Table of Contents

Kutetezedwa kofanana ndi mfundo yaikulu imene imatsimikizira kuti anthu onse amalandira chilango chofanana. Cholinga chake ndicho kuteteza tsankho ndi kulimbikitsa chilungamo m’madera ena. Kumvetsa mfundo imeneyi kungathandize anthu kuzindikira ufulu wawo ndi udindo wawo, kuwapatsa mphamvu zochirikiza chilungamo ndi kulingana kwa moyo wawo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Wotsogolera womvetsa zinthu ameneyu amafufuza maziko a mbiri yakale, kufunsira kwa lamulo, ndi kuteteza anthu ndi zikhalidwe ku United States.

Kumvetsa Chitetezo Chofanana ndi cha Claus

Chigwirizano cha Kutetezera Claus chikuimira limodzi la malamulo apadera kwambiri m'lamulo la America. Mawu, amene anagwira ntchito mu 1868, amapereka "Moyo uliwonse ... sungakane munthu aliyense wokhala m’manja mwake kutetezeredwa kofanana kwa malamulo. Ilo limalamula kuti anthu amene ali m’mikhalidwe yofananawo achitidwe mofanana ndi lamulo. Mawu osavuta koma amphamvu ameneŵa aumba ufulu wachibadwidwe kwa zaka zoposa 150 ndipo akupitirizabe kusonkhezera zosankha zalamulo zokhudza mamiliyoni a Aamereka lerolino.

Chiganizochi chimagwira ntchito osati kokha ku maboma a boma komanso chaperekedwa ku ntchito ya boma. Ngakhale kuti Mpambo wa Fite Amendment suli ndi chikalata chotetezera chofanana, Bwalo Lapamwamba la United States lamasulira kuti Claus Claus yake ikufuna chitetezo cholingana kwa boma la boma. Kumasulira kumeneku kumatsimikizira kuti milingo yonse ya boma iyenera kumamatira ku malamulo a kachitidwe kolingana ndi kusagwirizana.

Magwero a Mbiri ndi Kusintha kwa Zamphumphu kwa 14

Pambuyo pa Nyumba ya Malamulo ya June 13, 1866. Kusintha kwa 144 kunachitika pa imodzi ya nyengo zovuta kwambiri m'mbiri ya America. Monga momwe zinalili pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni mu 1868, palibe chikayikiro chilichonse chimene Secuntreal Protection Claus cholinga chake chinali: kuleka malamulo oletsa anthu akuda. Kusinthako kunali mbali ya kuyesayesa kwa kukhazikitsa ufulu wa akapolo omasulidwa chatsopano ndi kukonzanso unansi pakati pa boma ndi maboma.

Kuyenera kwa Anthu Onse Kuwagwirizanitsa

Chochititsa chachikulu cha chiganizo chimenechi chinali kuvomereza makonzedwe a kulingana opezeka mu Chikalata cha Chigwirizano cha ufulu wachibadwidwe cha 1866, chimene chinatsimikizira kuti nzika zonse zidzakhala ndi kuyenera kwa kutetezeredwa kofanana ndi lamulo. Okonza za Lamulo la 149 Demendment anayesetsa kutsimikizira kuti chitetezo choperekedwa ndi Chikalata cha ufulu wachibadwidwe chikakhala ndi chichirikizo chalamulo, chikumawapangitsa kukhala ovuta kwambiri kulanda kapena kutseka.

Pambuyo pa msonkhanowo, womwe unaperekedwa ndi Congress June 13, 1866, ndi kuvomerezedwa ndi July 9, 1868, Mpambo wa 14 wa Lamulo la Ufulu wa Anthu unawonjezera ufulu ndi zoyenera zoperekedwa ndi Bill of Rights kwa anthu amene kale anali akapolo.

Kufutukula Kuposa Zimene Anali Kuziyembekezera

Pamene kuli kwakuti Aumeal Protection Claus poyamba analinganizidwa kuthetsa tsankho la fuko, kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwake kwafutukulidwa mokulira m’kupita kwa nthaŵi. Koma mawu a Claus alembedwa mokulira ndipo achokera ku chifuno chake choyambirira. Khoti Lapamwamba lakhala likumasulira mawu ameneŵa kufotokoza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya tsankho, poyamba kusumika maganizo pa nkhani za fuko koma pambuyo pake kukulitsa ukulu wake kuphatikizapo kugonana ndi mitundu ina.

Mwachisawawa, Kusintha kwa Zalamulo kwa 14 kunasonyeza kusintha kwakukulu m’lamulo la America, mwakugwiritsira ntchito malamulo oletsa kwambiri maboma kuposa kumene kunachitidwa Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni isanamenye. Kusintha kumeneku kunasintha kwambiri kulinganiza kwa ulamuliro m’dongosolo la boma ndipo kunakhazikitsa njira zatsopano zotetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha ku ku kuswedwa ndi boma.

