofunika za maphunziro, aphunzitsi ochirikiza, ndi kupatsa ndalama zambiri ku madera a sukulu.

Boma ndi boma la kumaloko limaika ndalama zambiri pa maphunziro kuposa mtengo wina uliwonse. Kuikizira ndalama kumeneku kumasonyeza kufunika kwakukulu kwa maphunziro ku chuma cha boma ndi chipambano cha mtsogolo cha nzika zawo. Maboma amakhazikitsa ziyeso za kumaliza maphunziro, kupereka mayeso otsatizana, ndi kuyang'anira masukulu apamwamba kuphatikizapo mayunivesite a boma ndi makoleji a chitaganya.

Kusamalira Thanzi ndi Thanzi la Anthu Onse

Mayiko amathandiza kwambiri pa ntchito yopereka chithandizo cha mankhwala ndiponso kuteteza anthu. Amayang’anira mapulogalamu a ku Medicaid, amayang’anira misika ya inshuwalansi, akatswiri a zaumoyo, ndiponso amayang’anira zipatala ndi nyumba zosungirako okalamba.

Maboma amayang’anira njira zotetezera anthu a m’deralo, mankhwala, mankhwala, mankhwala, mankhwala, ndi ntchito zina zosamalira thanzi, pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti madokotala akwanitsa kuchita zinthu zochepa.

Zoyendera

Imodzi ya ntchito zazikulu ndiyo kukonza nyumba za boma monga zoyendera, kulankhulana, ndi madongosolo amagetsi. Maboma amakonza ndi kuyendetsa misewu. Maboma amamanga ndi kukonza magalimoto a makilomita zikwizikwi, mabuloho, ndi masitepe. Amatumiza laisensi ya oyendetsa galimoto, magalimoto olembetsa, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a pamsewu.

Madipatimenti a boma okonza njira zoyendera amakonza njira zikuluzikulu zoyendera, amayendera milatho ndi misewu, ndiponso amayenderana ndi mabungwe a boma amene ali m’misewu ya m’madera osiyanasiyana.

Chilungamo Chaupandu ndi Chisungiko cha Anthu

Maboma amafotokoza milandu yambiri ndi zilango. Makhoti amaweruza milandu yambiri ya upandu, kuyambira kuphwanya malamulo a m’misewu mpaka kuphwanya malamulo.

M’ndendemo, akaidi omangidwa chifukwa cha milandu ya boma amapatsidwa chilango, pamene makomiti a boma amagamulapo nthaŵi imene akaidi angatulutsidwe.

Kuwongolera Malonda ndi Kupita Patsogolo Kwachuma

Maboma amayang’anira mabizinesi amene amagwira ntchito m’malire awo, kutumiza laisensi ya malonda, kukhazikitsa malamulo otetezera anthu ogula, ndi kuyang’anira ntchito. Amakhazikitsa makampani, kuyendetsa makampani a inshuwalansi, ndi kulimbikitsa anthu kuti aziyendera malamulo a zachitetezo kuntchito.

Madipatimenti a ntchito a boma amakhazikitsa malamulo a malipiro ndi ola, kusamalira mainshuwalansi a ulova, ndi mikangano ya antchito. Maboma amakhazikitsa malipiro ochepa, amayang'anira inshuwalansi ya antchito, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a chisungiko cha kuntchito amene kaŵirikaŵiri amaposa miyezo ya boma.

Chuma Chachilengedwe ndi Chitetezo cha Malo Okhala

Maboma a boma amathandiza kuti pakhale mpweya ndi madzi abwino, amalola kuti malo opangirako zinthu za m’mafakitale aziyenda bwino, ndipo amayang’anira ntchito yokonza zinthu zachilengedwe.

Kumayiko a kumadzulo, anthu amene ali ndi vuto losowa madzi amapikisana kwambiri ndi anthu a m’madera a kumadzulo.

Ndalama Zopezedwa ndi Boma ndi Msonkho

Boma ndi maboma akupeza ndalama zoperekera mautumiki a boma kuchokera ku zinthu ziŵiri zazikulu, ndalama za msonkho kuchokera kwa nzika ndi ndalama zoperekedwa ndi boma. United States imakhometsa misonkho yosiyanasiyana kuphatikizapo misonkho ya malipiro, misonkho yogulitsa, misonkho ya katundu, ndi misonkho pa zinthu zakutizakuti monga petulo, zakumwa zoledzeretsa, ndi fodya.

