Kulekanitsidwa kwa maulamuliro kuli lamulo la maziko la ulamuliro wa democracy. Ndilo pulani ya pulani imene imaletsa dzanja limodzi la boma kusonkhanitsa ulamuliro wosaletsedwa. Kwa nzika zimene zikukhala m'demokrase, kuzindikira lamulo limeneli sikuli kudyerera kwa maphunziro, kuli kufunikira kwa boma. Pamene nzika zizindikira mmene mphamvu zimagawidwira ndi kulinganizika, izo zimakhala zokonzeka bwinopo kusunga boma lawo, kutetezera ufulu wawo, ndi kutengamo mbali m’dongosolo la ndale zadziko. M'nyengo yomakulakula ya kuukira kwa nduna, nyumba zolamulira zolamulira zogaŵidwa, ndi malamulo a audindo otsutsana, sizimakhala zowopsapo.

Kodi Kupatukana kwa Mphamvu Nchiyani?

Kulekanitsidwa kwa maulamuliro ndiko kugawidwa kwa mathayo a boma kukhala nthambi zosiyanasiyana: malamulo, mkulu wa boma, ndi komiti ya chiweruzo. Nthambi iliyonse imapatsidwa maulamuliro akeake ndi mathayo, ndipo iliyonse inapangidwa kuti igwire ntchito yodziimira pa inayo. Kudziimira kumeneku kwakhala kolinganizidwa kuletsa kuika mphamvu m'nthambi ina iliyonse, ndipo pambuyo pake kunali kuikidwa m’mbiri ku ulamuliro wankhanza. Lamulolo linatchulidwa motchuka ndi wanthanthi yachifrenchi Montesquieu m'ntchito yake 1748 Mzimu wa Malamulo , ndipo pambuyo pake linaikidwa m'nthambi ya United States ndi mapepala ena osaŵerengeka a democracy.

Palibe nthambi imene ingapange, kusungitsa, ndi kumasulira malamulo.

Nthambi Zitatu za Boma

Kuti amvetsetse mokwanira za kulekana kwa maulamuliro, nzika ziyenera kumvetsetsa mathayo ndi mathayo osiyana a nthambi iriyonse.

Nthambi Yolamulira Malamulo

Nthambi ya malamulo iri ndi thayo la kupanga malamulo. M'mademokrase ambiri, nthambi imeneyi imatenga mtundu wa nyumba ya malamulo, msonkhano, kapena msonkhano wa dziko. Ziŵalo zake zimasankhidwa mwachibadwa ndi anthu ndi kuchitidwa ntchito yoimira zikondwerero za anthu. Nkhani za nthambi zalamulo, maprogramu, ndi mavoti pa malamulo oikidwa. Ilinso ndi mphamvu ya kachikwama . Ilo limakhalanso ndi ulamuliro wa kuvomereza boma kugula ndi kukhoma msonkho. M'madongosolo ambiri, nyumba ya malamulo ilinso ndi mphamvu yolengeza nkhondo, raivisective, ndi kutsimikizira mapangano audindo apamwamba a akuluakulu a boma.

Nthambi Yotsogolera

Nthambi yaudindo ili ndi udindo wokhazikitsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo operekedwa ndi bungwe lokhazikitsa malamulo. Imatsogoleredwa ndi pulezidenti, nduna yaikulu, kapena bungwe la boma. Mkulu wa nthambi amagwiritsa ntchito malamulo, kuyendetsa ntchito za boma tsiku ndi tsiku, kuyendetsa maunansi achilendo, ndi kulamula magulu ankhondo. Woyang'anira alinso ndi mphamvu yopereka malamulo a akuluakulu, malamulo, ndi malangizo amene amamasulira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo omwe alipo. M'madongosolo ena, mkulu wa nthambiyo athanso kukhala ndi ulamuliro wa boma lopereka malamulo.

