Khotili limakhala maziko a chilungamo ku United States, likukhazikitsa njira yothetsera mikangano, kuteteza ufulu, ndi kuchirikiza malamulo. Kaya mukhale ndi mbali m’nkhani ya lamulo kapena kungofuna kudziŵa mmene chilungamo chikuyendetsera, kupeza kuzindikira mmene makhoti angagwiritsirire ntchito, kutsimikizira zimene kaŵirikaŵiri zimaoneka ngati njira yovuta ndi yochititsa mantha. Wotsogolera wodziŵa bwino ameneyu amafufuza dongosolo la khoti kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi, kupenda dongosolo lake, njira zake, ndi ulendo wake kupyola njira za chiweruzo.

Kumvetsetsa Khoti la Mabungwe Opereka Unyinji ku America

United States amayendetsa mabwalo aŵiri osiyana: khoti la boma ndi dongosolo la khoti la boma, limene limaphatikizapo makhoti a boma ndi a kumaloko. Kakonzedwe kaŵiri kameneka kamasonyeza malamulo a boma amene mtunduwo unakhazikitsidwa, kuyambitsa njira zofanana zimene zimasamalira mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nkhani za malamulo zozikidwa pa ulamuliro.

Lamulo la U.S., Mfundo III, imakhazikitsa dongosolo la khoti la boma ndi Khoti Lapamwamba la United States ndi kulola Nyumba ya Makhoti kukhazikitsa makhoti a boma ang'onoang’ono, ndiko kuti makhoti a chigawo ndi achigawo. Panthaŵiyi, boma lililonse limasunga dongosolo lake la khoti logwira ntchito pansi pa malamulo a boma. Chifukwa cha malamulo a boma a kugawikana pakati pa maboma a boma ndi boma, madongosolo osiyanasiyana a boma ali omasuka kugwira ntchito m’njira zimene zimasiyana kwambiri ndi a boma, ndi maulamuliro a boma limodzi.

Makhoti a boma amagamula milandu yokhudzana ndi malamulo a boma la United States, malamulo a boma, mikangano pakati pa mayiko, ndi mikangano yokhudza anthu opitirira madola 75,000 pakati pa anthu okhala m’mayiko osiyanasiyana. Koma makhoti ambiri a boma amaweruza milandu ya milandu ku America. Makhoti a boma amamva pafupifupi 98 peresenti ya milandu, kuphatikizapo nkhani monga malamulo a banja, mapangano, kuvulaza munthu payekha, kuphwanya malamulo a boma, ndi mikangano ina yambiri yalamulo.

Mabwalo Amilandu Atatu Omangidwa Molimba

Mabwalo amilandu a boma ndi a boma omwe amatsatira kakonzedwe ka zigamulo zitatu zokhala ndi mbali zitatu, ngakhale kuti maina ndi gulu zingasiyane. M’njira ziŵirizo, muli milingo itatu yaikulu: makhoti ozenga milandu, makhoti a appellate ndi bwalo lapamwamba kwambiri la kalembedwe ka. Kumvetsetsa kagulu kameneka nkofunika kumvetsetsa mmene milandu imayendera m'dongosolo ndi mmene zosankha za lamulo zimapendedwera.

Makhoti Ozenga Milandu: Pamene Milandu Iyambika

Makhoti a milandu amaimira maziko a dongosolo la chiweruzo ndipo amatumikira monga maziko a milandu. Ntchito yaikulu ya khotilo ndiyo kuthetsa mikangano mwa kugamula mfundo zenizeni ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo alamulo kuti asankhe amene ali wolondola. Makhoti ameneŵa ndi pamene umboni umaperekedwa, mboni, ndi kuweruza mwadala pa mfundo za mlanduwo.

M’dongosolo la boma, makhoti 94 a dzikolo kapena makhoti a milandu amatchedwa makhoti a chigawo cha United States, ndipo amathetsa mikangano mwa kugamula mfundo ndi kugwiritsira ntchito lamulo ku nsonga zimenezo. Makhoti a District, amene amafalitsidwa mu 50 United States, District of Columbia, Guam, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, ndi Northern Mariana Islands, ndi makhoti a boma kumene milandu ya boma imazengedwa, umboni, ndi kuyang'anira milandu.

Makhoti a milandu amatchedwa makhoti aakulu m’mayiko ena, ndipo m’khoti lapamwamba, woweruza, ndipo nthaŵi zina ajuli, amamva umboni ndi kugamula mlandu mwa kugwiritsa ntchito lamulolo pa nkhani ya mlanduwo. Maboma ambiri alinso ndi makhoti apadera amene amaweruza milandu yapadera, monga makhoti a m’makhoti, makhoti aang’ono, ndi makhoti a m’magalimoto.

Makhoti Okazenga: Kupenda Zolakwa Zalamulo

Makhoti ozenga milandu ali ndi mizera yapakati ya akulu a milandu ndipo amatumikira ntchito yosiyana kwambiri ndi khoti lozenga mlandu. Ntchito ya khotilo ndi kusankha ngati lamulolo linagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino m'khoti, ndipo m'nkhani zina, kaya lamulo ndi lokhudza malamulo. Mosiyana ndi makhoti ozenga milandu, makhoti samva umboni watsopano kapena umboni wochokera kwa mboni. Mmalomwake, amapenda zolembedwa kuchokera ku khoti lozenga mlandu ndi kupenda ziganizo zalamulo zoperekedwa m’mawu ndi mawu achidule.

Pali makhoti 13 a khoti lapamwamba la United States, ndipo amatchedwa makhoti a apilo, ndipo ntchito ya khoti la khoti la khoti la United States ndi yakuti aone ngati lamulolo linagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino m’khoti kapena m'bungwe la boma. Pali makhoti 13 adera: 12 amalinganizidwa m’madera osiyanasiyana ndipo limodzi ndi Khoti la Apilo la United States la Federa Cigawo , limene likufuna milandu ya boma kuphatikizapo kuvomereza mlandu ndi kuchonderera kwa boma kuchokera ku Khoti la International Trade.

Khoti lozenga mlandu limapenda zochita ndi zigamulo za khoti ndi kusankha ngati woweruzayo anatsatira bwino lamulo ndi malamulo. Kupenda kumeneku nkofunika kwambiri kutsimikizira kuti malamulo amamasuliridwa ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'milandu ndi maulamuliro osiyanasiyana. Makhoti a apilo amamva milandu m'mabungwe a oweruza atatu, amene amapenda milandu ndi nkhani zolembedwa zofotokoza malingaliro awo.