Chizindikiro cha Khoti Lalikulu Choletsa Kutetezeredwa Kofanana

Zosankha zambiri za khoti Lapamwamba lapamwamba lakhala likulongosola tanthauzo la kuteteza Claus ndi kugwiritsa ntchito tanthauzo lake mwa kufotokoza nkhani zokhudza kusankhana mitundu, kusankhana mitundu, kuvota, ndi kulingana kwa mabanja.

Brown v. Board of Education: Ending Sevation

Pachigamulo chosaiŵalika chimenechi, Bwalo Lamilandu Lalikulu linagamula kuti kulekanitsa ana m’masukulu a boma pamaziko a fuko kunali kosemphana ndi lamulo. Chinasonyeza kutha kwa kusiyanitsa mafuko kwalamulo m'masukulu a United States, kutsendereza lamulo lamakhalidwe abwino "losiyana koma lolingana" lokhazikitsidwa mu 1896 Psby v. Ferguson.

Kusankha ana m’sukulu za boma kokha pamaziko a fuko kumalanda ana mwaŵi waung’ono wa maphunziro ofanana, ngakhale ngati malo akuthupi ndi zinthu zina zowoneka zingakhale zofanana. chigamulo chimenechi cha 1954 chinaimira nthaŵi yotayitsidwa m’mbiri ya ufulu wachibadwidwe wa ku America ndipo chinasonyeza mphamvu ya bungwe la Ecult Protection Claus kuchotsa tsankho loikidwa m’zigwirizano.

Chigamulo cha Brown chinathetsa zaka makumi ambiri za lamulo limene linalola tsankho laufuko. M'chigamulo 7 -1, khotilo linagamula kuti malinga ngati malowo anali ofanana, kupatukana kwawo kunakwaniritsa Lamulo la 14 la Passy . Kulamulira kwapambuyo pa Ferguson kunalola "kugaŵana koma malo ofanana", koma Brown anazindikira kuti kupatuka kunachititsa kusalingana.

Virginia Wokonda: Kuteteza Ufulu wa Ukwati

Chitetezo cha Active Claus chathandizanso kuteteza ufulu wa kukwatira. M'limodzi Virginia, Khoti Lapamwamba linalemba malamulo oletsa kukwatirana kwa mafuko. Khoti Lalikulu la United States linagamula mogwirizana chigamulo cha Khoti la Virginia ndipo linaona kuti bungwe la Exctal Protection Claus lifunikira kusanthula mosamalitsa kuti ligwiritse ntchito malamulo onse a fuko. Chigamulo chimenechi chinawononga malamulo m’mayiko ambiri amene analetsa maukwati pakati pa anthu a mafuko osiyanasiyana.

Zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pake, malamulo okhazikitsidwa mu Chikondi akadziŵitsa mlandu wina wa ukwati wotchuka. Mlanduwu wa 14th Amendment umafuna kuti boma livomereze ukwati pakati pa anthu aŵiri a ziwalo zofanana ndi kuvomereza ukwati wa anthu aŵiri a muukwati umodzimodzi pamene ukwati wawo uloledwa mwalamulo ndi kuchitidwa kunja kwa boma. Chigamulo cha Obergefell v. Hodges mu 2015 chinawonjezera kulingana kwa okwatirana auchimuna ndi aakazi m’dziko lonselo.

Tsankho la Chiŵembu

Chigwirizano cha Kutetezera Claus chasinthanso kuti chithetse tsankho lozikidwa pa mwamuna ndi mkazi. Koma posapita nthaŵi khotilo linayamba kufutukula mawuwo kuposa lamulo lake lalikulu la kuyang'anira mafuko mofanana, polingalira kuti kwenikweni linali lamulo lakuti anthu onse "audindo ofanana" ayenera kuchitiridwa mofanana.

Mu Reed Ved, Supreme Court inayamba kupenda kutetezeredwa kofanana ndi kusankhana akazi. ya Ginsburg ndi Women’s Rights Project, Reed v. Reed anakhazikitsa maziko a chigamulo cha chigamulo cha Bwalo Lapamwamba chimene chinatseka malamulo auchiŵembu m'dziko lonselo. Mlandu umenewu ndi ena amene anatsatira mfundo zina zina zinatsimikizira kuti malamulo ochitira amuna ndi akazi mosiyana ayenera kukhala ndi zifukwa zomveka.

Maphunziro ndi Kachitidwe Kolimbitsa

Kugwiritsira ntchito chitetezo chofanana ku kulowa m'dziko la California kwayambitsa mkangano waukulu ndi kutsutsana. Yunivesite ya boma ingalingalire za mtundu monga chochititsa m'kulola kwake kuvomereza, koma siingagwiritsire ntchito mlingo wa mafuko. Lamulo lamakhalidwe abwino limeneli, lokhazikitsidwa mu Regents of University of California v. Bakke, linayesa kulinganiza zolinga za mitundu ndi nkhaŵa za chitetezo zofanana.

