Kumvetsetsa Kayendetsedwe ka Chilungamo cha M’dzikomo

Dongosolo la chiweruzo cha boma ndilo dongosolo lalamulo limene limathetsa mikangano pakati pa zipani zaumwini . "aziŵalo, ndi makampani a boma [1] kumbali kwa lamulo la upandu . Mosiyana ndi milandu ya upandu, kumene boma limaweruza wolakwa chifukwa cha kuswa malamulo a boma, milandu yachiŵeniŵeni imasumika pa mikhole yomangitsa, kukhazikitsa mapangano, kapena kuthetsa kusamvana pa zoyenera ndi mathayo. Chaka chilichonse, milandu yachiŵeniŵeni imaikidwa m’boma ndi makhoti ku United States, kuphimba zonse kuchokera ku pangano la chuma la nyumba ya eni ake ku chigawano cha kampani biliyoni. Nkhaniyi ikulongosola mmene dongosolo la malamulo a boma limagwirira ntchito, mitundu ya malamulowo, ndi mapangano amene amatsogolera kukhoti.

Kusiyana Kokulirapo Pakati pa Milandu ya Chiŵeniŵeni ndi ya Chigaŵenga

Ngakhale kuti milandu ya anthu wamba ndi ya apandu imaweruzidwa m’khoti, zolinga zawo, njira zawo, ndi zotsatira zake n’zosiyana kwambiri.

  • [[FLT: 0] N’zomveka kuti woimbidwa mlanduyo ali wolakwa. M'nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni, woweruza ayenera kutsimikizira mlandu wake mwa kutsimikizira umboni [. N’zomveka kuti woimbidwa mlanduyo ali wolakwa. Mlandu uyenera kutsimikizira mlandu kukayikira koyenera , muyezo waukulu kwambiri. Kusiyanaku kumasonyeza mthyo: kuimbidwa mlandu wachiŵembu kutaya ndalama kapena katundu, pamene kuli kwakuti woimbidwa mlandu waupandu akuyang'anizana ndi kutayikiridwa kwa ufulu.
  • Kutsutsana kwachiŵeniŵeni kukuphatikizapo zipani (m’khonde) kapena nthaŵi zina boma monga chipani (m’m, m’malo otchuka). Milandu yaupandu imabweretsedwa nthaŵi zonse ndi boma (kuzunza) ndi munthu kapena chinthu (mabwalo).
  • Zopezedwa: Machiritso a boma kwenikweni amaphatikizapo ziwopsezo za ndalama, malamulo (malamulo a lamulo a kuchita kapena kuleka kuchita kanthu kena), kapena zigamulo zachiŵembu. Zilango zaupandu zimaphatikizapo kumangidwa, kupatsidwa chilango, kuyesedwa, kuchitidwa mayeso, kapena utumiki wa m'chitaganya. M’nkhani zachilendo, khalidwe lingakhale ngati lingakhale ndi suti yachiŵeni ndi mlandu waupandu.
  • Kumanja ku Attorney: M'milandu, oimbidwa mlandu ali ndi kuyenera kwa lamulo kwa kumasuka ku lamulo ngati sangathe kulipira imodzi. Opereka a boma kaŵirikaŵiri ayenera kulipirira loya wawo, ngakhale kuti maprogramu ena alamulo amathandiza anthu olandira motsika.

Mitundu ya Milandu ya Chiŵeniŵeni

Pankhani ya malamulo a boma pamakhala mikangano yosiyanasiyana.

Mikangano Yotsutsana

Mikangano yothetsa mkangano imabuka pamene chiŵalo chimodzi chilephera kuchita monga momwe chigwirizana mwalamulo. Milandu imeneyi ingakhale kuswa pangano, kunyenga, kapena kumasulira mafunso. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo wogulitsa wosapereka katundu, womanga nyumba amene wasiya kukonzanso, kapena wantchito woswa mawu osakhala otsatizana. Makhoti kaŵirikaŵiri amayang'ana ku mawu a panganolo, zolinga za mamembalawo, ndi lamulo lililonse logwira ntchito (monga ngati Lamulo la CVCF Com Comment).