Nthambi Yoweruza

Nthambi yachiweruzo iri ndi thayo la kumasulira malamulo ndi kutsimikizira kuti amagwiritsiridwa ntchito bwino. Ilo liri ndi dongosolo la makhoti, ndi khoti lapamwamba koposa (monga ngati khoti lalikulu) lotumikira monga womalizira woweruza milandu ya lamulo. Oweruza amapenda malamulo ndi zochita za akuluakulu a boma kutsimikizira ngati amatsutsana ndi malamulo. Mphamvu imeneyi ya kupenda mabwalo a milandu ndi mabwalo a boma iri njira yofunika kwambiri yofufuzira ponse paŵiri a malamulo ndi a akuluakulu a boma. Oweruza amathetsanso mikangano pakati pa anthu, pakati pa anthu ndi boma, ndi pakati pa magawo osiyanasiyana a boma.

Kupatukana kwa Mphamvu N’kofunika

Kumvetsetsa kulekanitsa mphamvu kumapatsa nzika mphamvu m’njira zingapo zowopsya.

Zimaletsa Kugwiritsira Ntchito Mphamvu Molakwa

Cholinga chachikulu cha maulamuliro akulekanitsa ndicho kuchinjiriza kuponderezana. Mwa kugawira ulamuliro, dongosolo limatsimikizira kuti palibe nthambi imodzi imene ingaikakamize popanda kugawana chifuniro chake. Mwachitsanzo, nyumba yokhazikitsa malamulo siingapereke lamulo lotsendereza popanda mkulu wa ntchitoyo kuimenya kapena kuipha. Chitetezo choikidwa ndi chingwe chimenechi chimaipangitsa kukhala yovuta kwambiri kwa munthu mmodzi kapena gulu lirilonse kulanda mphamvu zonse.

Amalimbikitsa Kudziŵerengera Mlandu

Nthambi iliyonse ikhoza kuŵerengera ena mwa njira zosiyanasiyana. Nyumba ya malamulo ingapereke kapena kuchotsa akuluakulu a boma; mkulu angapereke malamulo kapena mathayo a boma; ndipo oweruza angalengeze malamulo kapena zochita za maulamuliro popanda lamulo. Zimenezi zimalimbikitsa nthambi iliyonse kuonekera bwino ndi kukakamiza kuti ilungamitse zochita zake. Nzika zimapindula ndi kuyankha mlandu chifukwa zimatha kuona nthambi imene ili ndi udindo wogamulidwa ndipo zingagwiritse ntchito chitsenderezo choyenera mwa kuvota, kupempha, kapena kutsendereza zoletsa za lamulo.

Zimateteza Ufulu Wanu

Pamene mphamvu yagaŵidwa, ufulu wa munthu aliyense ndi wotetezeka kwambiri. Kulekanitsidwa kwa maulamuliro kumakhala ngati chotetezera pa ntchito yodzifunira ya boma. Mwachitsanzo, ngati nyumba yokhazikitsa malamulo ipereka lamulo limene limatsutsa ufulu wa kulankhula, aweruza angaliwononge. Ngati malamulo a akuluakulu a kufufuza kosalingalira, makhoti angaloŵererepo. Chitetezo chimenechi chimadalira pa lamulo lodziimira palokha.

Kuthandiza Anthu Kukachita Ubwenzi ndi Mtengo wa Mtengo

Nzika zimene zimazindikira mmene ulamuliro umagawidwira zikhoza kugwirizana ndi boma lawo. Zimadziŵa nthambi imene ingakumane ndi nkhani inayake: Nyumba ya malamulo kuti isinthe malamulo, mkulu wa malamulo, ndi woweruza chifukwa cha kuswa ufulu. Chidziŵitso chimenechi chimapangitsa anthu osachitapo kanthu kukhala otengapo mbali. Nzika zodziŵa bwino zikhoza kusonkhezera, kutsutsa, kuvota, ndipo ngakhale kuthamangira ku malo momvekera bwino kuti zisinthe.

Kupenda ndi Kulinganizika pa Ntchito

Macheke ndi magoli ndizo njira zothandiza zimene zimapanga kugaŵikana kwa maulamuliro. Zilolezozo zimalola nthambi iliyonse kuchepetsa mphamvu za maulamuliro enawo, kupanga kulinganizika kokhazikika. Zitsanzo zotsatirazi, zotengedwa makamaka kuchokera ku dongosolo la boma la United States, zimasonyeza mmene zimenezi zimagwirira ntchito m’kulamulira kwenikweni.