Khoti Lalikulu linatsutsa ndi kunena kuti mabungwe a maphunziro apamwamba ali ndi chifuno choyenera cha kuchirikiza kusiyanasintha.

Kufufuza Zinthu Moona Mtima Pofufuza

Makhoti amatsatira mlingo wosiyanasiyana wa kusanthula popenda ngati lamulo likuswa Chitetezo cha Ault Claus. Mlingo wa kupenda umadalira pa mtundu wa kusankha kophatikizidwa ndi zoyenera zoikidwa. Kumvetsetsa miyezo yosiyanasiyana imeneyi nkofunika kwambiri pozindikira mmene chitetezo chimagwirira ntchito.

Kupenda Kolimba

Kufufuza kwachindunji kwachiweruzo kumasungidwa kaamba ka milandu yoloŵetsamo malamulo oletsa maupandu a magulu onyumwidwa kapena kusokoneza kugwiritsira ntchito kwa zoyenera zazikulu ndi ufulu wotetezeredwa kotheratu ndi Malamulo. Pansi pa kusanthula kosamalitsa, boma liyenera kusonyeza kuti lamulo limapereka chikondwerero chokakamiza boma ndipo nlokonzeka kukwaniritsa chikondwerero chimenecho. Umenewu ndi muyezo wofuna kwambiri ndipo ngwovuta kwambiri kwa maboma kukwaniritsa.

Kufufuza koyenera kumakhudza mitundu, mtundu, ndi chipembedzo, kumagwiranso ntchito pamene ufulu waukulu uli pangozi, monga kuyenera kwa kuvota kapena kuyenera kwa maulendo a mayiko ena. Malamulo ofufuzidwa moona mtima kaŵirikaŵiri amatsutsidwa kukhala osagwirizana ndi malamulo a dzikolo.

Kupenda Kogwirizanitsa

Malamulo ozikidwa pa Gender amayang'aniridwa kwambiri, muyezo umene umaikidwa pakati pa kupenda kosamalitsa ndi maziko oyenera. Pamene Bwalo lamilandu linalimbana ndi njira yoyenera yopendera mtundu wolinganawu wa chitetezo, zoweruza choyamba zinayesa kuyesa kulinganiza kwake m’njira yovuta kwambiri (Reed v. Reed); kenaka kufika pamlingo wotsala wa kukhala ndi ukazi monga malo okayikira kwambiri (Fronicero v. Richardson); ndipo pomalizira pake zinayesa kuyesa kuyesa kulinganiza koyenera kuoneka ngati kotheka (Craed v. Boren).

Pambuyo pa kupenda kwapang’onopang’ono, boma liyenera kusonyeza kuti kugaŵikanako kumatumikira chifuno chofunika kwambiri cha boma ndipo kuli kogwirizana kwambiri ndi kukwaniritsa cholinga chimenecho. Muyezo umenewu ngwovuta kwambiri kuposa kupenda koyenera koma wocheperapo kuposa kusanthula kosamalitsa.

Kupendanso Maziko a Kudziikira Pangano

Malamulo ambiri amapendedwa moyenera, muyezo wololera kwambiri. Pansi pa muyezo umenewu, lamulo lidzachirikizidwa ngati liri logwirizana ndi chifuno cha boma choyenerera. Boma silifunikira kutsimikizira kuti lamulolo limakwaniritsadi chifuno chake chotchulidwacho, kokha kuti lingatero moyenerera.

Makhoti amalolera kwambiri zigamulo za malamulo pamene atsatira lamulo limeneli, ndipo malamulo saimbidwa mlandu chifukwa chowafufuza moyenera.

Chitetezo Chokwanira pa Ntchito

Lamulo la chitetezo chofanana limafikira ku ntchito, kumene limaphatikizana ndi malamulo osiyanasiyana a boma ndi a boma a tsankho la ntchito. Pamene kuli kwakuti Aumeal Protection Claus imagwira ntchito kokha ku kachitidwe ka boma, malamulo ake amakhalidwe abwino asonkhezera kupangidwa kwa lamulo la ntchito mokulirapo.

Kulemba Dzina la Dzina la Dzina la Diso ndi Tsankho Kuntchito

Zikalata za Ufulu wa Chigawo za Chilamulo cha 1964 zimaletsa tsankho la ntchito zochokera ku fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, ndi dziko. Ngakhale kuti mutu wa VII ndi chitetezero cha lamulo m’malo mwa lamulo, umasonyeza mfundo yofanana yotetezera pantchito. Lamuloli limagwira ntchito kwa olemba ntchito, maukwati a antchito, ndi mabungwe a ntchito, zomwe zimapereka malamulo otetezera olingana kuposa oseŵera a boma.