Madongosolo a boma amasonyeza dongosolo la boma m’njira zambiri. Khoti la boma kwakukulukulu limasonyeza dongosolo la khoti la boma m’chakuti kaŵirikaŵiri limapangidwa ndi milingo itatu yaikulu: makhoti a milandu, makhoti a boma ndi bwalo lapamwamba la boma. Maboma ena aakulu ali ndi makhoti apakati amene amasamalira apilo yaikulu, pamene kuli kwakuti maboma aang'ono angakhale ndi zifunsiro zonse zopita mwachindunji ku bwalo lalikulu la boma.

Makhoti Apamwamba: Ulamuliro Womalizira

Bwalo Lamilandu Lapamwamba la United States ndilo khoti lapamwamba koposa m’dongosolo la milandu la ku Amereka, ndipo lili ndi mphamvu ya kugamula za kuchonderera milandu yonse yobweretsedwa m’khoti la boma kapena obweretsedwa m’khoti la boma koma osamalira lamulo la boma.

Mosiyana ndi makhoti apamwamba a khoti lapamwamba la United States, khoti lalikulu lili ndi chigamulo chachikulu pa milandu iti imene likufuna. Mosiyana ndi makhoti a m'makhoti adera, khoti Lapamwamba silimafunidwa kumva apilo, ndipo zipani zingalembe "Iwo a chibere" ku khoti, kupempha kuti amve mlanduwo. Certiorari saloledwa kaŵirikaŵiri; osakwanira 1 peresenti ya apilo ku khoti lapamwamba amaimva, ndipo Khotilo limaweruza milandu ngati pali kusagwirizana m’nkhani inayake kapena pamene pali kulakwa kolakwika m’nkhani inayake.

Pali oweruza asanu ndi anayi pa khoti – oweruza asanu ndi atatu ogwirizana ndi chiweruzo chimodzi chachikulu. Oweruza a Federal (ndi Khoti Lapamwamba "Malungamo") amasankhidwa ndi Pulezidenti ndi kutsimikiziridwa "ndi uphungu ndi chivomerezo" ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo ndi "adzasunga maOfero awo m'Makhalidwe abwino. Kuikidwa kwa moyo wonse kumeneku kwalinganizidwira kutetezera oweruza ku chitsenderezo cha ndalere zadziko ndi kuwalola kupanga zosankha zozikidwa pa kumasulira kwawo lamulo ndi Malamulo.

Boma lililonse lilinso ndi bwalo lake lalikulu, limene limatumikira monga ulamuliro womalizira pa nkhani za lamulo la boma. Makhoti aakulu a boma amasiyana mu ukulu ndi njira zosankhira. Maboma makumi aŵiri ndi limodzi amapereka chisankho chachindunji cha oweruza pa makhoti awo apamwamba. Maboma ena amagwiritsira ntchito madongosolo oika anthu, ndi akazembe osankha milandu yovomerezeka ndi njira zosiyanasiyana. Njira zosankha zimenezi zimasonyeza mikangano yosalekeza yonena za ufulu wa chiweruzo, kuŵerengera mlandu, ndi udindo woyenera wa makhoti m’chitaganya cha democracy.

Mabwalo a Milandu ndi Mabwalo Amilandu Apadera

Kupyola pa dongosolo lamphamvu la mbali zitatu, zonse ziŵiri makhoti a boma ndi a boma amaphatikizapo makhoti apadera olinganizidwira kusamalira bwino mitundu ina ya milandu. Makhoti apadera ameneŵa amakulitsa ukatswiri m’mbali zina za lamulo ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amasamalira nkhani mofulumira kwambiri kuposa makhoti a malamulo wamba.

Pali makhoti 90 a kulephera kwa ndalama ku United States, ndipo makhoti a zachuma amathandiza anthu ndi mabizinesi amene sangakhoze kulipira ngongole zawo kukhala ndi "chiyambi chatsopano. Dongosolo la boma limaphatikizaponso Bwalo la Msonkho la United States, Bwalo la Malamulo la Federal, ndi makhoti osamalira chiweruzo chankhondo ndi zifunsiro za akale.

Pamlingo wa boma, makhoti apadera ali ofala kwambiri. Makhoti a mlandu wapadera pa mlingo wa boma angaphatikizepo makhoti alamulo alamulo, makhoti a achichepere, makhoti a milandu ang'onoang'ono, makhoti amilandu ang'onoang'ono, kapena ena. Makhoti ameneŵa amalola oweruza kukulitsa chidziŵitso chozama m'malamulo, kaya ndi mabwalo a malo osungiramo ana, nkhani za kusunga ana, kapena mikangano yachiweniweni. Mabwalo ambiri alinso ndi makhoti a mankhwala, ndi makhoti a akulu a zaumoyo amene amayesa kuyankha nkhani zazikulu zimene zimathandizira pamavuto a milandu ya zamalamulo.

Mlandu wa Anthu: Ntchito Yokwanira

Nkhani zimenezi zimaphatikizapo mapangano, katundu, kuvulala, nkhani za m’banja, ndi nkhani zina zambirimbiri.

Kuthetsa Kudandaula

Mlandu uliwonse wa boma umayamba pamene woimbidwa mlanduyo ayamba kuweruza milandu. Kuyamba kukhoti la boma, woweruzayo amaika chidandaulo ndi khoti ndi "Imasunga" kope la chidandaulo pa woimbidwa mlandu, ndipo kudandaulako kumalongosola chivulazo cha woimbidwa mlanduyo, kulongosola mmene woimbidwa mlanduyo anapatsira chivulazo, kumasonyeza kuti khotilo lili ndi ulamuliro, ndi kupempha khoti kulamula kuti apereke thandizo.

Chipani chimene chimayamba mlandu ndicho mlandu, ndi chipani chikuzengedwa mlandu, kuimbidwa mlandu, ndi woimbidwa mlandu. Chidandaulocho chiyenera kufotokoza momvekera bwino maziko alamulo a mlanduwo, maumboni ochirikiza chinenezocho, ndi chithandizo chenicheni kapena mankhwala a mtsogoleri angafunsire. Zimenezi zingaphatikizepo zowonongedwa za ndalama kubwezera zotayidwa, kupereka chithandizo chofuna woimbidwa mlanduyo kutenga kapena kuleka machitidwe ena, kapena kukhazikitsa ufulu walamulo wa mabungwewo.