Kufufuza Malamulo

Nyumba ya malamulo ingapereke malamulo, koma mkulu angapereke malamulo amenewo. Ku United States, Nyumba ya Malamulo ingachotsepo gulu la pulezidenti ndi kuyang'ana chigawo cha chigawo cha presidenti ndi chitatu ziŵiri m'nyumba zonse ziŵirizo. Nyumba ya malamulo imayang'aniranso bajeti, kuipatsa malo oyamba a ntchito. Kuwonjezera apo, Nyumba ya Malamulo imatsimikizira mapangano audindo ndi kukhazikitsa mapangano, kutumiza mayeso kwa antchito a bwanamkunja ndi zosankha za malamulo a maiko ena.

Waukulu wa Bungwe Afufuza

Pulezidentiyo alinso ndi mphamvu yoika oweruza a boma, kuphatikizapo oweruza a Khoti Lapamwamba, kuti atsimikizidwe ndi akuluakulu a boma. Pulezidenti angatsogolere mmene malamulo amachitidwira, kukonza malamulo popanda lamulo latsopano.

Kufufuza za Chiŵeruzo

jadiary ali ndi mphamvu ya kupenda kwachiweruzo: angalengeze malamulo operekedwa ndi Congress ndi zochita zotengedwa ndi mkulu kukhala wosayenerera. Mwina ichi ndi kupenda kwamphamvu kwambiri chifukwa chakuti chingaletse ntchito ya nthambi zina. Mwachitsanzo, mu Marbury v. Madison [FL:1] [1803], Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S. linakhazikitsa ulamuliro wake wa kuswa malamulo oswa malamulo. judiary imamasuliranso tanthauzo la malamulo, ikwo imawongolera bwino mmene amagwiritsidwira ntchito.

Zitsanzo zenizeni za dziko zoyendera ndi kulinganiza nzochuluka. Boma la United States linachititsa kuletsa 2018-2019 pamene Nyumba ya Malamulo inakana kusungitsa khoma lamalire a pulezidenti, kuchititsa kuti asunthe. Mofananamo, khoti Lapamwambalo ligamule Brown v. Board of Education [1954] pa malamulo a boma oletsa fuko, kusonyeza mphamvu ya judiary kuyang'anira dziko ndi ntchito zonse ziŵiri. Zochitika zimenezi zikugogomezera kuti kupatulirana kwa maulamuliro sikumakhudza mwachindunji moyo wa nzika.

Mbiri Yakale

Mfundo yakuti anthu a m’mayiko osiyanasiyana asiyane ndi maboma inachokera ku zinthu zakale kwambiri.

Kusonkhezeredwa ndi Montesquieu

Mu Mzimu wa Malamulo , Montesquieu anatsutsa kuti ufulu wandale umafuna kuti mphamvu zigawidwe pakati pa nthambi zosiyanasiyana. Iye anawona kuti pamene mphamvu zalamulo ndi maulamuliro a maulamuliro zigwirizana mu munthu mmodzi kapena thupi, ufulu umatayika chifukwa chakuti wolamulirayo angapange malamulo ankhanza ndi kuwakakamiza iwo mokakamiza. Mofananamo, ngati mphamvu yachiweruzo yagwirizanitsidwa ndi ziwiri zinazo, woweruzayo amakhala wopanga kapena wankhanza. Montesquieu anasonkhezera mwachindunji malingaliro a anthu a U.S. Constitution, amene anayesa kupeŵeratu kuikidwa kwa mphamvu ya ulamuliro umene adaipeza pansi pa ulamuliro wa Britain.