Maboma amalandira ndalama zawo kudzera m’misonkho ya ndalama zimene boma limalandira ndiponso msonkho wa ndalama zimene boma limapereka. Anthu amakhoma msonkho (kuphatikizaponso misonkho ya ndalama zimene boma limalandira). Kugulitsa msonkho ndi mtengo wowonjezera pa chilichonse chimene chagulitsidwa kapena utumiki umene boma likuchita. Msonkho wosiyanasiyana umasiyanasiyana kwambiri pakati pa mayiko, ena amadalira kwambiri misonkho ya ndalama, ena amakhoma misonkho, ndipo mayiko ena alibe msonkho wa ndalama.

Ntchito za Boma

Maboma a m’derali ndi a boma loyandikana kwambiri ndi anthu, ndipo amathandizira anthu amene amakhala m’derali tsiku lililonse. Madipatimenti a apolisi, malaibulale, ndi sukulu.

Malamulo a Boma Lakumeneko

Maboma a m’madera ambiri amaphatikizapo mizera iŵiri: Malo, otchedwanso makoma a ku Alaska ndi magawo ku Louisiana, ndi mizinda, kapena mizinda ya mizinda. Maboma achiŵerengero kwenikweni amafola mizinda yaikulu ndi kuthandiza mizinda yogwirizanitsidwa ndi madera ena. Maboma amaphatikizapo mizinda, matauni, midzi, ndi malo a chigawo, iliyonse yokhala ndi boma lakelake.

Maboma a kumaloko amapangidwa ndi kugonjera maboma a boma, sangapereke malamulo otsutsana ndi malamulo a boma, ndipo amadalira kwambiri misonkho ya katundu ndi misonkho yautumiki mmalo mwa maziko a msonkho wokulirapo. Unansi wochepera umenewu umatanthauza kuti maboma akumaloko angagwiritsire ntchito mphamvuzo zokha zopatsidwa ndi malamulo a boma kapena malamulo a boma.

Mautumiki Ofunika a Makampani a Makampani

Anthu ambiri okhala m’derali saganiza kapena sazindikira kuti ndi ntchito zingati zimene boma lawo limapereka: maphunziro, madzi ndi mankhwala otayirira, mapaki ndi malaibulale, mabasi ndi mitundu ina ya zoyendera za onse, kusonkhanitsa zinyalala, ndi moto ndi mautumiki opulumutsa. Mautumiki ameneŵa amapanga maziko a moyo wa anthu, komabe kaŵirikaŵiri sazindikira kufikira chinachake chitalakwika.

Makina a madzi ndi zimbudzi amaimira zinthu zofunika kwambiri zimene maboma a m'deralo amakonza ndi kugwira ntchito. Nthaŵi iliyonse mukatsegula poti, kuchotsa chimbudzi, kapena kusamba, mumagwiritsira ntchito ntchito ntchito zoperekedwa ndi boma. Makampani a boma amaonetsetsa kuti madzi akumwa akwanire kutetezeka, kusungitsa mapaipi, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malo osungirako zinthu zimene zimawononga madzi asanawabweze ku malo okhala.

Mautumiki Otetezera Anthu Onse

Apolisi a m’madera ozungulira, amene amayang’anira zinthu zamwadzidzidzi, amafufuza milandu, ndiponso amagwira ntchito kuti ateteze anthu opha anzawo.

Maboma ambiri amayang’aniranso zachipatala zamwadzidzidzi, kutumiza maambulansi ndi kuwapatsa chithandizo cha mankhwala oopsa. Maofesi amenewa amafunika zipangizo zambiri, kuphatikizapo anthu ophunzitsidwa ntchito, zipangizo zapadera, ndiponso 24/7. Maboma amafunika kusamala kwambiri kuti anthu azikhala ndi ndalama zochepa komanso kuti azikhala ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri.

Kusintha Malo ndi Dziko

Maboma a m’maderawa amachitanso ntchito zofunika kwambiri zokhudza malamulo a malo ndi malo. Malamulo opanga malo amasankha kuti ndi nyumba zamtundu wanji zimene zingamangidwe m’madera osiyanasiyana, kusiyanitsa madera okhala anthu kuchokera ku mafakitale ndi m’madera a malonda. Malamulo amenewa amakhudza kwambiri chuma, chikhalidwe, ndi moyo wabwino.

Dipatimenti yokonza malowo ikupenda njira zopangira zinthu, kutumiza zilolezo, ndi kuonetsetsa kuti malamulo omanga akutsatiridwa. Imagwiritsa ntchito kulinganiza ufulu wa eni katundu ndi zofuna za anthu, kuyang'anira kukula kwa zinthu pamene ikusunga anthu. Zosankha zosamalira zikhoza kukhala zotsutsana, kuyambitsa mavuto pa anthu okhala m’deralo ndi kudzutsa mafunso okhudza nyumba zosavuta kulowa, kuchuluka kwa magalimoto, ndi kuteteza malo okhala.

