Chiyambi: Chifukwa Chake Malamulo a Boma Amakhudza Moyo Wanu wa Tsiku ndi Tsiku

Boma la United States lamangidwa pa malungwe a nthambi zitatu zosiyana: Legislative, Guide, and Juji. Kulekanitsa maulamuliro kumeneku sikuli chabe lingaliro longochokera ku bukhu la boma . Imayambukira mwachindunji ufulu wanu, chikwama chanu, ndi ufulu wanu tsiku lililonse. Kukhoma misonkho imene mumalipira ku mpweya umene mumapuma, ku chisungiko cha chakudya chimene mumadya kufikira ku kulungamitso kwa ntchito yanu, nthambi iriyonse imachita mbali yake. Kumvetsetsa mmene nthambi zimenezi zimakuthandizirani kuyendetsa bwino dongosolo, kuchititsa akuluakulu a boma kukhala ndi mlandu, ndi kupanga zosankha zodzisankhira zodziwitsa pabokosi la boloti.

M’chitsogozo chofutukulidwa chimenechi, tipita kupyola pa maziko a ntchito za mkati za nthambi iriyonse, macheke ndi zipilala zimene zimawasunga iwo m'malo otsata, ndi chiyambukiro chenicheni cha dziko chimene ali nacho pa inu. Kaya ndinu wophunzira, wovota, kapena nzika yachidwi, kudziŵa makina a boma kukuthandizani kukhala wokhoza kutengamo mbali mu demokrase.

Nthambi Yolamulira: Kupanga Malamulo Amene Amaumba Dziko Lanu

Likulu la Malamulo, lotchedwa Congress, ndilo dzanja lopanga malamulo la boma la boma. Ndilo bamameral, kutanthauza kuti liri ndi zipinda ziŵiri: Nyumba ya Oimira ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo. Onse pamodzi, amapanga malamulo amene amalamulira zonse kuyambira pa zaumoyo ndi maphunziro mpaka kutetezera dziko ndi malo okhala. Koma kodi ndimotani mmene nthambi imeneyi imagwirira ntchito yake, ndipo nchifukwa ninji muyenera kusamalira ntchito zake za tsiku ndi tsiku?

Nyumba ya Oimira: Yapafupi kwa Anthu

Nyumba ya Oimira iri ndi mamembala 435 osankha, aliyense woimira chigawo cha msonkhano mkati mwa boma. Chiŵerengero cha chigawo chimodzi ndi chimodzi cha boma nchozikidwa pa anthu, okhala ndi maboma ambiri monga California (52) ndi Texas (36) okhala ndi oimira ambiri, pamene kuli kwakuti maboma aang'ono onga Vermont ndi Wyoming ali ndi mmodzi yekha. Oimira atumikira malamulo a zaka ziŵiri, amene amawakakamiza kuyang'anizana ndi kusankhidwa mobwerezabwereza [1]

Mathayo a Nyumba amaphatikizapo:

  • [[Kubweza:0] Masheya a ndalama: Mapepala onse amene amakweza ndalama ayenera kuyambika m'Nyumba.
  • Copices : Nyumba ili ndi mphamvu yokha yopereka nduna za boma, kuphatikizapo Prezidenti.
  • Kuperekedwa: Ziŵalo zimayembekezeredwa kusonyeza zikondwerero zosiyanasiyana za anthu a chigawo chawo.

Nyumbayo imayendetsanso ntchito ya makomiti . monga Komiti ya Zam'malemba ndi Zakudya ndi Malo ndi Komiti ya Mautumiki a Zida (zankhondo) . Kumene ntchito zambiri zatsatanetsatane pa malamulo zimachitika. Komiti imeneyi imalola kulinganiza ndi kupenda mosamalitsa, komanso ikhoza kuchepetsa dongosolo la malamulo.