Musanalembe mlandu, mikangano yambiri imachitidwa ndi kuyesayesa kwamwaŵi. Kaŵirikaŵiri, nkhani ya lamulo imaperekedwa choyamba mumpangidwe wa kalata yopempha, imene iri njira yoyesera kuthetsa mikangano musanapite ku khoti, ndi ngati mulemba loya kuti atumize kalata yofuna, mukudziŵitsa gulu lotsutsa la malo anu alamulo, kutchula zinenezo zimene mufuna kuzilondola, ndi kuwapempha kuti athetse nkhanizo asanazenge mlanduwo – kupulumutsa nthaŵi ndi ndalama zonse.

Kuthandiza Wotetezayo ndi Zimene Anayankha

Pambuyo popereka chidandaulocho, wozengedwa mlanduyo ayenera kudziŵitsa mwalamulo kupyolera mchitidwe wotchedwa kuti ntchito. Server yachinsinsi, Sexterer United States Marshal, kapena munthu wina woyenerera apereke chidandaulo ndi malengezo kwa woimbidwa mlandu aliyense kuti adziŵitse kuti mlandu waperekedwa kwa woimbidwa mlandu. Makalatawo amadziŵitsa woimbidwa mlanduyo ndi kupereka deti loti ayankhe.

Atauzidwa, woimbidwa mlanduyo ali ndi nyengo yakutiyakuti ya nthaŵi ya kukonza yankho lovomereza kapena kukana zinenezo zoperekedwa m’kudandaulako. Kaŵirikaŵiri, oimbidwa mlandu ali ndi masiku 20 mpaka 30 akuti ayankhe, ngakhale kuti zimenezi zimasiyana mwalamulo. Mkhomedwayo amayankha milandu iliyonse m’milanduyo, kaya kuivomereza, kuikana, kapena kunena kuti woimbidwayo alibe chidziŵitso chokwanira chochivomereza kapena kuchikana.

Otetezera angalembenso njira zoyambira mmalo mwa kapena kuyankha. Njira yowapitikitsa ndiyo kuikidwa ndi woimbidwa mlanduyo, kupempha kuti suti ichotsedwe chifukwa cha kulephera m’milandu, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri, woimbidwa mlanduyo amapanga njira yochotsera mlandu. Zifukwa zokhalira kutha kuchotsa zimaphatikizapo kulephera kulamulira, kulephera kukhazikitsa lamulo lovomerezeka, kapena kutha kwa lamulo la malire.

Zimene Apeza: Kupeza Umboni

Mapempho oyambirira akasungidwa, milandu imaloŵa m'chigawo chakupeza, chimene kaŵirikaŵiri chiri mbali yaitali ndi yamphamvu koposa ya kuvomereza kwachisawawa. Pangakhale "kuvumbula," kumene ma frigigate ayenera kupereka chidziŵitso kwa wina ndi mnzake ponena za mlanduwo, monga ngati kudziŵidwa kwa mboni ndi makope a zikalata zilizonse zonena za mlanduwo, ndipo cholinga cha kutumba ndicho kukonzekera kuzengedwa mlandu mwa kufuna kuti ampigiyo agwirizane ndi kukonzekera kuitanira mboni.

Mafomu atatu ofunika kwambiri ndi monga mapepala ofufuzira, ndi mapepala. Mapepala amafunika kupereka umboni kwa mboni asanazenge mlandu, maloya akufunsa mafunso komanso mtolankhani wa khoti akufunsa mapepala. Makalata oyankha mafunso amene ayenera kuyankhidwa. Makalata amafunika kuti anthu alembe mapepala okhudza nkhaniyo, ma email, marekodi, ndi zinthu zina zokhudza nkhaniyo.

Kufufuza kungaphatikizepo kutumiza, kufuna mboni kuyankha mafunso onena za mlanduwo usanaikidwe mlandu, ndi mboniyo imayankha mafunso ochokera kwa loya amene walumbira, pamaso pa mtolankhani wa khoti, amene amatulutsa mawu a pa kaundula wotchedwa CD . Kachitidwe kameneka kamapangitsa mbali zonse ziŵiri kuzindikira mphamvu ndi kufooka kwa mlandu wawo ndi malo a gulu lotsutsalo.

Kuyenda ndi Misonkhano Zisanachitike

Pa nthawi yonse ya kukambirana, mamembala angalembe zinthu zosiyanasiyana mwamwambo kupempha khoti kuti lipereke zigamulo pankhani zina. Mbali iliyonse ingapemphenso mafaelo, kapena "zifuno," khoti likufunafuna zigamulo pa kupezeka kwa umboni, kapena njira zotsatiridwa. Nkhani zimenezi zingafotokoze nkhani zoonekera bwino, nkhani zofotokoza, kapena ngakhale kuyesa mlandu.

Pambuyo pa nyengo ya kutulukira, kungaonekere kuti maumboni ngosatsutsika, ndipo chipani chilichonse chingapange njira yoperekera chiweruzo chachidule, ndipo woweruza adzagamula ngati nkhani za zinthu zakuthupi zenizeni ziyenera kugamulidwa pa kuzenga mlandu, ndipo ngati kukambitsiranako kwaperekedwa, sipadzakhala kuzengedwa mlandu, ndipo mlanduwo udzatha. Chigamulo chachidule chimalola makhoti kuthetsa nkhani zimene palibe mkangano weniweni wonena za mfundo zenizeni, kupangitsa kuzenga mlandu kukhala kosafunikira.

Misonkhano yapasadakhale imabweretsa zipani ndi kuweruza pamodzi kuti akambirane za kuyang'anira milandu, zothekera, ndi kukonzekera kuyesa. Misonkhano imeneyi imathandiza kutulukira njira yozenga mlandu mwa kudziŵikitsa mfundo zogwirizana, kutsekereza nkhani zotsutsana, ndi makambitsirano olimbikitsa.

Kuthetsa Vutoli ndi Kuthetsa Mikangano Ina

Milandu yambiri yachiŵeniŵeni siifikapo chifukwa chakuti anthu akugwirizana kuti athetse chigamulo.