Mapaki ndi Zosangulutsa

Maboma a m’maderawa amapanga ndi kukonza malo osungirako zinthu, malo ochitirako masewera, ndi mapulogalamu odzisangalatsa.

Malaibulale, omwe nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi maboma kapena madera ena a m’malaibulale, amathandiza kuti anthu aziwerenga mabuku, azitha kupeza zipangizo zamakono, azitha kugwiritsa ntchito Intaneti, ndiponso kuti aziphunzira.

Kupita Patsogolo kwa Chuma cha M’malowo

Kuti alipire ntchito zimenezi, mizinda ndi magawo ayenera kuchititsa mkhalidwe wabwino wa zachuma ndi wa malonda kukopa ndi kusunga mabizinesi ndi ntchito zimene zili ndi malo a misonkho amphamvu.

Maboma a m'dziko amayesa kukopa mabizinesi ndi kufutukula chuma chawo mwa njira zonga kupereka maprogramu okwezedwa, zosonkhezera msonkho ndi zopereka, ndi kusintha kwa malamulo; kukonza malo ofunika; ndi kuloŵa m'maunansi ndi mabungwe ena a kumaloko monga zipinda za malonda ndi makampani a zachuma. Zoyesayesa zimenezi zimafuna kupanga ntchito, kuwonjezera ndalama, ndi kuwongolera mwaŵi wa zachuma wa nzika.

Kugulitsana

Maprogramu a kumaloko amayendetsedwa ndi ndalama zophatikizana za misonkho ya katundu, malipiro a antchito, misonkho ya malonda, ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito, ndi chithandizo cha boma ndi boma. Misonkho ya katundu imaimira magwero aakulu a ndalama zimene maboma ambiri akukhalamo, sukulu za ndalama, apolisi ndi madipatimenti a moto, ndi mautumiki ena ofunika. Malipiro a ntchitoyi amayang'anira anthu a kumudzi mwachindunji kaamba ka ntchito monga madzi, zimbudzi, ndi kusonkhanitsa zinyalala.

Maboma ambiri a m'maderawa amakhoma msonkho wa malonda, kuwonjezera pa misonkho ya boma. Misonkho imeneyi ikhoza kusungitsa ntchito za boma kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazifuno zina monga kuwongolera kayendedwe kapena kuteteza anthu. Maboma a boma ayenera kusamala kwambiri kuti apeze ndalama zogulira ndalama ndi anthu okhala m’madera oyandikana nawo komanso kuti apeze ndalama zogulira ndalama zambiri.

Kugwirizana kwa Boma ndi Kugwirizana

Ngakhale kuti maboma a boma, boma, ndi a m'malo osiyanasiyana ali ndi maudindo osiyanasiyana, iwo samagwira ntchito modzipatula. Utsogoleri wogwira mtima umafunikira kugwirizana kwakukulu pakati pa maboma osiyanasiyana.

Maprogramu a Makampani Opereka Malipiro

Mafont ndi chida chofunika kwambiri chimene boma la boma limagwiritsa ntchito popereka ndalama ku boma ndi maboma a m’dziko. Malinga ndi Office of Management and Bacrow, ndalama zimene boma limapatsa boma ndi boma, zinawonjezeka kuchokera pa $91 biliyoni m’chaka cha 1980 (pafupifupi madola 24 biliyoni mu 2013) kufika pa $44,000,000,000 chaka cha 2013.

Malo operekera ndalama abwera m’njira zosiyanasiyana. Malo operekera ndalama zothandizira pazifuno zapadera zokhala ndi zofunika zatsatanetsatane za mmene ndalamazo ziyenera kugwiritsidwira ntchito. Mabungwe amapereka ufulu wowonjezereka, kulola maboma kudziŵa mmene angagwiritsirire ntchito ndalama m'malo ambiri a programu. Forula imapatsa kupereka ndalama zochokera pa zinthu monga chiŵerengero cha anthu kapena mitengo ya umphaŵi, pamene kuli kwakuti njira za mpikisano zimafunikira maboma ndi malo kuti zigwiritsire ntchito ndi kupikisana ndi ndalama zochepa.

Zofunika za Malamulo ndi Zofunika

Maboma ayeneranso kupereka malamulo okhazikitsidwa ndi boma la boma. Kaŵirikaŵiri malamulo ameneŵa ali ndi malamulo amene maboma sangachite mwachibadwa. Mwachitsanzo, boma la boma lingafune kuti maboma achepetse kuipitsa mpweya, kupereka mautumiki kwa opunduka, kapena kufuna kuti zoyendera za anthu zigwirizane ndi miyezo ina ya chisungiko.