Nyumba ya Malamulo: Nyumba Yapamwamba ya Kuwamasula

Nyumba ya Malamulo ili ndi mametala 100, aŵiri ochokera ku boma lililonse, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito modabwitsa zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi. Mawu atali ndi kuimira dziko lonseli amapatsa oimira mawonekedwe ambiri ndi kuwonjezerapo kuchokera ku kusintha kwa malingaliro a anthu. Maulamuliro apadera a Nyumba ya Malamulo amaphatikizapo kutsimikizira kuikidwa kwa pulezidenti (mamembala a kaboni, oweruza a boma, akazembe), mapangano ogwirizana, ndi kuweruza milandu.

[[ML:0] Mbali zokopa za Nyumba ya Malamulo:[[FL:1]

  • Filibuster : Njira imene imalola woyendetsa khofi kuchedwa kapena kutsekereza voti mwa kulankhula kosalekeza, kaŵirikaŵiri yogwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi gulu laling'ono. Ingaswedwe ndi voti yokhudza, imene imafunikira mameta 60.
  • Kuvomereza ndi kuvomereza: Nyumba ya Malamulo iyenera kutsimikizira akuluakulu a boma ndi oweruza ambiri, kuipatsa ilo kuyang'anira kwamphamvu pa Nthambi Yauyang'aniro.
  • Kuimira kwa padera: Boma lililonse lili ndi chinenero chofanana mu Nyumba ya Malamulo, mosasamala kanthu za anthu, kulolera kofikirika mkati mwa Convention of Constitution.

Mmene Bhili Linakhalira Lamulo: Ulendo Wotsatira Malamulo

Kuzindikira njira ya chikalatacho ndi kuonetsa chisonyezero kumakuthandizani kuona kumene mawu anu angasinthe.

  1. Introduction:[[FL:1] membala wa Congress amachirikiza lamulo, limene lagaŵiridwa nambala (m., H.R. 1 kapena S. 1).
  2. Committee :[[FL:1] Ndalama imatumizidwa ku komiti yogwirizana, kumene ingakambitsiridwe, kusinthidwa, kapena kuphedwa.
  3. Kachitidwe ka zinthu:[[FLT :1] Ngati komiti ivomereza, lamulo limapita ku malo onse kukakambitsirana ndi kuvota.
  4. komiti ya Conference: Kusiyana pakati pa Nyumba ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo amayanjanitsidwa m'komiti ya msonkhano.
  5. Kachitidwe kaumboni: Mlandu womalizira unka kwa Pulezidenti, amene angasaine m'lamulo, kuitumiza, kapena kuulola kukhala lamulo popanda kusaina pambuyo pa masiku 10.

Anthu amene amakambirana ndi anthu kapena amene amamvetsera nkhani zawo, akhoza kuyambitsa malamulo.

Chifukwa Chake Nthambi Yoikidwa Mwalamulo Ili Yofunika kwa Inu

Lamulo lililonse la boma limene limayambukira moyo wanu . kuchokera ku Affordal Care Act (inshuwalansi yachisungiko) ku Decratic Air Act (kulimba kwa mtima) "kuchokera mu Congress . Woimira wanu ndi woyang'anira sankhira pa nkhani zimene zimasankha mitapo yanu, kukhoza kwanu kulipira pa koleji, malamulo a chisungiko amene amakutetezerani pantchito, ndipo ngakhale chiwongola dzanja pa ngongole yanu. Malo a Legislative Bank ndi kumene mumalankhula mwachindunji kupyolera masankho, makalata, mafoni, mafoni, ndi umboni wapoyera.

Phunzirani zambiri ponena za oimira anu ndi kutsata malamulo pa [[FLT: 0] Correff.gov

Nthambi Yotsogolera: Kutsatira Malamulo ndi Kutsogolera Mtundu

Nthambi ya Administrate iri ndi thayo la kukhazikitsa malamulo operekedwa ndi Congress. Ilo likutsogozedwa ndi Pulezidenti, mochirikizidwa ndi Pulezidenti Wamkulu, Kabinati, ndi gulu lalikulu la mabungwe a boma ndi madipatimenti. Nthambiyi imatembenuza cholinga cha malamulo kukhala ntchito, kulamulira malamulo a dziko lina, ndi kuyankha pamavuto a mayiko.