Milandu Yoopsa

Malamulo a Tort amasamalira zolakwa za anthu zimene zimavulaza kapena kutayikitsa munthu wina. Chochititsa chachikulu cha tort ndicho glicece , kumene munthu amalephera kusonyeza chisamaliro choyenera, monga dalaivala wochititsa ngozi ya galimoto. Zina mwa zinthuzi ndi kuipitsa (kuipitsa kapena kuneneza), kuchititsa kupsinjika maganizo, kupatsa katundu, ndi kulephera kwa mankhwala. Kufufuza malipiro a mankhwala, kusoŵa kwa malipiro, kupweteka ndi kuvutika, ndipo nthaŵi zina kubwezera chilango cholinganizidwa ku kulanga khalidwe lonyansa.

Kusemphana Malo

Izi zimaphatikizapo kukhala ndi malo, kugwiritsa ntchito, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito malo kapena katundu. Zitsanzo zambiri ndi mikangano pa msewu woyendera limodzi, nkhani za malo (kusungidwa, kusungidwa kwa malo, kusungidwa), ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu. Nthaŵi zambiri malo amafunika kufufuza, kufufuza, ndi umboni waluso pa malamulo a katundu.

Milandu ya Malamulo a Banja

Malamulo a m’banja amakhudza chisudzulo, kusunga ana, kuchirikiza ana, kuchirikizana ndi mwamuna ndi mkazi (chisimoni), kulera ana, ndi chiwawa chapanyumba zoletsa malamulo. Nkhani zimenezi zimakhudza kwambiri maganizo ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri zimaphatikizapo mavuto monga nthaŵi yaukholo. Makhoti ambiri amalimbikitsa kuchepetsa mikangano ndi kuthandiza makolo kugwirizana.

Mikangano ya Ntchito

Milandu ya ntchito imaphatikizapo kutha kolakwika, tsankho lozikidwa pa fuko, ukazi, msinkhu, kapena kupunduka, malipiro ndi kuswa ola, ndi kuvutitsa. Olembedwa ntchito angalembe pansi pa malamulo a boma (Tit VII, ADA, FLSA) kapena malamulo ena ofanana ndi ameneŵa. Kaŵirikaŵiri milandu imeneyi imaphatikizapo kupeza mfundo zovuta zokhudza malamulo a ntchito ndi khalidwe la kayendetsedwe ka ntchito.

Kusintha kwa Dziko

Nkhani zambiri zachiŵeniŵeni zimatsatira njira zosiyanasiyana.

Atsogoleri

Mlandu umayamba pamene woweruza apanga atsutsa [[FLT ,] ndi khoti, kufotokoza zinenezo zalamulo, mfundo zowachirikiza, ndi chithandizo chimene chinafunidwa. Woimbidwa mlanduyo kenaka amafafaniza [ kuyankha [[FLT], kuvomereza kapena kukana mabodzawo, ndipo angavomereze kapena kutsutsa. Ngati woimbidwa mlanduyo alephera kupereka chinenezo chotsimikizirika, angawone chivomezo [[FLT:]

Kutulukira

Kufufuza n’kupeza mfundo zimene zingathandize kuti mbali zonse ziwiri zizisinthana mfundo ndi umboni.

  • Malamulo: Umboni wamphamvu wochitidwa kunja kwa khoti, wolembedwa ndi mtolankhani wa khoti. Olemba mapepala angafunse mafunso a mboni, ndipo mawu angagwiritsiridwe ntchito pozenga mlandu kuti asakhale odalirika.
  • Kudziwitsa: Mafunso olembedwa amene ayenera kuyankhidwa pansi pa lumbiro, ochepetsedwa mwachiŵerengero (m., 25 pa gulu limodzi m’khoti la boma).
  • Mafuno kaamba ka Kutulutsa: Zofunidwa kaamba ka zikalata, ma email, zithunzi, kapena umboni wina wowoneka. Kupezedwa kwa electronic (e-dificision) tsopano kuli mbali yaikulu ya kusindikiza kwa chiŵeniŵeni.
  • Mapangano kaamba ka Kuzenga: Mawu amene munthu wina ayenera kuvomereza kapena kukana, ogwiritsiridwa ntchito ku nkhani zazing’ono asanazengedwe mlandu.

