M'mabungwe ocholoŵana a boma la America, jaji ya boma ili ndi udindo wamphamvu kwambiri koma woumiriza mwadala. Pamene Congress akulemba malamulo ndi Pulezidenti akuwakakamiza, ilo limaikidwa m'makhoti a boma kumasulira zimene malamulowo amatanthauza ndi ngati amayendera lamulo lalikulu la dziko: Malamulo. Mphamvu imeneyi yachiweruzo, yokhazikitsidwa m'chizindikiro [[FLT:] [0] mlandu wa pa kalelo . Madison [1] , imapangitsa makhoti a boma kupenda manthambi enawo. Kumvetsetsa mphamvu yeniyeni ndi malire a makhoti ameneŵa nkofunika kumvetsetsa mmene United States imadzilamulira. Iwo saali chabe chigamulo chachigamulo chachinsinsi cha pambali pawokhatokhatokha; iwo ngogwira ntchito ntchito m'ntchito m'mabungwe lolamulira lalamulo la American.

Malamulo Okhazikitsidwa a Bungwe la Federal Direciary

Mfundo III ya Malamulo a United States imakhazikitsa nthambi yachiweruzo ya boma la boma. Pochoka mwadala ku dongosolo la Britain, mafarmaite anapanga khoti lodziimira pawokha pa chipani ndi nyumba ya malamulo. Oweruza a Federal amapatsidwa moyo wonse "kuyang'anira khalidwe labwino" ndipo malipiro awo alamulo sangachepetse pamene akhalabe m'malo awo. Zitetezero zimenezi zinalinganizidwa kutetezera oweruza ku kubwezera kwa ndale ndi kutsimikizira kuti iwo angapange zosankha zosakondera zozikidwa pa lamulo ndi mfundo, popanda kuwopa kubwezera ku Nyumba ya Ufumu kapena Pulezidenti.

Mu Federal No. 78, Alexander Hamilton motchuka analongosola jajiyo kukhala "nthambi yachirombo" chifukwa chakuti ili ndi "mphamvu kapena kuweruza, koma kokha. Hamilton anatsutsa kuti jadiary akakhala ndi kukhoza kwapang'ono kwa kuvulaza ufulu wa ndale zadziko wa Malamulo. Komabe, iye anatsutsa kuti unalidi ufulu umenewu umene unalola judiary kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamphamvu ya kupenda malamulo ndi ntchito zochita zaudindo. Popanda mphamvu imeneyi, malamulo a boma akakhala chabe mfundo zongoikidwa, nkhani za ndale zadziko. Mafafafafa adakalibe oŵerengera bwino chifukwa cha kumbuyo kwa ulamuliro wa kumbuyo kwa mfundo ya lamulo.

Kupangidwa kwa Chiweruzo: Dongosolo la Mapiko Atatu

Dongosolo la khoti la boma lapangidwa monga gulu la akulu lowonekera bwino, lolinganizidwira kutsimikizira kupendedwa kosamalitsa ndi kusasintha m’kumasulira kwa lamulo la boma. Limagwira ntchito ndi makhoti ozenga milandu alamulo onse pansi, makhoti apakati, ndi Bwalo Lapamwamba pa nsonga. Makonzedwe ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti milandu imagamulidwa mwadongosolo ndi kuti zolakwa zingawongoledwe.

Makhoti Achigawo a ku United States: Chiŵerengero cha Kuzenga Mlandu

Pali zigawo 94 zachiweruzo za boma ku United States ndi magawo ake, limodzi ndi limodzi lomwe lili ndi khoti la Gawo la United States. Izi ndi mahatchi a ajuli, kumene milandu imazengedwa, makhoti a milandu amaikidwa, ndi maumboni amagamulidwa. Makhoti achigawo amasamalira milandu ya boma, milandu ya boma yoyambitsidwa pansi pa lamulo la boma, ndi milandu yosiyanasiyana kumene anthu amachokera m’mayiko osiyanasiyana. Woweruza mmodzi wachigawo amayang'anira, amaweruza milandu, amaweruza pa zochitika za m'kaudindo, ndi kuyang'anira milandu. Zigamulo zawo, zimene zimaphatikizapo kupeza mfundo ndi kutsatira lamulo, zingachitidwe ngati nkhani yalamulo ku mlingo wotsatira.