Pulezidenti: Mkulu wa Gulu ndi Wolamulira Wamkulu

Prezidentiyo ali ndi mphamvu zambiri, koma amayesedwanso ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo ndi makhoti.

Mphamvu za pulezidenti zotchedwa Major media zimaphatikizapo:

  • Kukhazikitsa lamulo la boma: Kupyolera mu Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo ndi mabungwe ena, Pulezidenti amatsimikizira kuti malamulo a boma achitidwa.
  • Malamulo ndi zokambirana za Alendo: Pulezidenti akukambirana mapangano (ayeneretsedwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo) ndi kukumana ndi atsogoleri a dziko.
  • Comminer-in-Chieet: Prezidenti amalamulira zankhondo, ngakhale kuti ndi Nyumba za Malamulo zokha zimene zingalengeze nkhondo.
  • Malamulo otsatizana: Malamulo amene amayang'anira ntchito za boma la boma, ndi mphamvu ya lamulo pokhapo ngati Congress kapena makhoti adagwetsedwa.
  • [[MTL:0] Malamulo ndi kuipidwa : Prezidenti angakhululukire maupandu a boma (kusiyapo kusatsata).

Kabinapiti ndi Mautumiki Osonkhezera

Kabinati ndi yachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti ndi atsogoleri a madipatimenti 15 a akuluakulu (monga Boma, Treasure, Defense, Justice, Education, ndi Health and Human Services). A alembi ameneŵa amalangiza Pulezidenti ndi kuyang’anira boma lalikulu limene limakhudza pafupifupi mbali iliyonse ya moyo wa Amereka.

Zitsanzo za mphamvu ya bungwe:

  • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) imaika mpweya ndi madzi oipitsa.
  • Food and Drug Administration (FDA) imavomereza ndi kuyendetsa mankhwala ndi chakudya chotetezereka.
  • Bungwe loona za chitetezo cha anthu la Social Security Administration limaonetsetsa kuti anthu amene amapuma pantchito ndiponso opunduka akupindula.

Mabungwe ameneŵa amalemba malamulo amene ali ndi mphamvu ya lamulo, chifukwa chake njira ya kukhazikitsa malamulo ya nthambi ya Uyang'aniro ili yovuta. Anthu anganenepo za malamulo olingaliridwa kupyolera mwa Register [1] [1] [1] njira yamphamvu kwambiri koma yonyalanyazidwa kaŵirikaŵiri ya kusonkhezera.

Kupenda ndi Kulinganiza pa Waukulu

Atate Opezedwawo anawopa mphamvu yaikulu, chotero anapanga macheke ambiri:

  • Carler angapose pulezidenti ndi chigawo cha chigawo chachikulu kwambiri m’zipinda zonse ziŵiri.
  • Kaunda imayang'anira bajeti ndipo ingathe kululuza njira za mabwana.
  • Nyumba ya Malamulo imatsimikizira kuikidwa kwa pulezidenti kochuluka.
  • Khoti Lalikulu lingalengeze zochita za akuluakulu a boma zosakhala zalamulo.
  • Cornor ali ndi mphamvu ya kutsutsa ndi kuchotsa Prezidenti kaamba ka “maupandu aakulu ndi zophophonya."

Kumvetsa mfundo zimenezi kwathandiza anthu kuona ngati Prezidentiyo akuchita zinthu mogwirizana ndi malamulo a boma.