Nthaŵi zina ndalama za boma zimadza ndi zigwirizano zogwirizana ndi malamulo a boma oikidwa pa maboma ndi malo.

Boma la boma la boma limaletsedwa ndi lamulo kukhazikitsa malamulo osavomerezedwa.

Mathayo Ogawiridwa m’Magawo Ofunika

Malo ambiri ofunika kwambiri amaphatikizapo magawo onse atatu a boma ogwirira ntchito pamodzi. Maphunziro amapereka chitsanzo chachikulu cha mgwirizano wa boma limeneli. Boma la boma limakhazikitsa malamulo ambiri ndipo limapatsa ndalama ophunzira ovutika, ophunzira olumala, ndi maprogramu ena. Maboma amakhazikitsa miyezo ya maphunziro, aphunzitsi ovomerezeka, ndi kupereka ndalama zambiri za maphunziro. Masukulu a m'dzikolo amayendetsa sukulu, amalemba aphunzitsi ntchito, ndi kupanga zosankha za tsiku ndi tsiku zokhudza malangizo.

Magalimoto amathandizanso kuti magalimoto azikhala bwino m’madera osiyanasiyana.

Kugwirizana kwa Thanzi la Onse

Makampani a zaumoyo a boma amathandiza kuti anthu azitha kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zaumoyo. Makampani a zaumoyo a boma amathandiza kufufuza matenda, kuyambitsa matenda, ndiponso kupereka malangizo kwa madipatimenti a zaumoyo a boma ndi a m’dzikolo. Madipatimenti a zaumoyo amakonza njira zothandizira anthu odwala, kuyang’anira zinthu zowononga thanzi la anthu, ndi zipatala. Madipatimenti a zaumoyo a m'malowo amafufuza malo ogulitsa matenda, amayankha matendawo, ndiponso amapatsa anthu a m’dzikolo.

Panthaŵi yangozi za thanzi la anthu, mgwirizano wapamwamba wamitundu yambiriwu umakhala wovuta kwambiri. Mabungwe a Federal amapereka zinthu ndi ukatswiri, magawo ogwirizanitsa njira za chigawo, ndipo maboma akupereka njira zotetezera ndi kupereka mautumiki kwa anthu oyambukiridwa. Mliri wa Chovid unasonyeza kufunika kwa kugwirizana kwa boma ndi mavuto amene amabuka pamene maboma osiyanasiyana atsatira malamulo otsutsana.

Chitetezo cha Malo Okhala

Kuteteza malo okhala kumaphatikizapo kugwirizana kodabwitsa pakati pa boma, boma, ndi dziko. Environmental Protection Agency imakhazikitsa mpweya ndi madzi abwino a dzikolo, koma boma limagwiritsira ntchito miyezo imeneyi ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri limatsatira malamulo owonjezereka. maboma a kumaloko amasungitsa malamulo a malo okhala, amagwiritsira ntchito ziŵiya zosungiramo madzi, ndi kuyang’anira kutaya zinyalala zolimba.

Pamene boma la boma lakhazikitsa malamulo a zanyengo, maboma ndi mizinda yayamba kutsogolera kwambiri kuchepetsa kutentha kwa mpweya wotenthetsa dziko, kukonzanso mphamvu, ndiponso kukonzekera kuti nyengo isinthe.

Kusamalira Zinthu Mwadzidzidzi

Kuthandizana pa ngozi zachilengedwe ndiponso zinthu zina zadzidzidzi kumafunika kuti boma likhale lopanda njira iliyonse. Choyamba, boma limathandiza kuti mayiko ayambe kuchita zinthu zamwadzidzidzi.

Dongosolo lotsatira pulogalamu imeneyi limathandiza kuti pakhale njira zosavuta komanso zosavutirapo zosamalira ngozi. Zochitika zazing'ono zimachitidwa zonse pamalo osungirapo, pamene masoka oopsa amachititsa kuwonjezereka kwa mphamvu za boma. Kuonekeratu kwa ulamuliro ndi njira za kagwiridwe ka ntchito kabwino zimathandiza kuti zinthu zikhale zothandiza ngakhale pamavuto.

Kulimbana ndi Mikangano m’Mafuko

Ngakhale kuti kugwirizana kwa boma n’kofunika, boma limachititsanso mikangano ndi mikangano pakati pa maboma osiyanasiyana.