Makhoti a Zipilo a ku United States: Makhoti Adera

Makhoti 13 a aumpellate (mabwalo a chigawo, D.C. chigawo, ndi Federal Transport) amatumikira monga mayeso aakulu pa zigamulo za khoti. Iwo sasunga milandu kapena kumva umboni watsopano. M’malo mwake, mabungwe atatu amapenda zoweruza zolembedwa za mlandu kuti aone ngati zolakwa za boma zinachitika chifukwa chakuti zimavomereza kuti kugamulidwa kapena kuzenga mlandu watsopano. Makhoti adera kaŵirikaŵiri amatchedwa "mawu alamulo" a milandu yambiri ya boma, monga momwe Khoti Lapamwamba limamvera mbali ya kuchonderera. D.C. chigawo cha dera n’chochititsa chidwi kwambiri chifukwa chakuti amayang'anira mabungwe aakulu okhudzanso milandu ndi malamulo a boma. Pamene mabwalo atsutsana ndi kumasulira lamulo la boma, limapanga "circuit", zimene nthaŵi zambiri zimagawanika m'khoti yaikulu.

Khoti Lapamwamba la United States

Bwalo lamilandu la zopereka zomalizira, Bwalo Lapamwamba likumva zikalata zoperekedwa kuchokera ku makhoti adera ndi kugamula makhoti aakulu (pa mafunso a boma). Limalamulira doko lake, kupatsa chilolezo cha certiorari pafupifupi 100 -50 mwa milandu 7,000+ zimene likupemphedwa kupenda chaka chilichonse. Chigamulo chake chimapereka chitsanzo chogwirizana kwa mtundu wonsewo, kuthetsa magawawa aakulu omasulira pakati pa makhoti aang'ono. Khoti Lapamwamba ndilo lomaliza kumasulira tanthauzo la Malamulo.

Makhoti Oyang’anira Apadera

Pambali pa Makhoti III, Nyumba ya Malamulo yakhazikitsa makhoti apadera kuti akachite ndi mbali zina za malamulo. Mabungwe amenewa ndi Khoti la Tchata la ku United States, khoti la Apilo la ku United States, ndi Bwalo la Apilo la Malamulo la ku United States lopereka zipilo za Asilikali. Chitsanzo chodziwika kwambiri ndi cha Mabungwe a Maiko a Apamwamba a Surveillance Court (FASC), amene amagwira ntchito mobisa kwambiri kupenda madandaulo a boma a milandu ya zachitetezo. Makhoti apaderawa amalolanso kuti anthu akhale ndi luso lapadera koma amadzutsa mafunso apadera onena za kuonekera kwapadera ndi kuyankha mlandu. Iwo amasamalira mabwalo apamwamba.

Malamulo Otsutsa: Zimene Makhoti Aakulu Angathe Kumva ndi Zimene Sangamve

Ulamuliro wa makhoti a boma uli ndi malire. ulamuliro wawo umalongosoledwa mosamalitsa ndi kugwirizanitsidwa ndi malamulo a boma. Khoti la boma silingangomva mlandu uliwonse umene uli wokondweretsa; liyenera kukhala ndi chilolezo chapadera cha ulamuliro. malire ameneŵa ali ofunika kwambiri ku lamulo la boma lokhala ndi malire.

Funso la Mafuko ndi Mlandu Wamitundu Yosiyanasiyana

Makhoti a Federal ali ndi mphamvu zoyambirira pa milandu "kulemekeza pansi pa Malamulo, Malamulo a United States, ndi ma Treasures opangidwa . Izi zimadziŵika monga ulamuliro wa boma. Amamvanso milandu pakati pa nzika za maiko osiyanasiyana kumene ndalama za mkangano zimaposa $75,000, yodziŵika kukhala ulamuliro wosiyana. Zimenezi zimatsimikizira kusaloŵerera m'nkhani za m'mabungwe a boma, kuletsa tsankho limene lingachitike m’bwalo la boma limene gulu limodzi limakhala lokondedwa kwambiri.