Chifukwa Chake Nthambi Yoyang’anira Ili Yofunika kwa Inu

Tsiku lililonse, Administrate Branch amapanga zosankha zimene zimayambukira chisungiko chanu, thanzi lanu, ndi ubwino wanu wa zachuma. Malire a liŵiro pa misewu yanu, miyezo ya chisungiko ya galimoto yanu, ziŵerengero za chiwongola dzanja zokhazikitsidwa ndi Federal Reserve (bungwe lodziimira), ndi malamulo olamulira ntchito yanu amagwa pansi pa ulamuliro wa akuluakulu a boma. Malinga a Pulezidenti pa malonda angasinthe mtengo wa katundu m’sitolo, pamene malamulo a kusamuka kwa dziko angayambukire anthu a m’mudzi mwanu.

Khalani wodziŵitsidwa za zochita za akuluakulu a boma kupyolera pa webusaiti ya White House .

Nthambi Yoweruza: Kumasulira Malamulo ndi Kuteteza Ufulu Wanu

Nthambi ya Judicial ndi yoyang’anira Konsichushoni. Mbali yake yaikulu ndiyo kumasulira malamulo operekedwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo ndi zochita zochitidwa ndi Nthambi Yotsogolera, ndi kutsimikizira kuti zikugwirizana ndi chikalata chokhazikitsidwa cha mtunduwo. Dongosolo lamilandu limaphatikizapo Bwalo Lamilandu Lalikulu, makhoti a Audindo (makhoti a milandu), ndi makhoti apadera osiyanasiyana (monga makhoti a kulephera kwa lamulo).

Khoti Lalikulu: Bwalo la Malamulo Lomalizira

Khoti Lapamwamba lili ndi oweruza asanu ndi anayi .Iwo ndi Oweruza Anzake 8 amene amasankhidwa ndi Pulezidenti ndi kutsimikiziridwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo. Iwo amaikidwa kwa moyo wonse, zimene zimawatetezera ku chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko. Kudziimira okha kumeneku kumawalola kupanga zosankha zosatchuka koma zalamulo.

Makiyi a ntchito za Khoti Lapamwamba:

  • [[FLT : 0] Kubwereranso kwa judicial:[[FLT :1] Mphamvu yolengeza malamulo ndi zochita za mabwana (zosakhazikitsidwa mu Marbury . Madison [[FLT :3] , 1803]
  • Lamulo la boma: Khoti limathetsa mikangano pamene makhoti aang'ono atsutsa tanthauzo la lamulo.
  • Kukhazikitsa chitsanzo: zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu zimakhala ulamuliro womamatira ku makhoti ang’ono onse.

Makhoti Aang’ono

Milandu yambiri ya boma imayamba mu imodzi ya makhoti 94 a m’chigawo, kumene milandu imachitidwa ndi oweruza dala. Makhoti amilandu a m’chigawo amapita ku khoti la milandu 13 la zigamulo, limene limapenda mbiri ya mlandu wa milandu ya milandu. Kokha kachigawo kakang'ono ka milandu kamene kamapimidwa ku Khoti Lapamwamba, kamene kamasankha milandu imene ingamvedwe (mwachidziŵikire pafupifupi 70-80 pachaka pa masauzande zikwi zambiri).

Milandu ya Khoti Lalikulu Yomwe Inasintha America

Kumvetsetsa zigamulo zapansi pa mawu oŵerengeka kumasonyeza mphamvu yaikulu ya Nthambi Yoweruza ya kuumba chitaganya.

  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954): [[FLT :3] yolengezedwa kusiyanitsa mafuko m'masukulu a anthu osagwirizana, kugwetsa chiphunzitso cha “kusiyana koma cholingana” kuchokera ku Plav v. Ferguson . (1896).
  • Mira v. Arizona[FLT :2] (1966:] adatsimikiza kuti onyumwira ayenera kuuzidwa za kuyenera kwawo kwa kukhala chete ndi kukhala ndi loya [1] Kufikira “Ufulu wa ku Mira” Mumaumva pa TV.
  • [FLT .1] . [[FLT :2] [[FLT ] [2] adazindikira kuyenera kwa lamulo kwa kuchotsa mimba, kumene pambuyo pake kunagwetsedwa ndi Dobs v. Jackson Akazi’s Health Organization [[FLT:] [2022], kubwezera nkhaniyo ku maboma.
  • bergefell v. Hodges [1] (2015): Ukwati wauchigamulo wofanana ndi wa lamulo m'dziko lonse pansi pa Demetriyo ya 14.
  • Citablens United v. FEC[FLT :2] (2010): adalamulira kuti ndalama za kampani za kuulutsira tsatanetsatane wa ndale zadziko sizingachepetsedwe, kuyambukira kwenikweni ndalama za ndawala.