Olembedwa ntchito amene amakhulupirira kuti asankhidwa angalembe madandaulo ndi bungwe la Aumelt Opportunity Commission (EOC), limene limafufuza zimene likunena ndipo lingabweretse njira zosungitsira lamulo. Ofufuza angabweze ndalama zimene apeza, zowonongedwa, zolipidwa, ndi ndalama za loya.

Ntchito ya Mpatuko wa Anthu Onse

Ogwira ntchito a boma angapereke chitetezo chofanana mwachindunji pansi pa Lamulo la 14 la Kupatulapo anthu ena, zimene zimanena zingathetse tsankho lochokera ku fuko, kugonana, dziko, chipembedzo, kapena mikhalidwe ina yotetezeredwa.

Kutetezedwa kofanana kumafunanso kuti olemba ntchito apereke malipiro ofanana pa ntchito zofanana.

Chitetezo Cholingana pa Maphunziro

Maphunziro akhala malo apakati a nkhondo otetezera mofanana, kuyambira pa nkhani za kuchotsa ufulu wa anthu m’ma 1950 ndi 1960 mpaka pa mkangano wamakono wonena za ndalama za sukulu ndi kuvomereza.

Kulekanitsidwa kwa Sukulu

Kupatula masukulu a boma kunali kuswa lamulo la 14 la kukonzanso ndipo chifukwa chake kunali kopanda lamulo. Bungwe la Brown v. Cosankha cha Maphunziro chinafuna maboma kuchotsa masukulu opatulidwa, ngakhale kuti kukwaniritsa ntchito kunali kovuta ndi kopikisana.

Ngati akuluakulu a sukulu alephera kuvomereza mathayo awo oikidwa ndi Brown Board of Education ndi zigamulo zina zogwirizana nazo, olamulira achiweruzo angagwiritsiridwe ntchito. Makhoti ali ndi mphamvu ya kukhazikitsa mankhwala otsimikizirika, kuphatikizapo kusamala ndi kukonzanso zinthu, kuthetsa ziyambukiro za tsankho lakale.

Dzina la Dzina la Chigawo IX ndi Kulingana kwa Mabanja

Mu 1868, Nyumba ya Malamulo ndi makhoti agwiritsira ntchito pepala la 14 la Eclimate Protection Claus ku mbali zambiri za moyo wa anthu pa zaka 150 zapitazo.

Word IX, umene uli wosangalatsa mwapadera kwa achichepere, umaletsa mabungwe amene amalandira ndalama za boma kuchokera ku kuchotsa ophunzira m’maprogramu a maphunziro ndi maseŵera pamaziko a kugonana. lamulo limeneli lafutukula kwambiri mwaŵi wa akazi ndi atsikana m’maphunziro ndi m’maseŵera, ngakhale kuti makambitsirano akupitirizabe ponena za kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwake koyenera.

Kusiyana kwa Malo Opereka Malipiro a Sukulu

Zovuta zofanana za kutetezera ana zachititsidwanso ndi njira zopezera ndalama kusukulu zimene zimadzetsa kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa zigawo zachuma ndi osauka. (Umphaŵi suli kalasi lokayikiridwa, ndipo maphunziro si ufulu waukulu.) Chifukwa cha zimenezi, kulephera kwa boma kuchirikiza kusiyana kwa maphunziro kwalephera, ngakhale kuti malamulo a boma ena amapereka chitetezo champhamvu.

Chitetezo Chofanana m’Nyumba

Lamulo lotetezera nyumba mofanana limaloŵetsamo nyumba, kumene limagwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi Fair House Act ndi malamulo ena a ufulu wachibadwidwe oletsa tsankho m’misika ya nyumba.

Kupereka Njira Yabwino Yopezera Nyumba

Pangano loletsa kugulitsa nyumba za anthu, kubwereka nyumba, kulipira nyumba, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, kutchuka, ndi kupunduka.

Kuswa lamulo la Fair Hosley Act kungaphatikizepo kukana kubwereka kapena kugulitsa kwa ziŵalo za makalasi otetezeredwa, kukhazikitsa mawu kapena mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana, kupereka mautumiki kapena ziŵiya zosiyana, kupanga ndemanga zaupolu m’kutsatsa malonda, kapena kuchita machitachita obwereketsa mlandu. Njira zokakamiza zimaphatikizapo kudandaula ku Dipatimenti ya House ndi Urban Development (UD) ndi milandu yachinsinsi.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Kupalasa ndi Kupalasa

Malamulo otetezera olingana amagwiranso ntchito pa magawo a boma ndi malo a kugwiritsira ntchito zosankha. Malamulo oteteza amene amachotsa mafuko aang'ono kapena magulu ena otetezeredwa angawononge chitetezo chofanana, makamaka ngati pali umboni wa kukondera. Komabe, kutsimikizira cholinga cha kukondera kungakhale kovuta, popeza malamulo osaloŵerera angakhale ndi ziyambukiro zopatsirana upandu popanda cholinga chenicheni.