Mikangano ya M’dziko

Akuluakulu a boma ayenera kugwira ntchito m’kutsutsira atsogoleri onse a boma ndi a kumaloko. Lamulo la boma silingatsutse lamulo la boma, chotero akuluakulu a boma ayenera kukhala otsimikizira kumamatira ku Lamulo la US ndi bungwe la malamulo loperekedwa ndi United States Congress. Komabe, kugamula bwino lomwe zimene lamulo la boma likufuna ndi kaya malamulo a boma amatsutsana ndi lamulo la boma kaŵirikaŵiri amafuna kumasulira kwa khoti.

Nthaŵi zina mayiko amakana malamulo a boma amene amawaona kuti ndi opambanitsa kapena osemphana ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri m’dziko.

Kusagwirizana kwa Boma

Ponena za mzinda, zigawo, ndi maboma a tauni, lamulo la boma limaloŵa mmalo malamulo ndi malamulo a kumaloko. Izi zikutanthauza kuti akuluakulu a boma ali ndi thayo la kutsimikizira kuti maboma a m’dzikolo asunga malamulo ndi malamulo operekedwa ndi malamulo a boma. Unansi umenewu wautsogoleri ungayambitse kusagwirizana pamene maboma a boma afuna kutengera malamulo amene amasiyana ndi zimene boma limakonda.

M’zaka zaposachedwapa, maboma ambiri atsatira malamulo "kupulumutsira" amene amaletsa maboma a kumalo ena. Malamulo ameneŵa afotokoza nkhani monga malipiro ocheperapo, tchuthi chodwala, ziletso za pulasitiki, ndi malamulo a mfuti. Ochirikiza atsutsa kuti kutaya malamulo otsutsana a kumaloko kumaletsa demokrase yakumaloko ndi kuletsa anthu kukambirana ndi anthu a m’madera ena.

Kusintha Kosakonzedwa

Boma la boma lingaperekenso lamulo losavomerezedwa limene lingaike malamulo pa maboma popanda chitsimikizo cha ndalama za boma. Child Child Let Behind Act ndi chitsanzo chamakono cha maboma oyesa kusungitsa maprogramu a boma ndi ndalama za boma. Maboma ndi malo amene sanapatsidwe lamulo la kukweza misonkho, kudula maprogramu ena, kapena kukwaniritsa zofunika za boma mosayenerera.

Kulimbana kofananako kumabuka pakati pa maboma ndi maboma a kumaloko. Maboma angafune kuti boma lipereke mautumiki ena kapena kukwaniritsa miyezo yakutiyakuti popanda kupereka ndalama zokwanira.

N’chifukwa Chiyani Tiyenera Kumvetsa Mfundo Zofunika za Boma?

Kudziwa mmene boma limagwirira ntchito, linzake ndiponso mmene limachitira zinthu pamodzi n’kofunika kuti mukhale nzika yabwino.

Kudziŵa Pamene Tingadere Nkhaŵa

Mipata yosiyanasiyana ya boma imasamalira nkhani zosiyanasiyana, chotero kudziŵa boma limene mungalankhule nalo za nkhaŵa inayake nkofunika. Ngati muda nkhaŵa ndi mabowo m’khwalala lanu, lankhulani ndi mzinda wanu kapena boma. Ngati muli wodera nkhaŵa za miyezo ya maphunziro, lankhulani ndi bungwe la boma lanu kapena bungwe la maphunziro. Ngati mukufuna kusonkhezera lamulo la anthu osamukira m’dzikolo, lankhulani ndi oimira boma lanu.

Kulunjikitsa nkhaŵa zanu ku mlingo woyenera wa boma kumawonjezera kuthekera kwa kupeza yankho ndi zotulukapo.

Kutengamo Mbali m’Zosankha

Nthaŵi zambiri masankho a boma ndi a kumaloko sasamalidwa kwambiri kuposa masankho a boma, komabe kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi chiyambukiro chachindunji pa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku.

Voter pogalamu mu boma ndi masankho a kumaloko ali otsika kwambiri kuposa m'masankho a pulezidenti. Izi zikutanthauza kuti voti yanu imakhala ndi mphamvu kwambiri pa mipikisano imeneyi. Mwa kutenga nawo mbali m'masankho a boma ndi a kumaloko, muli ndi mpata wokulirapo wosonkhezera malamulo ndi kuchititsa akuluakulu a boma kukhala ndi mlandu.

Kugwirizana ndi Boma

Boma lililonse limapereka mwayi wothandiza nzika kuyankha mavoti.