Nthaŵi zina, mamembala osagwirizana amalemba nkhoswe kapena kugwiritsa ntchito maloya awo kuwathandiza kukambirana ndi kuthetsa nkhani zawo asanayambitse mlandu, ndipo njira imeneyi imatchedwa kuti chinsinsi , ndi njira yothetsera mikangano kunja kwa khoti. M'malomu mumaphatikizapo gulu lachitatu losaloŵerera limene limathandizira kukambirana koma silimakhazikitsa chigamulo. Kusiyanitsa, kumaphatikizapo wopanga chosankha wosaloŵerera amene amamva umboni ndi kukhazikitsa chigamulo kapena chosagwirizana.

Kukhazikitsa mlandu kumapereka mapindu angapo: kumapatsa chitsimikizo cha zotulukapo, kumachepetsa mtengo wa lamulo, kumasunga nthaŵi, kumasunga nthaŵi, ndi kulola ogwirizana kupanga njira zopangira zinthu zimene khoti lingathe kuzikhazikitsa. Makhoti amalimbikitsa mwamphamvu kukambitsirana kupyolera m’misonkhano ya malamulo, maprogramu a kuvomereza, ndi misonkhano ya milandu.

Mmene Anaweruzira

Pamene zoyesayesa za kukonza zinthu zilephera, milandu imapitiriza kuzenga mlandu. M’milandu yosiyanasiyana yachiŵeniŵeni, mbali zonse ziŵirizo zimayenera kupemphedwa kuweruza mlandu wa ajuli. Ngati palibe oweruza opempha, mlanduwo umazengedwa monga "kuzenga mlandu kwachitetezo" pamaso pa woweruza yekha.

Maweruziro amatsatira dongosolo lolinganizidwa. Mbali iriyonse imapereka ndemanga zotsegulira zofotokoza mlandu wawo ndi zimene zimayembekezera umboni kusonyeza. Ndiyeno wofufuzayo amapereka umboni kupyolera mwa umboni ndi zikalata, ndi loya wa woimbidwa mlanduyo wokhala ndi mwaŵi wa kudutsa mboni za aimenmine. Atachoka, woimbidwa mlanduyo apereka mlandu wawo, kutsatiridwa ndi umboni wosonyeza umboni wochokera kwa waupondeza ngati ufunikira.

Umboni utamvedwa, mbali iliyonse imapereka chitsutso chomaliza, ndipo m’kuzenga mlandu wa oweruza, woweruzayo adzalongosola lamulo limene lili logwirizana ndi mlanduwo ndipo zigamulo zimene oweruza ayenera kupanga, ndipo oweruza kaŵirikaŵiri amafunsidwa kutsimikizira ngati woimbidwa mlanduyo ali ndi mlandu wa kuvulaza m’chilangocho mwanjira inayake, ndiyeno kugamula unyinji wa ziwongozo zimene woimbidwa mlanduyo adzafunikira kulipira.

M’nkhani yachiŵeniŵeni, woweruza ayenera kukhutiritsa oweruza ndi "kulingalira umboni" (inde, kuti nkothekera kwambiri kuti woimbidwa mlandu ali ndi liwongo la kuvulaza kwa mpandu. Muyezo umenewu ngwaung'ono kuposa "kuposa kukayikira koyenera" kogwiritsiridwa ntchito m’milandu yaupandu, kusonyeza mzera wosiyana wophatikizidwa m’zochitika zachiŵeniŵeni ndi zaupandu.

Kulankhula ndi Kukopana Pambuyo pa Mapeto

Pambuyo pa chigamulo kapena chiweruzo, chipanicho chingakhale ndi njira zingapo. Iwo angalembe mchitidwe wozengedwa mlandu pambuyo pa mlanduwo kupempha woweruza kuti apendenso chigamulo kapena kuti alamulire mlandu watsopano. Ngati njira zimenezi zikukanidwa kapena sizikuikidwa, chipanicho chingapite ku khoti lapamwamba.

Ngati mulephera kukhoti lozenga mlandu, mungalembe apilo ndi khoti la apilo, ndipo khoti la apilo lidzapenda chigamulo cha khoti ndi kutsimikizira ngati khoti lamilandu linachita zolakwa zimene ziyenera kuperekedwa. Mapempho saalinso milandu; khoti la autholo likupenda mbiri ya lamulo kuchokera ku khoti lozenga mlandulo kuti litsimikizire ngati zolakwa za lamulo zinachitika zimene zinayambukira chotulukapo.

Ngati chipani chikakana ndi chotulukapo pamlingo wa kuzenga mlandu, iwo angachipereke ku bwalo lamilandu lapamwamba ndipo potsirizira pake kupempha kufikira ku Khoti Lalikulu la United States.

Milandu ya Upandu: Kutetezera Sosaite ndi Ufulu Wamunthu Aliyense

Milandu ya apandu imasiyana kwambiri ndi milandu yachiŵeniŵeni pa zipani za anthu, pamene milandu ya boma imathetsa mikangano, milandu imaphatikizapo kuweruza anthu kapena mabungwe a boma chifukwa cha kuswa malamulo aupandu.

Kuloŵerera m’Magulu a Apandu

Milandu ya apandu imayamba ndi kumangidwa kapena kulembedwa mlandu wa upandu ndi woweruza milandu. Mosiyana ndi milandu yachiŵeniŵeni kumene zipani zachinsinsi zimayambitsa milandu, milandu ya upandu imabweretsedwa ndi maloya a boma .U.S. Attorney m’khoti la boma kapena maloya a boma, maloya a boma, kapena ozenga milandu m’khoti la boma.

Pa milandu yaikulu, maulamuliro ambiri amafuna kuweruza kokulira kwa ajuli kapena kuzenga mlandu koyambirira mlanduwo usanachokere ku mlandu. Oweruza aakulu ali gulu la nzika zimene zimapenda umboni woperekedwa ndi woweruza kuti aone ngati pali chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti woimbidwa mlanduyo anachita upandu. Kuzenga mlandu koyambirira kumakhala kofananako pamaso pa woweruza m’malo mwa khoti lalikulu.