Kupeza United States

James Madison, mu M'manja amodzi No. 47 . [FLT :1] , adachirikiza motchuka kupatukana kwa maulamuliro kukhala ofunika kusungitsa ufulu. Iye analemba kuti, “Kusonkhanitsa maulamuliro onse, malamulo, nduna, ndi jadicary, m’manja omwewo... kunganenedwe moyenerera mafotokozedwe a ulamuliro wankhalwe. . U.S. amagawa boma la bomalo kukhala nthambi zitatu, lililonse lili ndi maulamuliro osiyanasiyana, ndipo limawonjezera dongosolo lapamwamba la machekete ndi malingana. Chitsanzo chimenechi chavomerezedwa, ndi kusinthasinthana, ndi maiko ena ambiri.

Kulera Ana Omwe Ali Obadwa Nawo Padziko Lonse

Masiku ano, malamulo a demokrase ambiri amaphatikizapo kusiyanitsa maulamuliro. Mwachitsanzo, lamulo la Jeremani la Basic Law limakhazikitsa Bundestag (kupha), Federal Government (kupha), ndi makhoti odziimira. Malamulo a India amalekanitsa maulamuliro pakati pa Palamente, Pulezidenti ndi Bungwe la Atumiki, ndi bungwe la judicariary. Komabe, mlingo wa kupatukana kwa anthu umasiyana; madongosolo a nyumba za malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi maulamuliro a akuluakulu ndi okhazikitsa malamulo, ndi nduna yaikulu yotengedwa ndi bungwe la malamulo. Ngakhale m'madongosolo otero, judiary amakhalabe odziimira okha, akupereka mayeso ovuta.

Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka pa chiyambi cha mbiri, pendani [[FLT: 0] Britannica pa kulekana kwa maulamuliro [1] ndi Constitution Anoteved mediation ya kusiyanitsa maulamuliro [[FLT :3].

Zitokoso Zamakono ndi Kusuliza

Ngakhale kuti kulekana kwa maulamuliro kudakali maziko a demokalase, m’zaka za m’ma 2000 zino anthu afunika kusamala ndi nkhani zimenezi kuti aone ngati boma lawo lili ndi thanzi labwino.

Kulamulira Mopambanitsa

M'mayiko ambiri, akuluakulu awonjezera mphamvu zawo potengera malamulo a boma ndi a zamalamulo. Izi zingachitike mwa kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri malamulo a akuluakulu a boma, mphamvu zadzidzidzi, ndi zochita za anthu popanda kutchulidwa. Mwachitsanzo, mapresidenti a United States apereka malamulo a akuluakulu a za kusamuka, malamulo a malo okhala, ndi chitetezo cha dziko chimene chimachepetsa ntchito ya nthambi ya malamulo. Otsutsa amanena kuti zimenezi zimalepheretsa ntchito ya boma yopanga malamulo. Zotsatira zake n’zoonekanso m'mayiko ena, kumene akuluakulu a boma a boma amathandiza kwambiri pa bungwe la kabungwe kampani.

Kuweruza Koletsa

Makhoti nthaŵi zina amaimbidwa mlandu wa kunyalanyaza mbali yawo mwa kupanga zigamulo za malamulo mmalo mwa kumasulira lamulo. Pamene khoti ligamula lamulo loikidwa ndi demokrase, kungawonedwe kukhala lamulo la achiweruzo kuchokera ku ben. Ena amatsutsa kuti kupenda chiweruzo kuli kofunika kutetezera ufulu wa anthu ochepa ndi malamulo alamulo. Kupsinjika kumeneku kumakhalapo m'dongosolo; nzika ziyenera kuzindikira kuti zosankha zachiweruzo zingakhale ndi zotulukapo zazikulu.

Kutsekeredwa kwa Malamulo

Kulekanitsidwa kwa maulamuliro kungatsogolerenso ku kupunduka pamene nthambi zikulamuliridwa ndi magulu otsutsana. Mu United States, boma logaŵanika kaŵirikaŵiri lachititsa kuima kwa bajeti, kuchedwetsa, ndi kulephera kuthetsa nkhani zodzutsa vuto monga kusintha kwa kusamuka kapena kusintha kwa nyengo. Ena amatsutsa kuti dongosololi linalinganizidwa kukhala lochedwa, lolingalira za chipambano. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa malungo kungafooketse chidaliro cha anthu mu boma ndi kutsogolera nzika ku kuyanja njira za ulamuliro.