Misonkhano ya boma imakhala yosavuta kwa anthu wamba, misonkhano ya m’mizinda, misonkhano ya makomiti a sukulu, ndi makomiti okonza nkhani za milandu imakhala ndi pulogalamu imene anthu okhala m’deralo angalankhule mwachindunji kwa akuluakulu osankhidwa ndi kusonkhezera anthu.

Kuzindikira Ufulu ndi Udindo Wanu

Malamulo a m’bungwe la United States ndi malamulo a boma akhazikitsa ufulu wofunika kwambiri wotsatira malamulo a boma ndi malamulo owonjezera.

Kumvetsa njira imeneyi ya zopereka zosiyanasiyana kumakuthandizani kudziŵa zoyenera zanu pochita ndi akuluakulu a boma. Kungakuthandizeninso kumvetsa udindo wanu walamulo, kuyambira pa kukhoma misonkho ya boma, kufika pa kutsatira malamulo akwanuko a kukwaniritsa zofuna za boma zolembetsera galimoto.

Kusinthika kwa Mafuko

Kumvetsa mfundo imeneyi kumathandiza kuti pakhale mikangano yamakono yokhudza kulingana koyenera kwa ulamuliro pakati pa maboma osiyanasiyana.

Kugwirizana kwa Magulu Amodzi

Kwa mbali yaikulu ya zaka za zana la 19, American councilism inagwiritsiridwa ntchito pansi pa "unistism" chitsanzo kumene maboma a boma ndi maboma anali ndi magawo osiyanitsa bwino lomwe a ulamuliro ndi ogwirizana pang'ono. Boma la boma linasumika maganizo pa nkhani zachilendo, malonda a mayiko, ndi chitetezo cha dziko, pamene maboma anali kuchita ndi malamulo ambiri a m’dziko. Makonzedwe ameneŵa anasonyeza lingaliro lochepa la mphamvu ya boma ndi kudzipereka kwamphamvu ku ulamuliro wa boma.

Kugwirizana

Great Depression and New Deal ya ma 1930 inayambitsa nyengo ya "ukuru wa boma" yodziŵika ndi kuloŵerera kowonjezereka kwa boma m'madera amene kale anali kulamulidwa ndi maboma. Federal imapatsana ndalama zambiri, kuyambitsa mgwirizano pakati pa maboma a boma ndi boma m’madera monga kakhalidwe ka anthu, kumangidwa kwa magalimoto aakulu, ndi maphunziro. Chitsanzo chimenechi chinazindikira kuti mavuto ambiri anafunikira chuma ndi kugwirizanitsa zinthu kuposa zimene maboma akanatha kupereka.

Gulu la Magulu Ogwirizana ndi Gulu Latsopano Lankhondo

Ma 1960 adawona "kukhazikitsa boma" ndi maunansi a boma ndi maboma a boma ndi mabungwe a anthu, kunyalanyaza maboma m'nkhani zina. Izi zinatsatiridwa ndi "unistism" mu 1970 ndi 1980, imene inafuna kubwezera mphamvu ku maboma kupyolera mwa zipatali ndi malamulo a boma ochepetsedwa. Mamasomphenya ameneŵa opikisanawo anasonyeza makambitsirano opitirizabe onena za mbali yoyenera ya boma la boma m'malamulo.

Chigwirizano Chapanthaŵi Ino

Chigwirizano cha boma chapanthaŵiyo chimadziŵika ndi mathayo ocholoŵana ndi otsatizana pakati pa milingo yonse ya boma. Chisonkhezero cha Federal chakula kupyolera mwa ziphaso ndi malamulo a generation, komabe maboma ali ndi ufulu waukulu m'mbali zambiri. Maboma akukhala okangalika mowonjezereka m’kuthetsa nkhani zonga kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kusamuka, nthaŵi zina akudzaza mipata yosiyidwa ndi boma kapena kusachitapo kanthu.

Maganizo onena za ulamuliro wa boma adakali mbali yaikulu ya ndale zadziko za America, akumapereka mafunso ofunika kwambiri onena za demokrase, kuchita zinthu mwaluso, ndi ukulu woyenera wa ulamuliro wa boma.

Mavuto Amene Amakumana Nawo Olamulira Ochuluka

Boma la ku America likukumana ndi mavuto ambiri amene amachititsa kuti boma liziyang’anira bwino nzika zake.

Kugwirizana ndi Kulankhulana

Kugwirizanitsa malamulo ndi maprogramu m’milingo yambiri ya boma kumafuna kulankhulana ndi kugwirizana. Chidziŵitso chiyenera kuyenda bwino pakati pa mabungwe a boma, madipatimenti a boma, ndi maofesi akwanuko. Kutsutsana kwa malamulo kapena kusalankhulana bwino kungachititse kuyesayesa kofanana, kusoŵa mautumiki, kapena zofunika zotsutsana zimene zimasokoneza nzika ndi zinyalala.