Ziphunzitso Zolungama

Chiyeso chachikulu pa mphamvu yachiweruzo cha boma ndicho chofunika chakuti milandu iyenera kukhala ‘ yolungama. ’ Mawu a ambulera ameneŵa amaphatikizapo ziphunzitso zingapo zosiyana zimene zimaletsa makhoti kutulutsa malingaliro otsutsa kapena kusokoneza nkhani zosiyidwira ku nthambi za ndale zadziko.

  • Kuima: Mtsogoleri ayenera kukhala atavutika ndi konkire, kuvulala kwapadera kumene kulipo kapena kuyandikira, osati kuyerekezera kapena kuyerekezera. Kuvulazako kuyenera kutsatiridwa ndi khalidwe la woimbidwa mlanduyo ndipo mwachiwonekere kubwezeredwa ndi chigamulo chabwino cha khoti.
  • Udani: Kupweteka kuyenera kuchitika kapena kuyandikira mwamsanga; khoti silingalamulire pa chivulazo chamtsogolo chongoyerekezera chimene sichingachitike konse.
  • [[FLT: 0] Mkangano uyenera kukhala "life" m'zochitika zonse za kugamula. Ngati nkhaniyo yathetsedwa kapena mikhalidwe ikusintha kotero kuti khoti silingaperekenso mpumulo wogwira mtima, mlanduwo umakhala wofooka ndi kutha.
  • Chitsutso pa Malingaliro a Advisory: Makhoti a Federal angangogamula nkhani zenizeni ndi mikangano. Sangapereke makalata kapena zigamulo pa mafunso ongoyerekezera alamulo. Zimenezi zimakakamiza jaji kugwira ntchito m’malo a mikangano yeniyeni.

Chiphunzitso cha ndale Chimene Chimatsutsa

M'kachitidwe kena ka kudziletsa, makhoti a boma ayambitsa chiphunzitso cha ndale zadziko. Chiphunzitso chimenechi chimanena kuti nkhani zina zimaperekedwa mwalamulo ku nthambi za ndale zadziko (Konsor kapena Pulezidenti) ndipo chotero siziri zongopeka. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo zitokoso ku mkhalidwe wa kumaiko ena, kusokonezeka kwa malamulo alamulo, kukhazikitsa kusokonezeka, ndipo, pansi pa nthanthi zina, kuyendetsa malamulo. Mlandu wa Baker v. Carr (62) zinakhazikitsa mayeso amakono odziŵikitsa nkhani ya ndale zadziko, kusumika pa "kudzipereka kwa malembo a ziwanda zopeka" ku nkhani ina.

Kugwiritsira Ntchito Mphamvu ya Kupenda Chiweruzo

Mphamvu ya kupenda kwachiweruzo ndiyo maziko a ulamuliro wa boma la jaji. Imalola makhoti kupeputsa zochita za Congress, Prezidenti, ndi maboma a boma amene amaswa Malamulo. Mphamvu imeneyi imagwiritsiridwa ntchito m'nkhani iriyonse imene imafuna kuti khoti lifotokoze Malamulo kapena lamulo la boma.

Kupenda Malamulo a Boma ndi Oyang’anira

Kuchokera ku [[FLT: 0] Marbury [[FLT: 1] mpaka pano, Khoti Lapamwamba lagonjetsa mazana ambiri a boma, boma, ndi malamulo a kumaloko. Mphamvu imeneyi imatsimikizira kuti malamulo sangapondereze ufulu walamulo. [[FLT:] Brown v. [[FLT:] [54]] [1954] [Ikhoti la Boma linagonjetsa boma, kutseka m'masukulu a onse, kuchotsa "Tsolitchito yofanana" chiphunzitso cha [[FLT:] Pyv]. . [FL:] Mu mphamvu ya boma ya Intectic . [FFLT]

Kupenda Zochita za Otsogolera

Makhoti amatumikiranso monga kuyang'anira kofufuza kochenjera pa nthambi ya boma. Mu] anyamata ang'onoang'ono Commentack Comment / Tube Co. v. Sawir (1952), Bwalo la Truman lochepetsa Pulezidenti Truman, kuyesa kulanda zitsulo zachitsulo pa Nkhondo ya Korea, kutsimikizira kuti mphamvu ya Pulezidenti siiyenera ndipo iyenera kuima kuchokera ku lamulo la boma kapena Konsichulidwa. Posachedwapa, makhoti asintha malamulo apamwamba pa kusamuka, malamulo achilengedwe, ndi chitetezo cha dziko, kaŵirikaŵiri amatseka machitidwe amene amapitirira ulamuliro wa boma. Chigamu chachikulu mu [FLD:2] United States. Nix[FFF:3]