Kufufuza kungatenge miyezi kapena zaka m’milandu yovuta, ndipo makhoti angapereke malamulo oletsa kuletsa kuphwanya malamulo (kuwonongedwa kwa umboni).

Kuyenda

A [FLT : 1] amapempha khoti kuti ligamule mlandu wozikidwa pa mfundo zosatsutsika; ngati apatsidwa, kusazengedwa. Zochitika zina zimaphatikizapo kukakamiza kutulukira, kuchita zinthu mwamwambo kuti apereke zigamulo, ndi kutsata mchitidwe wa limine kuchotsa umboni wina wokha pamlandu.

Kuzengedwa Mlandu

Ngati mlanduwo sukutha kapena kuthetsedwa pa chigamulo chachidule, umayambira kuzenga mlandu pa benchi, woweruza amagamula mfundo ndi lamulo; m'khoti, oweruza amasankha mfundo ndipo woweruza amagwiritsira ntchito lamulo. Mayeso amaphatikizapo mawu otsegulira, kutsegula ndi kusanthula mboni, kuvomereza zionetsero, ndi kumaliza mikangano. Woweruza amalangiza oweruza pa miyezo yalamulo, ndi oweruza kuti apeze chigamulo.

Chiweruzo ndi Zotsatira Zapambuyo Pake

Pambuyo pa chigamulo, khoti limaloŵa m'chiweruzo kulongosola amene apambana ndi mankhwala amene amaperekedwa. Gulu lolephera lingapereke njira zapambuyo pa maseŵero, monga ngati kuyendera njira ya kuzenga kwatsopano kapena kuyendera chigamulo (JOV). Ngati zigamulozo zilephera, sitepe lotsatira ndilo pempho.

Chikondwerero Chokopa

Khoti lozenga milandu limapendanso zolakwa za khoti la milandu, osati mfundo. Woweruza (wolephera) amapanga chitsutso chachidule chakuti woweruzayo analakwa, monga kulangiza molakwika ajuli kapena kuvomereza umboni wosayenera. Khoti la appellee lingavomereze, kubwezera, kapena kubwezera mlanduwo. Kuchonderera kungatenge chaka kapena kuposapo kugamula.

Kulimbana Kosiyana Kothetsa Vuto (ADR)

Mikangano yambiri yachiŵeniŵeni sipita ku mlandu. Magawo mowonjezereka amatembenukira ku chigamulo chosiyana ndi (ADR) kuti asunge nthaŵi, ndalama, ndi kupsinjika. Mafomu ofala kwambiri ndi kuulutsa, kubwezera, ndi kukambitsirana.

Kusintha

Kulankhulana kumaphatikizapo mbali yachitatu yauchete .a amene amathandiza anthu otsutsana kulankhulana ndi kukambirana mogwirizana. Mkhalapakati sapanga chosankha; mmalo mwake, amapeputsa nkhani, kufotokoza nkhani, ndi kupereka malingaliro. Kuvomereza kuli kwaufulu, ndipo pangano lililonse limene lafika limachepetsedwa kukhala pangano lolembedwa. Makhoti ambiri amafuna kuti anthu ayese kuyankha mlanduwo, makamaka m’banja ndi m'nkhani za pangano.

Kusintha kwa Malamulo

Kusintha ndi njira yamwambo kumene maphwandowo amaperekera mlandu wawo kwa mmodzi kapena ambiri osaloŵerera, amene amapereka chigamulo chokakamiza (mphoto). Kusankha kumakwera mtengo kwambiri ndi kutsika kuposa kuyesa, koma ufulu wa kutulukira ndi kuchonderera kaŵirikaŵiri ngwochepa. Ogula ambiri ndi mapangano a ntchito amaphatikizapo malamulo oletsa kuloŵerera, kachitidwe kamene kayambitsa mkangano wa lamulo pa chilungamo ndi kulowa m’makhoti.