Mavuto a Ulimi

Milingo yonse ya boma imayang'anizana ndi zitsenderezo za ndalama zimene zimayambukira kukhoza kwawo kupereka mautumiki. Kupereŵera kwa ndalama za bajeti kwa ndalama zoperekedwa ku maboma ndi madera. Maboma ayenera kulinganiza bajeti yawo pamene akukwaniritsa zofunikira zomawonjezereka za maphunziro, zaumoyo, ndi za zigwirizano za zinthu. Maboma akulimbana ndi polekezera kwa katundu ndi chithandizo cha boma ndi cha boma.

Kulimbana ndi mavutowa kumakakamiza anthu kuti asankhe njira zothandizira komanso kuti azichita zinthu zotani. Amapanganso zinthu zothandizira kuti ndalama zizikwera, kumene boma lina limayesa kutumiza ndalama zimene likuwononga ku mlingo wina.

Kusalingana Makhalidwe M’madera Ena

Maboma achuma ndi madera angathandize kwambiri kuposa osauka. Access of the Religion of the Faced, auness, ndi mautumiki ena amasiyanasiyana kwambiri malinga ndi kumene mumakhala. Kusiyana kwa malo kumeneku kumabutsa mafunso okhudza chilungamo ndi mwayi wolingana.

Kuŵerengera ndi Kuona Bwino

Kucholoŵana kwa maulamuliro apamwamba ambiri kungachititse nzika kukhala zovuta kuŵerengera boma. Pamene milingo yambiri ya boma igawana thayo pa programu, kugamula amene ali ndi thayo la mavuto kumakhala kovuta. Kudziwidwa kwa thayo kumeneku kukhoza kulola akuluakulu a boma kupeŵa kuŵerengeredwa mlandu mwa kupatsa milingo ina ya boma mlandu.

Maboma a m’maderawo amakulitsa chidaliro mwa kugwira ntchito moonekeratu. Kuona padera nkofunika m’milingo yonse ya boma, koma kutero kumafuna kudzipereka kutsegula misonkhano, kulembedwa kwa zolembedwa, ndi kulankhulana komvekera bwino kwa ntchito ndi zosankha za boma.

Kuyang’ana Kutsogolo: Tsogolo la Federalism

Zinthu zingapo zimene zikuchitika n’zimene zingayambitse unansi wa m’tsogolo pakati pa maboma a boma, boma, ndi dziko.

Luso la Zaluso ndi Kusintha

Zipangizo zamakono zikusintha mmene maboma amagwirira ntchito komanso mmene amachitira zinthu. Makompyuta amathandiza anthu kuti azigwiritsa ntchito Intaneti, kuchepetsa ntchito yoyenderana ndi boma. Kuthandizana kwa boma kumathandiza kuti anthu azikhala ndi mgwirizano komanso kuti asamachite makampani osiyanasiyana.

Kusintha kwa Nyengo ndi Mavuto a Zachilengedwe

Kusintha kwa nyengo kumabweretsa mavuto akuti magawo onse a boma azikhala ogwirizana ndipo m’mizinda ya m’mphepete mwa nyanja, mayiko a kumadzulo ayenera kukonzekera kuchepetsa kusoŵa kwa madzi, ndipo anthu onse ayenera kuchepetsa kutentha kwa mpweya wotenthetsa dziko.

Kusintha kwa Moyo Wathu

Kusintha kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu ku America kudzayambukira boma pamlingo uliwonse. Kukalamba kwa anthu kudzawonjezera kufunika kwa zaumoyo ndi mautumiki a anthu. Kuchuluka kwa mitundu kudzafuna maboma kutumikira anthu a zinenero zosiyanasiyana, zikhalidwe, ndi zosoŵa. Kusamuka kudzasintha mphamvu zandale pakati pa mayiko ndi madera, kumakhudza mbali za bungwe la Congress ndi Electoral College.

Kusintha Zachuma

Masinthidwe a zachuma kuphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa antchito, chuma, ndi kudalirana kwa mayiko adzatokosa makonzedwe a boma ndi malamulo a mwambo. Maboma adzafunikira kusintha dongosolo la misonkho lolinganizidwira ntchito yamwambo ndi mitundu yatsopano ya ntchito. Adzafunikira kupereka maphunziro ndi maphunziro kwa antchito othaŵa kwawo chifukwa cha kusintha kwa tekinoloji. Kusiyana kwa zachuma kungafunikire njira zatsopano za mautumiki a anthu ndi kupita patsogolo m’zachuma.