Kuweruzidwa ndi Kunyozedwa

Atapereka milandu, woimbidwa mlanduyo akuwonekera pa mlandu, kumene iwo akuuzidwa mwalamulo za milanduyo ndi kupemphedwa kuloŵa m'kuchonderera. Woimbidwa mlanduyo anganeneze mlandu, osati liwongo, kapena m'maiko ena, kuti palibe mpikisano (kuvomereza chitsimikizo popanda kuvomereza liwongo). Mlanduwo umaperekedwanso pa belo la belo . Woimbidwa mlanduyo adzamasulidwa pansi pa mikhalidwe yake.

Zigamulo za Bail zilinganiza ufulu wa woimbidwa mlanduyo ndi nkhaŵa za chisungiko cha anthu ndi ngozi imene woimbidwa mlandu angathawe. Oweruza amalingalira zinthu zonga ngati ukulu wa milandu, mbiri ya upandu wa woimbidwa mlandu, kugwirizana ndi chitaganya, ndi ngozi ya ndege pamene akhazikitsa ndalama kapena mikhalidwe ya kumasulidwa.

Kupitirizabe Pasadakhale m’Milandu ya Apandu

Mofanana ndi milandu yachiŵeniŵeni, milandu imaphatikizapo kutulukira, ngakhale kuti malamulowo amasiyana kwambiri. Oweruza ali ndi malamulo alamulo oululira umboni wosonyeza kuti woimbidwa mlanduyo ndi amene angatsimikizire kuti sanalakwe kapena anganyoze mlandu wake. Oimira boma amatenganso ntchito yofufuza ndi kulemba njira zosiyanasiyana za milandu isanakwaniritsidwe.

Kuzengedwa mlandu kofala m’milandu ya apandu kumaphatikizapo kutsendereza umboni wopezedwa mwa kufufuza kosaloleka kapena kufunsa kosakhala kwa lamulo, kuchotsa milandu kaamba ka kusatsatira cholakwa chothekera kapena kukana mlandu, ndi kusintha malo ngati kufalitsidwa kwa milandu kunachititsa kuzengedwa mlandu koyenera kukhala kosatheka m’boma loyambirira.

Kusinthana kwa mapangano kumachita mbali yaikulu m'chiweruzo cha upandu. M'kuchonderera kochepa, woimbidwa mlanduyo avomereza kugamula mlandu wina wa kulolera kwa woweruza milandu, monga ngati kuchepetsa milandu, kukana, kapena zikalata zoperekera chilango. Pamene kuli kwakuti kutsutsana, kupempha kotsutsana kumalola dongosolo kugwira ntchito bwino ndi kupereka kutsimikizirika kwa mbali zonse ziŵiri.

Ziyeso za Upandu

Kuzengedwa mlandu kofanana ndi mlandu wa boma koma kosiyana kwambiri. Mlanduwo umakhala ndi thayo la kutsimikizira liwongo mosakaikira kotsimikizirika . Ndi muyezo wapamwamba kwambiri kuposa umboni woperekedwa m’nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni. Muyezo wowonjezereka umenewu umasonyeza zotulukapo zowopsa za chigamulo chaupandu ndi lamulo lalikulu lakuti kuli bwino kulola anthu a liwongo kupita ku ufulu mmalo mwa kutsutsa osalakwa.

Otetezera milandu apeza mphamvu zotetezera za lamulo, kuphatikizapo kuyenera kwa mlandu wa mwamsanga ndi wapoyera, kuyenera kwa kuyang’anizana ndi mboni, kuyenera kwa kukakamiza mboni kupereka umboni wawo, ndi kuyenera kwa kukhala chete. Mpambo wachisanu wotsutsa kudziimba mlandu umatanthauza oimbidwa mlanduwo sungakakamizidwe kupereka umboni, ndipo oweruza milandu sanganene za chosankha cha woimbidwa mlanduyo.

Ngati ajuliwo satha kuweruza mlandu wawo, aphenso mlanduwo apatsidwa mlandu ndipo sayenera kuimbidwa mlandu chifukwa cha mlandu wa Geneclaire.

Kupereka ndi Kukopa

Ngati woimbidwa mlandu waimbidwa mlandu, kaya mwa kuzengedwa mlandu kapena kuchonderera, mlanduwo umapitiriza kugamulidwa. Kubwezera mlandu kungachitike mwamsanga kapena pambuyo pa kufufuza kochitidwa pasadakhale kumene kumapereka chidziŵitso chakumbuyo ponena za woimbidwa mlanduyo ndi mlandu. Oweruza amalingalira zifukwa zambiri pamene apereka zigamulo, kuphatikizapo zitsogozo, mkhalidwe ndi mikhalidwe ya mlandu, mbiri ya woimbidwa mlandu, ndi kufunika kwa kuletsa, kukonzanso, ndi kutetezera kwa anthu.

Oimbidwa mlandu ali ndi ufulu wokachita apilo mlandu wawo ndi zigamulo. Kuchonderera kwa apandu kungatsutse umboni wokwanira, zolakwa za lamulo panthaŵi ya kuzenga mlandu, kuswa lamulo, kapena kulamula kopambanitsa.

Mlandu: Kutsutsa Khoti Limene Linamva Mlandu

Jurisdiction ndi imodzi ya mfundo zofunika kwambiri m'makhoti. Nkofunika kumvetsa ulamuliro: ulamuliro wa khoti kumvetsera milandu ndi kupanga zigamulo za lamulo. Popanda ulamuliro woyenera, khoti silingagamule mlandu, ndipo chiweruzo chilichonse chimene limapanga chingakhale chopanda pake.

Mlandu wa Nkhani

Mfundo za m'malamulo a khoti ndizo ulamuliro wa anthu a m'makhoti akumva milandu ina. Makhoti a Federal ali ndi ulamuliro wochepa wa nkhani, kutanthauza kuti angangomva nkhani zimene zimaloŵa m’magulu okhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo a boma. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo milandu yobuka pansi pa lamulo la boma (kugamula nkhani), milandu yokhudzana ndi anthu a m'mayiko osiyanasiyana kumene ndalama za mkangano zimaposa $75,000 (ulamuliro uliwonse) ndi milandu yokhudza United States monga chipani.

Makhoti a boma, mosiyana, ndiwo makhoti a ulamuliro wa onse, tanthauzo lake angamve pafupifupi mtundu uliwonse wa mlandu pokhapokha ngati waloŵa m’manja mwa makhoti a boma. Nkhani zina, monga kulephera kubweza ngongole, kuvomerezana, ndi milandu ya upandu wa boma, zingangomvedwa m’khoti la boma. Nkhani zina zambiri zingamvedwe m’khoti la boma, ndipo zina zingamvedwe m’khoti la boma kapena la boma (nthaŵi ino).