Kuteteza Munthu Aliyense Payekha

Makhoti a boma kaŵirikaŵiri ali othawirapo omalizira kwa anthu otsutsa boma. Bill of Rights ndi Geneth Amendment amapatsidwa tanthauzo lawo lopindulitsa mwa kumasulira kwachiweruzo. Milandu ya zamwambo yonga Gideon v. Wainright (kuyenera kulangiza), Mafuta v. Arizona (kutetezera ku kudzitetezera kwa intacrinicration), ndi [[FLT:] Ofell v. Hogmas , [FLT] [FLT] [FFF:5] [mact:] [maukwati] (mayelekeze]) amasonyeza mphamvu ya makhoti kuti abwezere m'dzina lalamulo lalamulo lalamulo.

Ziletso za Mabungwe pa Mphamvu ya Uchigamulo

Ngakhale kuti makhoti a boma ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu, amawaletsa kwambiri kukhala oweruza a boma.

Kunyenga ndi Kuchenjera kwa Nyenyezi

Lamulo la n’lovuta kukhazikitsa decis (kulola chigamulocho kuima) kumakakamiza makhoti kutsatira malamulo asanakhale. Zimenezi zimalimbikitsa kukhazikika, kuneneratu, ndi kupitiriza kutsata lamulo. Kupambana kwake n’kovuta ndipo kumafuna kulungamitsa kwapadera, monga ngati kusintha kwa mikhalidwe yeniyeni kapena kuzindikira kuti chosankha choyambirira chinali "kulakwa kwenikweni." Monga momwe Justice Brandeis adanenerapo, "m'nkhani zambiri nkofunika kuti lamulo la lamulo loyenerera likhazikitsiridwe mmalo akuti likhale lolondola. Chiphunzitsochi chimaletsa kukhoza kwa woweruza kukhazikitsa malamulo awo.

Kupereŵera kwa Mankhwala

Makhoti a Federal angapereke zigamulo, malamulo, koma alibe mphamvu ya kudziimira kuti awachirikize. Ayenera kudalira nthambi yaikulu kuti ikwaniritse malamulo awo. Imeneyi ndi malire aakulu pa ulamuliro wawo. Ngati Pulezidenti kapena bwanamkubwa wa boma akhazikitsa lamulo la khoti, khotilo silinafune mwachindunji kunyoza gululo ndi kupempha kuti nthambi ya U.S. Marshals (mbali ya nthambi yaikulu) achitepo kanthu. Kudalira kumeneku pa "mphamvu ya lupanga" kuli kuyang'anira koyambirira kwa bungwe la judiary.

Kufufuza za Nyumba ya Malamulo ndi Ukulu wa Malamulo

Malamulo amapereka zida zambiri kwa nthambi za ndale zadziko kuti ziyang'ane kuweruza. Msonkhano ungasinthe ulamuliro wa Khoti Lapamwamba, kusintha chiŵerengero cha oweruza pa khoti lina, kupereka ziyeneretso za lamulo kuti zisinthe zigamulo zakutizakuti, ndipo kuchotsa oweruza a boma kaamba ka "Upandu Wapamwamba ndi Misdemears". Pulezidenti angafufuze makhotiwo mwa mphamvu ya kulephera kukwaniritsa, kutsimikizira kuti maweruzi aperekedwa ndi anthu amene ali ndi nzeru yake yalamulo. Zimenezi zimatsimikizira kuti oweruza a Judicaria sakhoza kulekana kotheratu ndi anthu, ngakhale patali.

Nkhani ya Anthu: Kuikidwa ndi Filosofi

Chifukwa chakuti oweruza a boma amaikidwa kaamba ka moyo, kachitidwe ka kuwasankha kali kamodzi ka kachitidwe kotsatirapo kokulirako koyenera Prezidenti angatenge. Kumatsimikizira kuti achiweruzowo, kumlingo wakutiwakuti, mapindu a ndale zadziko a wosankhidwa, ngakhale kuti ali ndi nthaŵi yokwanira.