Kulankhulana

Kulankhulana kwachindunji pakati pa zigaŵenga (kapena maloya awo) kuthetsa mkangano popanda mbali yachitatu. Kukhoza kuchitika pambali iliyonse, ndipo mawu ake onse akugwirizana ndi zipani. Kukambitsirana kwachipambano kumafuna kulankhulana kwabwino kwa chikhulupiriro, kuona moyenera maupandu, ndi kufunitsitsa kulolera molakwa.

Kaamba ka mapindu ndi zopinga za ADR, chigawo cha American Bar Association cha Dispute Resolution chimapereka chuma chochuluka. Kuwonjezerapo, United States Institute of Peace imapereka kufupika konga kwa zithunzi zosiyanasiyana za ADR.

Ntchito ya Olamulira M’mikangano ya Anthu

Mathayo awo amasamalira chidutswa chonse cha mlandu, kuyambira pa kukambitsirana koyamba mpaka pa chigamulo chomalizira.

  • Kufufuza ndi Strategy: Malamulo amapenda mphamvu ndi zofooka za mlandu, amavomereza kaya kulondola kapena kukhazikitsa, ndi kupanga njira yalamulo yogwirizana ndi zolinga ndi bajeti ya wowalembayo.
  • Kufufuza ndi Kusintha: Malamulo, malamulo, ndi malamulo a m'mbuyo kuchirikiza mfundo zawo. Amalemba zipsinjo, kutsata, zifunsiro, ndi zikalata zolembedwa bwino kuti apeŵe mbuna za pulogalamu.
  • Olamulira a Chikalata: Oyang'anira kupatsana umboni, kukonzekeretsa ogula ndi mboni kaamba ka zoikizira, ndi chinthu ku zofunikira zosayenera. M’nkhani zovuta, iwo angalembe ntchito akatswiri onga olemba maakaunti a zamankhwala.
  • Kuimira kwa Kaunti: Pa kuzenga mlandu, uphungu umapereka mawu otsegulira ndi otsekera, mboni zofufuza, ndi kutsutsa nkhani za lamulo. Loya waluso angapange kapena kuswa mlandu.
  • Kusintha: Ngakhale mkati mwa kuzenga mlandu, kaŵirikaŵiri amakambitsirana. Kukhoza kwa loya kupenda phindu la mlandu ndi kukopa mbali ina nkofunika kwambiri kuti afikire malo abwino.

Olamulira ayeneranso kumamatira ku malamulo a makhalidwe abwino, kuphatikizapo chinsinsi (mwayi wapamwamba) ndi kupeŵa mikangano ya chikondwerero. [[FLT: 0] The Model ABA’s Model Reals of Professional Applial imapereka miyezo yolamulira ya maboma ambiri.

Kufunika kwa Chiweruzo cha Chiŵeniŵeni

Chilungamo cha boma chimachirikiza dongosolo la kakhalidwe ka anthu ndi kukhazikika kwa chuma m’njira zitatu zazikulu:

  • Atsata ku Chilungamo: Pamene anthu kapena makampani aipsidwa, dongosolo la boma limapereka njira yamtendere, yololeka kufunafuna mpumulo , kutanthauza kupezanso katundu wakuba, kubwezeredwa chivulazo, kapena kutsimikizira pangano. Popanda ilo, anthu angatembenukire ku kudzithandiza okha, kuchenjeza chilungamo, kapena kungotenga chotayikitsa cholakwika.
  • Councilt Resolution: mwa kukhazikitsa njira yolinganizidwira, yozikidwa pa malamulo, dongosolo limachepetsa upandu umene mikangano imakula kukhala chiwawa kapena mikangano yomakulakula. Khoti limakhala malo ochitira umboni ndi kulingalira kumene kumafalikira pa malingaliro ndi kulephera mphamvu.
  • [[FLT: 0] [Uchigamulo wa Chilamulo: Chigamulo chachiŵeniŵeni chimapanga zitsanzo zalamulo zimene zimatsogolera khalidwe la mtsogolo. Nkhani za m'dziko monga Brown v. Board of Education (kulingana kwa kulinganiza) kapena KGON] Coption [FFLD]] ndi chosungiramo cha khofi [ (malingalo)] (makedwe) ) ) . [[FLT:] Courtation Information Institute ya Malamulo Courttion [FLD]
  • [[FLT: 0] Sacial Stability ndi Economic Exchange Angle: Dongosolo lachiweruzo lachibadwidwe limalimbikitsa chidaliro m'mabizinesi. Makampani angagwiritsiridwe ntchito ndi kudziŵira kuti mapangano adzakakamiza ndi kuti anganeneze kuti adzasweka ngati kuli kofunika. Chidaliro chimenechi chimachepetsa malonda ndi kusintha.