Kudziimba Mlandu ndi Kuumbidwa

Ulamuliro wa munthuwe ndi ulamuliro wa khoti pa zigamulo m’nkhani. Makhoti ayenera kukhala ndi kugwirizana kokwanira kwa woimbidwa mlanduyo kuti asonyeze mphamvu pa iwo. Zimenezi zimafuna kuti woimbidwa mlandu akhale ndi anthu ogwirizana ndi ulamuliro, monga ngati kukhala kumeneko, kuchita malonda, kapena kuchita zinthu zimene zimadzutsa mlandu.

Venue amasankha khoti lapadera limene liyenera kumvera mlandu. Ngakhale pamene khoti lili ndi ulamuliro, malamulo akusonyeza malo oyenerera kwambiri a mlanduwo. Venue makamaka amachokera kumene woimbidwa mlanduyo amakhala, kumene zochitika zimene zimayambitsa mlanduwo zinachitika, kapena kumene kuli malo otsutsana. Nthaŵi zina magawo angapemphe kusintha malo ngati mikhalidwe ipanga kuzengedwa mlandu m'malo oyambirira molakwika kapena molakwika.

Oseŵera Otchuka m’Ntchito ya Khoti

Makhotiwa amayendera limodzi ndi akatswiri a zamalamulo osiyanasiyana, ndipo aliyense amachita mbali zake zosiyanasiyana poweruza milandu.

Oweruza ndi Oweruza

Oweruza amaonetsetsa kuti milandu yachitika mogwirizana ndi malamulo ake, ndipo amaonetsetsa kuti malamulowo akutsatiridwa bwino.

Oweruza a boma amaikidwa kaamba ka moyo, pamene kuli kwakuti oweruza a boma angasankhidwe, kuikidwa, kapena kusankhidwa kupyolera mwa madongosolo oyenerera ozikidwa pa boma. Njira zosiyanasiyana zimenezi zimasonyeza makambitsirano opitirizabe onena za kudziimira paweruzo ndi kuŵerengera mlandu.

Maattorney

Ma a attorney amaimira zigamulo za milandu, kupereka uphungu walamulo, kufufuza, kulemba zikalata, ndi kuchirikiza zikondwerero za makasitomala awo. M'milandu yachiŵeniŵeni, maloya amalembedwa ndi zipani. M'milandu, oimbidwa mlandu amene sangathe kulipira loya ali ndi ufulu walamulo wa kuikidwa, kuperekedwa kupyolera mwa maofesi a anthu otetezera kapena maloya a m'mabwalo oikidwa ndi boma.

Oweruza amaimira boma pa milandu yaupandu, kusankha milandu ya kulemba, kukambirana mapangano, ndi kupereka mlandu wa boma pa mlandu. Ntchito yawo siimaphatikizapo kungosunga zigamulo komanso kutsimikizira kuti chilungamo chachitika, zimene zimaphatikizapo kutchula umboni wosonyeza kuti ndi waupandu ndi kukana kupereka umboni pamene umboni uli wosakwanira.

Juries

Zigamulo za milandu za nzika zimaphatikizapo 6 mpaka 12 zimene zimamva umboni ndi kutsimikizira mfundo zake.

Ntchito ya Jury ndi ntchito ya boma. Bungwe la ajuli limatsimikizira kuti zigamulo za lamulo zisonyeza makhalidwe a anthu ndi kupereka mayeso pa ulamuliro wa boma. Oweruza amasankhidwa kupyolera m’dongosolo lolinganizidwira kupanga gulu lolungama ndi lopanda tsankho, ndi maloya a mbali zonse ziŵiri okhala ndi mwaŵi wa kukayikira oweruza ndi kukhululukira awo amene sangakhale opanda tsankho.

Khoti la Staff

Akatswiri ena ambiri amasunga dongosolo la khoti. Olemba milandu amasunga mafashoni, kukonza mafaelo a milandu. Atolankhani a khoti amapanga mawu omveka omveka a milandu. Oweruza amasunga chitetezo m'khoti ndi kuthandiza oweruza. Oweruza oweruza milandu yoyambirira m’khoti, ndi oyang’anira makhoti amayang'anira ntchito za mabwalo a milandu.

Kumvetsetsa Malamulo a Makhoti

Makhoti amagwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi malamulo atsatanetsatane olongosola zonse kuchokera ku mmene zikalata ziyenera kulinganizidwira ku zifuno za kutsata. Malamulo ameneŵa amatumikira zifuno zofunika: iwo amatsimikizira chilungamo mwa kupereka zigawo zonse ndi chidziŵitso cha zimene zikuyembekezeredwa, kupititsa patsogolo chipambano mwa kukhazikitsa njira za malamulo, ndi kutetezera zoyenera mwa kufuna makhoti kutsatira njira zokhazikitsidwa.

Makhoti a Federal Amatsatira Federal Rules of Civil Procedure ya milandu yachiŵeniŵeni ndi Federal Rul Pagel of Criminal Procediture ya milandu ya upandu. Boma lililonse lili ndi malamulo akeake alamulo, amene angasiyane kwambiri ndi malamulo a boma ndi malamulo a maiko ena. Makhoti alinso ndi malamulo a kumalo amene amalongosola zochita za bomazo m’maboma ena.

Malamulo a umboni a m’nkhaniyi sapereka umboni wosadalirika, amateteza mwayi ndi malamulo ofunika kwambiri, ndiponso amaonetsetsa kuti milandu ikhale yokhudza mfundo zogwirizana ndi nkhani zina. Kumvetsa malamulo achinsinsi n’kofunika kwambiri kwa maloya okonzekera kuzengedwa mlandu ndiponso kwa oweruza oweruza amene amaweruza milandu pa nkhani yotsutsa.

Kufikira ku Chiweruzo ndi Mabuku a Bwalo Lamilandu

Makhoti amathandiza kuti pakhale mavuto komanso kuti pakhale chilungamo.