Njira Yodziŵira ndi Kutsimikizira

Mineneine amasonkhezeredwa ndi Bungwe la Bungwe la Akulu la Judia ndipo ayenera kupambana voti la anthu ambiri m'Banga lonse. Njira imeneyi yakhala yotchuka kwambiri m'zaka makumi aposachedwapa, ndi kusanthula kozama kwa nthanthi zachiweruzo, zolembedwa zakale, ndi ntchito yalamulo. Ndodozo nzapamwamba chifukwa chakuti kuikidwa kwa munthu mmodzi kungaumbe mfundo za lamulo kwa mbadwo kapena kuposapo. Njirayi ndi yofufuza ya demokrase yolondola kwambiri pa mphamvu ya judiary.

Kufufuza Mfundo Zomasulira

Oweruza amabweretsa nthanthi zosiyanasiyana ku benchi zimene zimapanga mawonekedwe awo. [[FLT:] Oligionalst amafuna kumasulira Malamulo ozikidwa pa tanthauzo lake loyambirira la anthu panthaŵi imene anavomerezedwa. Ofufuza za malemba [[FLT:]] amasumika maganizo pa malemba oonekera bwino a lamulo, akumati oweruza sayenera kuyesa kuyesa kukhazikitsa malamulo a Mulungu. Ena amavomereza malamulo a malamulo [[FLT: 4.] Kufikira, kutsutsa kuti malamulo a malamulo a malamulo a malamulo ayenera kufalikira ndi kusintha kwa anthu. Kuswa kwa mafilosofiwa kumatsogolera ku zotulukapo za zochitika zosiyanasiyana, kuchokera ku kuchotsapo kwa ufulu wa ku ulamuliro wa ku ulamuliro wa anthu. Kuzindikira zapamwamba kumeneku kudzakhala mfundo yofunika kulongosola mfundo za m’malamulo.

Tanthauzo Lokhalitsa la Makhoti Aunyinji m’Chitaganya Chamakono

Lerolino, makhoti a boma ali pachimake pa mkangano waukulu wa dzikolo . Kuyambira pa ufulu wovota ndi kuchotsa mimba mpaka ku ulamuliro wa akuluakulu, malamulo a malo okhala, ndi chitetezo cha dziko. Kuwonjezereka kwa njira yoika munthu pa udindo walamulo kwachititsa kuti anthu ambiri aonedwe kukhala oweruza ngati nkhondo ya ndale. Ngakhale zitsenderezo zimenezi, kuvomerezedwa ndi mphamvu za makhoti a boma kumadalira pa kupitiriza kwawo kumamatira lamulo pa mfundo zalamulo pa ulamuliro wa boma. Makhoti ayeneranso kulimbana ndi mavuto amakono amene maFramers , nzeru zopeka, zobisa, zobisa mawu, ndi nkhondo yapadziko lonse yochititsa mantha zonse zimene zimafuna kugwiritsa ntchito kwa malamulo a boma kwa zaka mazana ambiri kuti agwirizane ndi malamulo atsopano. Malamulo a bungwe la bungwe la judicariat kuzoloŵera kukhazikitsa malamulo a malamulo ogwirizana ndi lamulo ofunika kwambiri.

Mphamvu ya makhoti a boma njowopsa koma yolinganizidwa bwino. Iwo angamenyetse malamulo, kuimitsa ntchito za mabwana, ndi kutetezera zoyenera zamaziko. Komabe, iwo amadalira kwambiri pa nthambi zina ndi pa kudalira kwa anthu kusungitsa malamulo awo. Kumvetsetsa kulinganiza kumeneku . Mphamvu yowopsa ya kunena zimene lamulo lili, limodzi ndi malire ndi malire a mphamvu pa mphamvu imeneyo . "Amavumbula chifukwa chake makhoti a boma ali ofunitsitsa kusungidwa kwa lipabuliki la America. Iwo, monga momwe Hamilton akudziŵikira, wosunga malonjezo a Malamulo, wogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya chikwama kapena lupanga, koma mphamvu yokhalitsa ya chiweruzo.