Malangizo Othandiza pa Ntchito Yogwirizana ndi Boma

Kumvetsa mmene boma limachitira zinthu n’kofunika kwambiri kuti anthu agwirizane bwino ndi boma, boma, ndi boma.

Dziŵani Oimira Anu

Dziŵani akuluakulu a boma amene asankhidwa m’mayiko osiyanasiyana.

Pitani pa Misonkhano ya Onse

Anthu ambiri amamvetsera misonkhano ya m’boma chifukwa chakuti anthu ambiri amamvetsera misonkhano ya m’matauni, ya m’masukulu komanso yokonza zoti anthu amve.

Gwiritsirani Ntchito Boma

Zinthu zimenezi ndi monga malaibulale a boma, mapaki ndi mapulogalamu a zosangalatsa, kabizinesi, mapulogalamu a ntchito, kapena ntchito zaumoyo.

Khalani Odziŵa Bwino

Manyuzipepala ndi mawebusaiti a boma amafotokoza kwambiri nkhani zokhudza boma, ndipo mawebusaiti a boma amafotokoza kwambiri za malamulo, mapulogalamu, ndi zosankha zimene boma likuchita.

Wochirikiza Nkhani Zimene Mumalingalira

Muzikambirana ndi akuluakulu a boma pankhani zokhudza nkhani zimene inuyo mukuona kuti n’zofunika.

Kusankha Zochita

Kumbukilani kuti mavoti a boma ndi a kumalo kumene mukukhala amakukhudzani kwambiri tsiku lililonse kuposa masankho a boma, ngakhale kuti salandira chisamaliro chambiri pa wailesi ndi pa Intaneti.

Kumaliza

Maboma onsewa amachita mbali zofunika kwambiri m'moyo wa America. Boma la boma limasamalira nkhani za dziko monga chitetezo, kusamuka, ndi malonda a mayiko akutali ndi dziko pamene likupereka chitetezo chofunika kwambiri kwa ogula, ufulu wa anthu, ndi kutetezeredwa ndi chuma. Maboma amayang'anira maphunziro, kusamalira zaumoyo, zoyendera, ndi chiweruzo chaupandu pamene akugwirizanitsa malamulo a boma ndi anthu awo apadera ndi zinthu zofunika. Maboma a boma amapereka ntchito zofunika za tsiku ndi tsiku kuphatikizapo chisungiko cha anthu, madzi ndi zonyansa, mapaki ndi zosangulutsa, ndi malamulo a m'dziko.

Milingo yosiyanasiyana imeneyi ya boma simagwira ntchito payokha koma imagwira ntchito pamodzi mwa zopereka, maprogramu ogaŵana, ndi madongosolo ogwirizana. Kugwirizana kumeneku kumatheketsa kuyankha kogwira mtima ku mavuto ovuta amene amadutsa malire. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, dongosolo la boma limayambitsa mikangano ndi mikangano imene imasonyeza kulinganiza kwamphamvu kopitirizabe pakati pa magawo osiyanasiyana a boma.

Kumvetsa mmene boma limagwirira ntchito m’njira zosiyanasiyana kumakuthandizani kudziwa kumene mungapereke malangizo okhudzana ndi anthu, mmene mungapezere ntchito, ndiponso mmene mungachitire nawo zinthu za demokalase.

Dongosolo la boma la America nlovuta, lamphamvu, ndi lokhazikika. Mwakumvetsetsa kapangidwe kake ndi ntchito, mungayende bwinopo ndi mautumiki a boma, kukhala ndi phande m’moyo wa anthu, ndi kuthandizira ntchito yopitirizabe ya demokrase yodzilamulira. Kaya mumadera nkhaŵa za chisungiko cha dziko, mlingo wa maphunziro, kapena mabogi a m’khwalala lanu, kudziŵa kuti ndi mtundu wanji wa boma limene mungagwirizane nalo ndi mmene mungamvere mawu anu nkofunika kuti mukhale nzika yokhutiritsa.

Kaamba ka chidziŵitso chowonjezereka ponena za mmene boma limagwirira ntchito, chezerani USA. gov , web ya boma, kapena mawebusaiti a boma ndi akwanu. Malo akupereka chidziŵitso chatsatanetsatane ponena za mautumiki a boma, osankhidwa ndi akuluakulu a boma, ndi mwaŵi wa kutengamo mbali. Mukhozanso kufunafuna chuma kuchokera ku mabungwe onga National Conference of State Legislatures ndi Chigwirizano cha Dziko cha Makolo a Malo.