Kuvomereza Ufulu ndi Kuchitapo Kanthu pa Ndale

Kuyenera kwa kuvota ndi kutengamo mbali m’dongosolo la ndale zadziko kuli kofunika kwambiri ku ulamuliro wa demokrase, ndipo chitetezo chofanana chimachita mbali yaikulu m’kuchinjiriza zoyenera zimenezi.

Munthu Mmodzi, ndi Munthu Mmodzi

Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito koyamba kwamakono kwa Ecumial Protection Claus ku lamulo la kuvota kunadza mu Baker ndi Carr (1962), kumene Bwalo Lamilandu linagamula kuti zigawo zimene zinatumiza nthumwi ku nyumba ya malamulo ya boma la Tennessee zinapotozedwa (ndipo opanga malamulo ena oimira chiŵerengero cha nzika zokhalamo kuŵirikiza nthaŵi khumi kuposa ena) kotero kuti anaswa ezakuchinjirizo la Acikulire la Claus.

Chigamulo chimenechi chinakhazikitsa "munthu mmodzi, chivoti chimodzi" pulinsipulo, lofuna kuti zigawo za malamulo zikhale zofanana mwa anthu. Lamulo limeneli limatsimikizira kuti voti la munthu aliyense limakhala ndi kulemera kofanana, kuletsa ovota ena kukhala ndi chisonkhezero chosasinthika chozikidwa pa kumene amakhala.

Tsankho la Ufuko Likufala

Khoti Lalikulu linagamula m’nkhani ya Nixon ndi Herndon (1927) kuti Lamulo la 14 Loletsa Kukana kuvota kozikidwa pa fuko lina linaletsa njira zosiyanasiyana zochotsera voti ku America, kuphatikizapo mapulasitale a azungu, mayeso a kulemba ndi kulemba, ndi misonkho yochitira voti.

Chikalata cha Voing Rights Act cha mu 1965 chinathandizanso kuteteza anthu kuti asamasankhena mitundu, ngakhale kuti zigamulo zaposachedwapa za khoti Lalikulu sizinaliponso malamulo ena.

Chilungamo Chaupandu ndi Chitetezo Chofanana

Mfundo zoteteza zolingana zimagwira ntchito m’dongosolo lonse la milandu ya apolisi, kuyambira paupolisi ndi kulamula mpaka pa kuweruza ndi kutsekera m’ndende.

Kukakamiza Upo

Komabe, kusonyeza kusungidwa kwa tsankho kungakhale kovuta, popeza kuti kufunikira kusonyeza kuti anthu a mafuko osiyanasiyana nawonso anachitiridwa mosiyana ndi ena ndi kuti kusiyanako kunali kwadala.

Kusankha Jury

Chitetezero chofanana chimaletsa kusiyanitsa ajuli oyenera kuikidwa pa fuko kapena kuti mwamuna ndi mkazi. Khoti Lapamwamba lanena kuti oweruza sangagwiritse ntchito mavuto othetsa mlanduwo kuchotsa oweruza chifukwa cha fuko lawo lokha, ndipo lamulo limeneli laperekedwanso kwa amuna ndi akazi. Otetezera amene amakhulupirira kuti osaikidwa bwino angayambitse mavuto ofanana otetezera.

Kupereka Ziweruzo Zosiyana

Kusiyana kwakukulu kwa mafuko kulipo m’kuweruza kwa upandu, Aafirika ndi Aspanya akulandira zilango zautali pa avareji kuposa oimbidwa mlandu achiyera pa milandu yofananayo. Komabe, kuchinjiriza kofananako kwa kuweruza kopalamula milandu kwakhala umboni wolephera wa tsankho ladala loperekedwa ndi woweruza kapena woweruza milandu.

Zolephera Ndiponso Mavuto Odziteteza

Ngakhale kuti bungwe loteteza ufulu wa anthu la Acimerede lakhala ndi mphamvu yothandiza kwambiri kuti ufulu wa anthu upite patsogolo, lili ndi zinthu zina zofunika zimene zimapangitsa kuti lithe kuthetsa kusiyana kulikonse.

Chofunika Chachikulu

Kulephera kulinganiza kutetezera kwakukulu nchakuti kuswa lamulo kofananako kaŵirikaŵiri kumafuna umboni wa cholinga cha kukondera, osati kungokhala chilolezo cha kukondera. Kuchoka pa milandu iŵiriyi, mlandu wa David ukufunsa McClisteskey mlandu, kutetezera ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe mwa umene Aumeal Protection Clausle ndi chiŵiya chimene chikugwiritsiridwa ntchito kupititsa patsogolo mawu amenewo, iwo ali ndi mphamvu zochepa zotsutsa kutsata kusiyana kwa mafuko, zimene timatcha lerolino kukhala tsankho lopanga.

Chifukwa cha mfundo imeneyi, anthu ambiri sasankhana chifukwa cha malamulo amene salowerera m’magulu ena, m’malo mosankhana kwambiri.