M’mayiko ambiri, anthu ambiri a ku America amavomereza kuti zinthu zasintha pa nkhani ya malamulo komanso pa moyo wawo.

Macheke a m’Nyumba ya Malo

Pamene kuli kwakuti Bwalo Lapamwambalo limagwiritsira ntchito ulamuliro waukulu, silimaletsedwa:

  • Upo ungachotse oweruza a boma (ngakhale kuti zimenezi n’zosoŵa).
  • Corret angapangitse malamulo atsopano kugwetsa mafotokozedwe achiweruzo (mwachitsanzo, pambuyo pa chigamulo cha khoti, Congress ingasinthe lamulolo kulongosola cholinga chake).
  • Pulezidenti amaika oweruza ndipo angasonkhezere malangizo a oweruza mwa kutumiza mawu.
  • Khoti limadalira pa Nthambi Yoyang’anira kusungitsa zigamulo zake [1] Ngati Pulezidenti akana kutsatira, Bwalo Lamilandu liribe gulu lankhondo lokakamiza kuchitapo kanthu (kufufuza kwa m'mbiri mkati mwa nkhondo zaufuko).

Chifukwa Chake Nthambi Yoweruza Ili Yofunika kwa Inu

Nthambi ya Oweruza imateteza ufulu wanu mwachindunji kuposa nthambi ina iliyonse. Ngati lamulo liswa ufulu wanu wa kulankhula, kuyenera kwanu kwa kunyamula zida, kapena ufulu wanu wochita zinthu, makhoti angaimenye. Ngati mwalakwa, makhoti amakutsimikizirani kuti mulandira mlandu wolungama. Malamulo a m'masukulu aletsedwa, maukwati ololedwa ndi lamulo la mafuko osiyanasiyana, ndi kuvomereza kuyenera kwa kuletsa kutenga mimba. Mukasaina pangano, makhoti amamasulira mawu ake. Pamene musankha, makhoti amakutetezani kulowa kwanu m’bokosi la olemba mapepala.

Tsatirani malo oimapo a khoti Lapamwamba ndi zigamulo pa webusaiti ya Khoti Lalikulu.

Chifukwa Chake Kupatukana kwa Mphamvu Kuli Kofunika pa Moyo Wanu wa Tsiku ndi Tsiku

Popeza kuti tsopano mumadziŵa bwino nthambi iliyonse, n’kofunika kuona mmene zimachitira ndi anthu ena, ndipo n’chifukwa chiyani kucheza nawo kumateteza ufulu wanu.

Kupenda ndi Kulinganizika pa Ntchito

Njira yopimira ndi kulinganiza yalinganizidwa kuletsa nthambi imodzi kulamulira.

  • Bungwe la Malamulo la Malamulo ndi Bungwe la Akuluakulu la Supreme Court limaletsa lamulo la Commission.
  • Pulezidenti angapereke lamulo loletsa anthu kusamukira ku mayiko ena.
  • Nyumba ya Malamulo imakana kutsimikizira khoti Lalikulu, kutsekereza zimene Pulezidentiyo anafuna.

Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti kusintha kwa malamulo kumafuna kuti nthambi zonse zisinthe, ndipo kuti nzika zikhale ndi mbali zitatuzo, siziyenera kungochita zinthu zimene zimaoneka kwambiri.

Mmene Mungathandizire pa Nthambi Iliyonse

Kukhala nzika yokangalika kumatanthauza kuphatikizidwa m’nthambi zonse zitatu, osati kokha kuvota kaamba ka Pulezidenti kapena Nyumba ya Malamulo.