Mavuto ndi Kusintha Zinthu m’Ntchito ya Chilungamo cha Chiŵeniŵeni

Ngakhale kuti ndi aluso, boma limatsutsa. Nthaŵi zambiri milandu imatenga zaka zambiri kuti ithetse, ndipo ndalama zolipirira (makampani), mboni zaluso, malipiro a kukhoti, zingatsutse. Anthu ambiri a ku America sangapereke loya pa nkhani za boma, zomwe zimachititsa “mpata wa chilungamo.” Kuwonjezera apo, kuvuta kwa kutulukira ndi malamulo a m'mapulogalamu kungaletse anthu odziimira okha.

Kuyesa kusintha zinthu kumaphatikizapo izi:

  • Courte-ADR: Makhoti ambiri tsopano amalamula kuti apereke chisawawa kapena kuti afufuze mwamsanga kusaloŵerera m’zandale kuti achepetse katundu wa m'madoko.
  • Kufutukula: Maiko ena ayambitsa mafomu osavuta ndi njira zosankhidwiratu kaamba ka zinthu zazing'ono kapena zokhala ndi madeulo a dzuŵa otsika.
  • Online Dispute Resolution (ODR): [[FLT :1] Mapulogalamu onga Modria (tsopano mbali ya Tyler Techniologies) amalola mamembala kuthetsa mikangano, ndi kugwirizana, kugamula, ndi zipangizo zothandizira. Center ya Boma la Mabungwe imapereka kufufuza pa ODR.
  • [[MLT: 0] . .Aid Fund: Zosapindulitsa zonga Bungwe la Mautumiki Alamulo (LSC) limagwira ntchito kupereka chithandizo chalamulo chaulere kwa nzika za Amereka olandira pang’ono, koma ndalama sizikukwanira.

Kwa awo amene akulingalira za kukonza mlandu wa boma, kufunsira loya wachidziŵitso mwamsanga kumayamikiridwa mwamphamvu , koma pa mfundo zazing'ono, makhoti ambiri a boma amapereka malo odzithandizira ndi kupanga malaibulale pa Intaneti. Webusaiti ya ya ku United States imapereka chitsogozo ku njira za milandu ya boma.

Kumaliza

Chilungamo cha boma si chongothandiza anthu ku makhoti aupandu. Ndiyo injini yaikulu yothetsera mikangano yambirimbiri imene imabuka m’moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Kuchokera ku kampani yosweka ku zinthu zowonongeka, kuchokera ku mpanda woloŵera ku cholowa cha mnansi, kunka ku choloŵa chotsutsana, lamulo la boma limapereka malamulo ndi mankhwala amene amatheketsa anthu kupita patsogolo. Kumvetsa mmene dongosololi limathandizira anthu kukhazikitsa ufulu wawo, kukambirana bwino, ndipo, pamene kuli kofunika, kulondola kukhazikitsa ndi chidaliro. Pamene kuli kwakuti mavuto akupitirizabe, kusintha zinthu ndi kuwonjezereka kwa chigamulo cha kuchititsa chilungamo kukhala chofikirika, mofulumira, ndi chogwira mtima kwambiri kwa aliyense.