Chiyeneretso cha Boma

Malamulo oletsa kuphwanya malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe monga Theodore VII ndi Fair House Act akusonyeza kuti munthu ayenera kukhala ndi khalidwe lopanda tsankho pa zinthu zina, komatu kusankhana mwamseri sikumaphwanya malamulo a m’Chilamulo.

Kulephera kuteteza anthu mofanana kumatanthauza kuti makampani, mabungwe a anthu, kapena anthu, sangathetseretu tsankholo, kupatulapo ngati khalidwe lawo likuyenderana kwambiri ndi zochita za boma moti tingati likhoza kuonedwa ngati loyenera kuchitidwa ndi boma.

Chitetezo Chofanana ndi Nkhani za M’tsogolo

Chitetezo chofananacho chikupitirizabe kusanduka pamene makhoti akulongosola mitundu yatsopano ya tsankho ndi kusintha kwa kamvedwe ka anthu kolingana.

Ufulu wa LGBTQ

Kutetezedwa kofanana kwathandiza kwambiri kupititsa patsogolo ufulu wa LGBTQ, kuyambira pa kuswa malamulo oletsa kugonana ndi kuvomereza kulingana kwa ukwati. Makhoti akupitirizabe kulimbana ndi mafunso ofanana otetezera ufulu wa anthu, kuphatikizapo kulowa m’zimbudzi, kutenga nawo mbali m’maseŵera, ndi kusankhana pantchito ndi m’malo ogona a anthu onse.

Kusamukira ku Dziko Lina Ndiponso Chiyambi cha Dzikolo

Ngakhale kuti boma lili ndi mphamvu zambiri pa nkhani ya kusamukira m’dziko, malamulo amene amasiyanitsa anthu chifukwa cha dziko lawo kapena amene amachitira anthu okhala m’malo osiyana ndi ena, angayambitse nkhaŵa zofanana za chitetezo.

Kulephera Kuchita Zinthu

Ngakhale kuti tsankho la anthu olumala limatchulidwa makamaka kudzera m’malamulo monga la ku America la Ulema, mfundo zoteteza zofanana zimagwiranso ntchito. Makhoti anena kuti kupunduka si kugawidwa, choncho malamulo okhudza anthu olumala amalandira zifukwa zomveka.

Mmene Chitetezo Cholingana Chiyambukirira Moyo Wanu wa Tsiku ndi Tsiku

Chitetezo chofananacho si lamulo wamba lalamulo, koma chimayambukira moyo watsiku ndi tsiku kwa anthu ndi anthu m’madera osiyanasiyana m’dzikolo.

Kukhoza Kupezeka m’Mautumiki Othandiza Anthu

Kuteteza kofanana kumatsimikizira kuti mautumiki a boma alipo kwa onse mogwirizana. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kupezeka kwa masukulu a boma, malaibulale, mapaki, zoyendera, ndi mautumiki ena a boma. Maboma sangamane mautumiki kapena kupereka mautumiki otsika ozikidwa pa fuko, kugonana, kapena mikhalidwe ina yotetezeredwa.

Kusamalira Kwabwino kwa Akuluakulu a Boma

Akuluakulu a boma amafunika kuti azisamalira anthu mosakondera, powachitira zinthu zosemphana ndi malamulo a boma, pochita zinthu ndi apolisi, popempha malolezo, popita kukhoti, ndiponso pochita zinthu zina ndi mabungwe a boma.

Chitetezo pa Malamulo Otsutsa Upo

Zitetezero zofanana zimateteza maboma ndi madera omwe amakhazikitsa malamulo okondera magulu ena. Ngakhale ngati lamulo laupostrule lifala ndi ovota, lingaphedwe ngati liswa chitetezo chofanana. Ntchito yolimbana ndi boma imeneyi imateteza ufulu wa anthu ochepa polimbana ndi nkhanza zambiri.

Kuchirikiza Chitetezo Chofanana m’Mudzi Wanu

Anthu ndiponso mabungwe a m’deralo angachitepo kanthu kuti atetezedwe mofanana ndiponso kuti athetse tsankho m’madera amene amakhala.

Dziŵani Ufulu Wanu

Kuzindikira zoyenera zanu zofanana zakutetezera kuli sitepe loyamba kulinga ku kukhazikitsa. Dzidziŵitseni inu eni ndi malamulo a boma ndi boma otsutsa kusayanjana, ndi kudziŵa mtundu wa makhalidwe amene amawononga chitetezo chofanana. Mabungwe ambiri otetezera ufulu wachibadwidwe amapereka chuma cha maphunziro ndi ufulu wanu wodziŵa zinthu.

Kusankhana Pazikalata

Ngati mukuona kuti anthu ena akukuchitirani tsankho, sungani mosamala mapepala a mawu, malamulo, kapena zochita.