Kusintha Malo Okhala ndi Malaŵi

Pamene zipani za ndale zadziko zigaŵidwa kwambiri, macheke ndi zipilala zimene zinalinganizidwira kulimbikitsa kugwirizana zingagwiritsiridwe ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, oimira boma angatsekereze oweruza ozikidwa pa kugwirizana ndi gulu, kapena mkulu angakane kukhazikitsa malamulo operekedwa ndi gulu lotsutsana. Kutha kwa malamulo kumeneku kumawopseza kulinganiza kwa mphamvu. Kumvetsetsa zimenezi kumathandiza nzika kuzindikira pamene kulekana kwa maulamuliro kuli pansi pa mavuto.

Kaamba ka zowonjezereka pa mavuto amakono, onani [[FLT: 0] nkhani iyi ya American Bar Association [[FLT: 1].

Chifukwa Chake Nzika Ziyenera Kuzindikira Kupatuka kwa Mphamvu

Kudziwa kusiyanitsa maulamuliro ndiko kumathandiza kwambiri kuti anthu aziphunzira.

Kudziwa Ufulu ndi Malire a Ntchito Zanu

Mwachitsanzo, ngati woyang’anira boma wafufuza nkhani yosaloleka, nzika ziyenera kudziwa kuti apolisi sangaone umboni wa zimenezi ndipo kuti apolisi ndi amene amachititsa kuti apolisi azigwira ntchito yawo moyenera.

Kusinthasintha kwa Zinthu

Nzika zikazindikira kuti pulezidenti amaika oweruza, kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo imayang’anira bajeti, ndiponso kuti makhoti amamasulira malamulo, zikhoza kupanga zosankha zapadera pankhani yovota, ndipo zingathe kupenda anthu opita ku makampaniwo osati pa umunthu wawo kapena pa chipani chokha komanso pa mmene anthu opita ku msonkhanowo adzagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu za nthambi yawo.

Kuphunzitsa ndi Kuchita Zinthu Mogwira Mtima

Ochita ntchito amene amamvetsetsa kulekana kwa maulamuliro angaikire zoyesayesa zawo moyenerera. Kufuna kusintha malamulo a mfuti? Lobby. Akufuna kutsekereza lamulo lovulaza kapena kulitsutsa m'khoti. Akufuna kufulumiza chithandizo chatsoka? Kupanikiza bwana. Kudziŵa zimenezi kumachepetsa mphamvu ya kachitidwe ka boma.

Kuteteza Kumene Kunagwirizana ndi Kulemba

Mbiri imasonyeza kuti kunyonyotsoka kwa malamulo a demokrase kaŵirikaŵiri kumayamba ndi ziukiro pa kugaŵikana kwa maulamuliro. Pamene mtsogoleri alamula kuti makhoti avomereze malamulo a maulamuliro apamwamba kapena kuti malamulo a mpira wa lapi, maziko a demokrase amafooketsa. Nzika zimene zimazindikira zizindikiro zimenezi za chenjezo zingakonzekere kutetezera nyumba za malamulo. Kulekanitsa maulamuliro sikudzilamulira; kumafuna kukhala maso nthaŵi zonse.

Kumaliza

Kulekanitsa maulamuliro si mfundo yosagwirizana ndi malamulo a boma. Nzika iliyonse ili ndi mtengo wotetezera. Mwakumvetsetsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana za boma, mabwana, ndi mayeru, anthu angayende bwinopo ndi boma lawo, kuwachititsa kukhala ndi mlandu, ndi kuteteza ufulu wawo. M’dziko limene mabungwe a demokalase akuyang'anizana ndi ziwopsezo zomakulakula, chidziŵitso cha boma ndi mtundu wa chitetezo. Mukhale ndi nthaŵi yophunzira mmene nthambi za boma lanu zimagwirira ntchito, kuyang'anira kusayenera, ndi kukhala ndi mbali m’dongosolo la democrase.