Makhoti ambiri amapereka zinthu zothandiza, kuphatikizapo mafomu, malangizo, ndi zinthu zodziŵikitsa anthu amene amadziimira okha. Mabungwe alamulo amapereka mautumiki aulere kapena otsika alamulo kuti anthu alandire anthu pa nkhani za boma. Mapulogalamu a Bono amagwirizanitsa maloya ongodzipereka ndi anthu amene akufunika thandizo lalamulo. Makhoti angabweze ndalama zolipirira zipani za anthu ozengedwa, ndipo monga momwe tatchulira poyamba, ozengedwa mlandu ali ndi ufulu woikidwa ndi lamulo.

Zipangizo zamakono zikuwonjezeka kwambiri ndipo makhoti ambiri masiku ano amapereka nkhani za pa Intaneti, za milandu, ndiponso mavidiyo. Zimenezi zimapangitsa kuti anthu asamavutike kuchita nawo milandu popanda kupita ku khoti.

Kuti mudziŵe zambiri zokhudza khoti la boma, pitani ku United States khoti lovomerezeka la Malo amilandu. Kuti muphunzire za dongosolo la khoti lanu, funafunani webusaiti ya nthambi ya boma yanu kapena pitani ku Malo a National for State Courts kuti mupeze chuma ndi maalumikizidwa a makhoti.

Kufunika kwa Lamulo la Kuyamba ndi la Kuweruza

Dongosolo la malamulo la ku America limagwira ntchito pansi pa chiphunzitso cha kuyang'ana, chimene chimatanthauza "kuima mogwirizana ndi zinthu zimene zagamulidwa. Mfundo imeneyi ikusonyeza kuti makhoti ayenera kutsatira zitsanzo zokhazikitsidwa m'nkhani zoyambirira pogamula nkhani zofananazo. Chizindikiro chimapereka kusasintha ndi kuneneratu m’lamulo, kulola anthu kumvetsetsa zoyenera zawo zalamulo ndi mathayo awo.

Zigamulo zimayenderana ndi akuluakulu a boma. Makhoti ang'onoang’ono ayenera kutsatira zigamulo za makhoti apamwamba m’dongosolo lawo. Mwachitsanzo, makhoti a boma ayenera kutsatira zigamulo za khoti lawo la apilo ndi khoti Lapamwamba la United States. Makhoti a boma ayenera kutsatira zigamulo za makhoti awo a boma ndi makhoti aakulu. Zosankha za maulamuliro ena zingalingalingaliridwe kukhala ulamuliro wokopa koma sizingalamulire.

Makhoti angasinthe zinthu ngati aona kuti zigamulo zimene anapanga poyambapo zinali zolakwika kapena kuti zinthu zinasintha zingafunikire njira yatsopano.

Njira Zofala M’milandu ya Khoti: Kupendanso Mlandu Wochititsa Chidwi

Ngakhale kuti njira zochitira zimenezi zimasiyana pakati pa milandu ya anthu wamba ndi milandu ya apandu ndiponso m’mayiko osiyanasiyana, milandu yambiri imachitika pa nthawi zosiyanasiyana:

Kusangalala ndi Kulabadira Koyambirira

  • Kukwaniritsa kuchonderera koyamba: M'nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni, woweruza amalemba dandaulo; m'milandu yaupandu, wozenga mlandu amalemba milandu kapena amapeza chinenezo
  • Mlandu wa ntchito: Woimbidwa mlandu amadziŵitsidwa mwalamulo za mlanduwo
  • Yankho la Defentant: Mafaira oimbidwa mlandu yankho, kusuntha kuchotsa, kapena m'milandu yaupandu, amaloŵa m'pempho
  • Kuwonekera kwa :[[FLT :1] Magawo akuwonekera pamaso pa khoti kaamba ka kulinganiza, kulinganiza, kapena misonkhano ya kuyang'anira milandu

Chipwirikiti Chapapitapo

  • Kusinthana kwa zinthu: Parsing posinthana chidziŵitso kupyolera mwa mafunsidwe, zikalata, zosungira, ndi zipangizo zina zotulukira
  • Kutsata kwa milandu: Madefa amalemba nkhani zolongosola, nkhani zowonekera, kapena kufunafuna kuthetsa nkhaniyo popanda chiyeso
  • Kukambitsirana: Madansi akuyesa kuthetsa nkhaniyo mwa kukambitsirana, kuvomereza, kapena chigamulo china cha mkangano
  • Misonkhano ya za milandu: Oweruza amakumana ndi magawo kuti ayang'anire mlanduwo, nkhani zochepera, ndi kukonzekera kuzengedwa mlandu

Kuzengedwa Mlandu

  • Kusankha kwachimbuuzi: Ngati mlandu wa juli, oweruza othekera amafunsidwa ndi kusankhidwa
  • Ndemanga zotseguka: Mbali iliyonse imandandalika nkhani yawo ndi zimene amayembekezera umboni kusonyeza
  • Kupereka umboni: Mlandu kapena wozenga mlandu umapereka mlandu wawo choyamba, kutsatiridwa ndi chidziwitso
  • Zigomeko zomveka: Attorney imafupikitsa umboni ndi kutsutsa chifukwa chake mbali yawo iyenera kupambana
  • Malangizo a jury: Woweruza akufotokoza lamulo logwira ntchito kwa oweruza
  • Kugamula ndi chigamulo: Oweruza akambitsirana mlanduwo ndi kufikira chigamulo
  • . . Khoti limatsegula chigamulo chozikidwa pa chigamulo kapena, m'maweruziro a benchi, chigamulo cha woweruza

Kupita Kumbuyo

  • Kutsatira kwake: Chipani chingamalembe njira za kuyesa kwatsopano kapena kusintha chiweruzo
  • Kuzenga: m'milandu, khoti limalamula pambuyo pa chigamulo
  • Madanga: Mabwalo amilandu aakulu angapereke chivomerezo chakutsutsa
  • Kukakamiza: [ m'nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni, gulu lokhalamo lingafunikire kuchitapo kanthu kuti lipeze chiweruzo

Mavuto Amene Khoti Lamakono Likukumana Nawo

Khoti la ku America lili ndi mavuto ambiri m'zaka za zana la 21. Makhoti a kumbuyo ankhanza ndi kulepheretsa chilungamo m'mayiko ambiri. Kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama kumaletsa makhoti kugwiritsa ntchito antchito okwanira, zipangizo zosamalira, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zatsopano. Kuvuta kwamakono, makamaka m’madera monga zinthu zanzeru ndi malamulo oteteza zinthu, kumafunikira ukatswiri waluso amene angakule.