Kudandaula kwa Mafailo

Mabungwe osiyanasiyana amasamalira madandaulo a tsankho malinga ndi nkhani yake. EOC amayang'anira tsankho la ntchito, HUD imasamalira tsankho la nyumba, ndi Dipatimenti ya Maphunziro a Kompano za Chiŵeniŵeni imayang’anira kukondera maphunziro. Maboma ambiri alinso ndi mabungwe awoawo omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe. Kudandaula kungayambitse kufufuza ndi kuchititsa kuti apeze njira zothetsera vutoli.

Kuchirikiza Mabungwe Oona za Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni

Mabungwe onga ACLU, NAACP Legal Defense Fund, Lambda Malamulo, ndi ena ambiri amagwira ntchito kusungitsa chitetezo chofanana kupyolera m'kufalitsa, kugulitsa, ndi maphunziro. Kuchirikiza magulu ameneŵa mwa zopereka, kudzipereka, kapena kutenga nawo mbali m'mipikisano yawo kumathandizira kutetezera munthu aliyense mofanana.

Khalani Wochita Uphunzitsi Wachiŵeniŵeni

Pitani ku misonkhano ya bungwe la mzinda, misonkhano ya sukulu, ndi nkhani zina za boma. Mukaona malamulo kapena zochita zaudani, muzigwira ntchito ndi anthu apafupi ndi magulu a anthu kuti muchirikize kuchitiridwa mofanana ndi kutsata malamulo ena. Uphunzitsi wa m'dziko ungakhale wothandiza kwambiri chifukwa akuluakulu a boma a m'deralo amakhala osavuta kupezeka ndi omvera kusiyana ndi akuluakulu a boma kapena akuluakulu a boma.

Mtsogolo mwa Chitetezo Chofanana

Chitetezo chofanana chimapitirizabe kusintha pamene kusintha kwa chitaganya ndi mitundu yatsopano ya tsankho iyamba. Chinenero chofala cha lamulocho chimalola makhoti kuchigwiritsira ntchito m’mikhalidwe imene okonza Chisinthiko cha 14 sanayembekezere.

Nkhani Zoyambitsa

Malo otetezera atsogolo ofanana angasamalire tsankho, kumene makompyuta amapanga zosankha zimene zimawachititsa kusankhana. Pamene luntha lopanga zinthu likugwira ntchito, kubwereketsa, kuweruza milandu, ndi mbali zina, mafunso adzabuka ponena za ngati kuli kofanana ndi kutetezeredwa ndi kupangidwa kwa zigamulo za opato.

Kusintha kwa nyengo kungayambitsenso nkhani zachitetezero zofanana, popeza kuti kaŵirikaŵiri kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala kumayambukira kwambiri anthu opeza ndalama zochepa ndi anthu a mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Ochirikiza zimenezi angagwiritsire ntchito njira zofanana zotetezera malamulo amene amasonkhezera kuipitsa kapena kuvulaza malo okhala m’madera ena.

Kutsutsana Kukupitirizabe

Mantha akupitiriza ponena za ukulu woyenera ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa chitetezo chofanana. Ena amatsutsa kaamba ka kumasulira kwamphamvu kokhoza kuthetsa kusalingana kwa malo ndi ziyambukiro zopatuka, pamene ena amachirikiza njira yochepera yosumika pa tsankho ladala. makambitsirano ameneŵa adzaumba mmene chitetezo chimakhalira m’zaka makumi zikubwera.

Kumanga Midzi Yonse Yosakondera

Ngakhale kuti malamulo a boma amathandiza kuti anthu azikhala ogwirizana, kukhazikitsa anthu olingana sikungofuna kuti munthu aliyense payekha, mabungwe, ndi mabungwe agwirizane kuti agwirizane ndi anthu ndiponso kuti agwirizane.

Kulimbikitsa Uchimo Wonse

Anthu angatsatire malamulo amene saposa malamulo ochirikiza kulingana. Zimenezi zingaphatikizepo njira zopezera anthu oyenera ntchito, njira zopezera nyumba zosavuta, ndalama zoyendetsera sukulu, ndi maprogramu othetsera tsankho la m’mbiri. Njira zochitira zinthu zingathandize kuyambitsa mipata yofanana ngakhale pamene zifuno za lamulo zokha sizingawakakamize.

Maphunziro ndi Kusamala

Kuphunzitsa anthu a m’chitaganya za chitetezo chofanana ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe kumathandiza kukulitsa chikhalidwe cha kulingana. Sukulu, malaibulale, malo osungirako anthu, ndi magulu a chikhulupiriro kungapereke maprogramu onena za mbiri ya ufulu wachibadwidwe, nkhani za chitetezo zofanana, ndi mmene angadziŵire ndi kuthetsera tsankho. Kuzindikira kwambiri kumapangitsa anthu kukhala atcheru kwambiri pa tsankho ndi kuchirikiza kwambiri kulingana.