  • [[FLT: 0] Onerani ndi oimira anu ndi a seminale anu. Onetsetsani pakumva. Tanthauzirani pa mapepala. Onetsetsani m'masankho alionse, kuphatikizapo pakati pa masana ndi mafuko akuno.
  • [[FLT: 0] Nthambi ya Ulosi: Yankhani pa malamulo olingaliridwa pa malamulo. gov. Pitani ku misonkhano yapoyera ya mabungwe a boma. Psonyani malo autumiki wa anthu onse. Mloleni Pulezidenti.
  • [[FLT: 0] Nthambi ya judicial : Itumikira pa juli pamene iitanidwa. Phunzirani za zigamulo za khoti zimene zimayambukira ufulu wanu. Tsatirani kapena kutsutsa aweruzi kupyolera mwa magulu a andale. Ngati muli m'khoti, zindikirani njira yopimira.

Zitsanzo za Tsiku ndi Tsiku za Kuyambukira kwa Nthambi

Malo: [[FT: 1] Bhadi la Malamulo lilemba mpambo wa msonkho. Oyang'anira nthambi (IRS) amasonkhanitsa misonkho ndi kukakamiza kugonjera. Ofesi ya Gawo Imamasulira mikangano pa misonkho.

Uloza: [[FLT :1] Congress inapatula Affordal Care Act . Pulezidenti (kupyolera mu HHS) amakhazikitsa malamulo a inshuwalansi ndi nkhani. Makhoti apanga zitokoso kwa ACA, zimene zikuyambukira mamiliyoni ambiri kuulutsidwa.

[[FLT: 0] Mawu Ovomerezeka: Congress imapasa Ceake Air Act . EPA (Nthambi Yotulutsa) imatsutsa miyezo ya kutulutsa. Magulu angasunge m'khoti la boma kukakamiza miyezo imeneyo kapena kutokosa ochenjera.

Chiweruzo chachindunji: Nyumba za malamulo za Boma zokhazikitsa malamulo ambiri aupandu, koma upandu wa boma (monga kugulitsa mankhwala ogodomalitsa) wafotokozedwa ndi Congress. Ofesi Yolamulira ya Gawo imaweruza milandu kupyolera ku Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo. Branch itsimikizira milandu ndi zigamulo zolungama.

Zitsanzo zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti nthambi zitatuzo sizili ndi zinthu zina chabe, ndipo njira iliyonse yochitira zimenezi imakhala yosadziŵika bwino.

Kumaliza: Nzika Zodziŵa Kutetezera Demokrase

Malo a Malamulo, Olamulira, ndi Oweruza ndi ma damu a nthambi za boma la United States, lililonse lokhala ndi ntchito ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana zolinganizidwa kufunsa ena. Kumvetsetsa mmene nthambi zimenezi zimagwirira ntchito. (ndiponso mmene zimakhudzira misonkho yanu, ufulu wanu, chitetezo chanu, ndi mtsogolo mwanu) nkofunika kwambiri kuti mukhale ndi phande latanthauzo m'demokrase. Nzika zodziŵa bwino kwambiri ndizo chitetezo chabwino kwambiri choletsa ulamuliro wankhanza ndi injini yapamwamba yopita patsogolo.

Yambani lero: yang’anani oimira anu a bungwe la akulu, ŵerengani lingaliro la Khoti Lalikulu pa nkhani imene mumasamala nayo, kapena tsatirani kayendetsedwe ka lamulo kuchokera ku chigamulo kufikira ku lamulo lomalizira. Pamene mudziŵa zambiri, mawu anu amakhala ogwira mtima. Democracy si maseŵera owonerera. Nthambi iliyonse imafunikira kumvetsera, kulankhula, ndi kuvota.

Kumira kwambiri mu Malamulo ndi mphamvu za nthambi iliyonse, chezerani USA.gov’s ku nthambi za boma.