Kupeza chilungamo kudakali vuto losatha. Anthu ambiri satha kugula maloya, ndipo kuvuta kwa malamulo kumachititsa kuti anthu azikhala ovuta kwambiri. Zipusidzo za zinenero, kulephera kulankhulana, ndi kutha kwa malo osiyanasiyana kumachititsa anthu ena kusokonezeka. Makhoti ndi mabungwe a zamalamulo akupitirizabe kugwira ntchito yothetsa mavutowa pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono, njira zosavuta, ndiponso mautumiki owonjezereka a zamalamulo.

Makhoti ena amaona kuti makhoti ndi ochedwa kwambiri ndiponso odula, pamene ena akuda nkhaŵa ndi kuzenga mlandu kapena kukhudzana ndi zigamulo zandale. Kusunga ufulu wachiweruzo pamene akutsimikizira kuti adzadziŵerengera mlandu kumakhalabe kovuta.

Tsogolo la Makhoti

Makhoti akusinthasintha zinthu ndi kugwiritsira ntchito njira zatsopano zamakono zoyendetsera milandu ayamba kukhala zoyenerera, kuwongolera chipambano ndi kupezeka. Kumvetsera mavidiyo kumathandiza anthu kutengamo mbali patali, kusunga nthaŵi ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ulendo. Malo opangira zigamulo a pa Intaneti otsutsana ndi milandu ina, makamaka mfundo zazing'ono ndi mikangano yaing'ono.

Makhoti osamalira nkhani, monga makhoti a mankhwala osokoneza bongo, makhoti a zaumoyo, ndi makhoti odziŵa zaumoyo, amasintha kuti akambirane nkhani zochititsa mavuto a zamalamulo. Makhoti apadera ameneŵa amaphatikizapo kuyang’anira milandu ndi chithandizo, cholinga cha kuchepetsa ufulu ndi kuwongolera zotulukapo.

Luntha lopanga ndi masamu ayamba kusonkhezera ntchito za khoti, kuyambira kuneneratu zotsatirapo za mlandu mpaka kutulukira njira zopangira zigamulo zachiweruzo. Pamene kuli kwakuti tekinoloji zimenezi zimapereka mapindu, zimadzutsanso mafunso ofunika ponena za kuonekera kwa kuonekera, kukondera, ndi mbali ya chiweruzo cha munthu m’malamulo.

Malangizo Othandiza Pokhazikitsa Khoti

Ngati mukuona kuti mwayamba kuweruzidwa, kudziwa zinthu zina zokhudza khoti kungakuthandizeni kuti musamavutike:

  • Ganizirani kulembedwa ntchito loya: Pamene kuli kwakuti sikufunikira m'nkhani zonse, kuimira kwalamulo kungawongolere kwambiri mwaŵi wanu wa chipambano ndi kukuthandizani kupeŵetsa zolakwa zowononga ndalama
  • Pansi pa masiku amapeto: zikizo za khoti zimasungidwa motsimikizirika, ndipo kuziphonya kungataitsidwe zoyenera zofunika
  • Sungani zolembera zolinganizidwa: Kusunga makope a zikalata zonse zosungidwa ku khoti ndi kulandira kuchokera ku zigawo zina
  • Konzekerani: Ngati mupezekapo pa juli, kusungidwa, kapena kuimbidwa mlandu, kukonzekera kosamalitsa nkofunika
  • Malamulo a khoti: Valani moyenera, kufika panthaŵi yake, zimani zipangizo zamagetsi, ndi kusonyeza ulemu ku khoti
  • Malo ena owonjezera: Ganizirani ngati kuchotsa, kusanthula, kapena kubwezera kungathetse mikangano yanu mofulumira kwambiri ndi moyenerera kuposa kuithetsa
  • Gwiritsirani ntchito zipangizo zomwe zilipo: Kugwiritsa ntchito malo a khoti odzithandiza okha, mabungwe a zaumoyo, ndi zipangizo za pa Intaneti
  • Kumasulira bwino lomwe: Kaya kulankhula m'khoti kapena kukonza zikalata, kulankhulana komvekera bwino ndi kwachidule nkofunika

Kumaliza: Khotilo Limalamulira Anthu Motsatira Demokalase

Makhoti amatumikira monga magwero ofunika a demokrase ya ku America, kupereka njira yamtendere yothetsera mikangano, kutetezera ufulu wa munthu payekha, ndi kutsimikizira kuti ulamuliro wa boma umagwiritsiridwa ntchito mogwirizana ndi malamulo alamulo.

Kuzindikira mmene makhoti amagwirira ntchito kumapatsa nzika mphamvu ya kukhala ndi phande logwira ntchito m’dongosolo la chiweruzo, kaya monga magulu a kuweruza, oweruza, mboni, kapena openyerera odziŵa. Pamene kuli kwakuti dongosolo la zamalamulo lingawoneke kukhala lovuta ndi lowopsa, chifuno chake chachikulu nchomveka: kupereka chigamulo cholungama ndi chosakondera cha mikangano malinga ndi lamulo.

Makhoti akupitiriza kusintha, kuzoloŵerana ndi zitokoso zatsopano pamene tikusunga malamulo amakhalidwe abwino a chilungamo, njira yoyenera, ndi chilungamo cholingana pansi pa lamulo. mwa kumvetsetsa kakonzedwe, njira, ndi malamulo amakhalidwe abwino amene amatsogolera makhoti, tingayamikire bwino lomwe mbali yawo m’chitaganya chathu ndi kutengamo mbali mokhutiritsa kwambiri pamene nkhani za lamulo zibuka.

Kaya muyang'anizana ndi nkhani ya lamulo, kutumikira pa juli, kapena kungofuna kumvetsetsa mmene chilungamo chikuperekedwera, chidziŵitso cha dongosolo la khoti nchamtengo wapatali. Makhoti ali a anthu, ndipo kukhala ndi chidziŵitso nkofunika kutsimikizira kuti apitiriza kutumikira ntchito yawo yofunika m'chitaganya chathu cha democracy. Kuti mupeze chitsogozo chowonjezereka pa nkhani zalamulo, lingalirani kukafunsa loya woyenerera kapena kufunafuna chuma choperekedwa ndi boma lanu, boma, kapena makhoti a boma.