Kumanga Ndalama Zotsala

Anthu ochokera m’mayiko osiyanasiyana akamachita zinthu mogwirizana kuti atetezedwe, amathandizanso anthu kudziwa kuti tsankho limayendera limodzi kuposa gulu lililonse limene limagwira ntchito lokha.

Zofunika Kuti Tiphunzire Zambiri

Pali zinthu zambiri zimene anthu amene akufuna kuphunzira zambiri zokhudza chitetezo chofanana ndi cha anthu ndiponso ufulu wachibadwidwe ali nazo.

Zopeza za Malamulo

Legal Information Institute ku Cornell Law School imapatsa ufulu wa kulowa ku zigamulo za Bwalo Lapamwamba, malamulo, ndi mafotokozedwe alamulo pa https :/www.cornell.edu. Constitution Center imapereka zinthu zophunzirira za lamulo lalamulo ndi zoyenera za anthu pa httpts . org //FLT:3].

Mabungwe Oona za Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni

Mabungwe monga American Civil Liberetion Union (] https://www.aclu.org , NAACP Legal Defense Fund, ndi Brennan Center ya Chilungamo akupereka chidziŵitso ponena za nkhani za ufulu wachibadwidwe zamakono, kupitirizabe kwa magetsi, ndi mipata ya kutumiza. Mabungwe ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amapereka zitsogozo zanu za ufulu ndi zipangizo zina za maphunziro.

Zinthu Zofunika Kwambiri M’boma

Mabungwe a Federal onga Federal Aume Opportod Opportult Commission, Department of House and Urban Development, ndi Department of Education for Civil Rights akupereka chidziŵitso ponena za kuchotsa zidandaulo ndi kumvetsetsa zoyenera zanu. National Archives ( HTTPs /wwww.archives.gov) amapereka zikalata za mbiri yakale ndi zinthu zophunzitsa ponena za Demendement ndi mbiri ya ufulu wa anthu.

Kumaliza: Chitetezo Chofanana Monga Mfundo Yamoyo

Tanthauzo la Kutetezera Claus ndilo nkhani yokayikiridwa kwambiri, ndipo lasonkhezera mawu odziŵika bwino "Chilungamo Pansi pa Chilamulo". Mawu ameneŵa, olembedwa pa nyumba ya Bwalo Lapamwamba, amatenga lingaliro lotsimikizirika la chitetezo chofanana ndi ndi ndilo lomwe liri tsopano, koma chimene lamulolo liyenera kuyesayesa kukhala.

Chitetezo chofanana chidakali ntchito yopita patsogolo. Pamene kuli kwakuti kupita patsogolo kwakukulu kwapangidwa kuyambira mu 1868, kusiyana kwakuthupi kukupitirizabe m’mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Kupeza chitetezo chofanana kumafuna kukhala tcheru, kusamala, kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu, ndi kudzipereka kwa anthu, zigawo, ndi mabungwe. Mwa kuzindikira malamulo a chitetezo ofanana ndi kugwira ntchito kulimbikitsa, aliyense angathandizire kukhazikitsa chitaganya chachilungamo ndi choyenera kulingana.

Zinthu zimenezi zimathandiza kwambiri kuti anthu azisankhana komanso kuti azitsatira mfundo za m’Baibulo.

  • Kukhoza maphunziro abwino ndi mwaŵi wa maphunziro wolingana
  • Kugwira ntchito zofanana ndiponso kuteteza anthu kuti asamasalidwa kuntchito
  • Kuteteza anthu kuti asamasalidwa m’nyumba, m’malo obwereka ndalama, ndi m’malo ogona
  • Ufulu wa kuvota wolingana ndi wa ndale
  • Kuchitiridwa moyenera ndi osungitsa malamulo ndi dongosolo la chiweruzo chaupandu
  • Kufikira mautumiki a boma pa mlingo wofanana
  • Kutetezedwa kwa ufulu wofunika kwambiri mosasamala kanthu za fuko, chiŵalo cha mwamuna kapena mkazi, kapena mikhalidwe ina
  • Maprogramu a anthu onse amene amatumikira nzika zonse
  • Kuŵerengeredwa mlandu kwa akuluakulu aboma amene amasankha ena
  • Machiritso alamulo pamene ufulu wotetezera wolingana uswedwa

Kuzindikira chitetezo chofanana kumathandiza anthu kuzindikira pamene ufulu wawo waponderezedwa ndi kuchitapo kanthu kudzitetezera iwo eni ndi ena. Kumathandizanso anthu a m’mudzi kugwirira ntchito pamodzi kupanga malo okhalira pamodzi, osakondera kumene aliyense ali ndi mwayi wopambana. Lamulo la chitetezo chofanana, losungidwa m’Chilamulo cha 1450 zaka zoposa 150 zapitazo, likupitirizabe kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi chitaganya cha America, zomwe zimafuna kuthetsa mavuto atsopano pamene zikukwaniritsa lamulo lake lalikulu: kuti anthu onse afunikira kuthandizidwa mofanana pansi pa lamulo.