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Mikhalidwe Yoyambirira ya Zandale: Nyengo ya Maseŵera ndi Misonkhano Yachigawo
Asanabwere chisankho chachikulu, zipani za ndale zadziko za ku America zinadalira pa dongosolo lolemekezeka ndi losawoneka bwino la maseŵero ndi misonkhano kuti zisankhe opitawo. Kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 19, atsogoleri a zipani ndi osankha akuluakulu a zipani . Ngakhale kuti oweruza wamba anali ndi chidziŵitso chochepa. Njira ya caucus inatsutsidwa chifukwa cha kuchirikiza katangale, chiphroma, ndi kusoŵa kuonekera kwa anthu, monga momwe zigamuzo zinatsekedwa m’mabwalo a gulu, otchuka, ndi olanda mphamvu a madera, pamene ofufuza wamba analibe mawu ambiri.
Pofika m'ma 1820 ndi m'ma 1830, kuchuluka kwa zipani za ndale ndi kuchulukitsa kukulitsa chisankho cha osankhidwa, koma njira yosankha inakhala yolimba m’manja mwa anthu apamwamba. Misonkhano yachigawo yamitundu imene inatuluka m'ma 1830 inali yolinganizidwa poyambirira kuwonjezera kukhalamo ndi phande, komabe mwamsanga inakhala yolamuliridwa ndi mabwana a gulu omwe analamulira zikalata zolembedwa ndi kugulitsa ziyanjo. Monga chotulukapo chake, nzika yachikatikati inadzimva yosagwirizana ndi njira ya ndale, kusonkhezera kaamba ka kusintha zinthu.
Nyengo Yopita Patsogolo ndi Kubadwa kwa Kusankha Koyambirira
Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19 ndi kuchiyambi kwa zaka za 20 zinabweretsa masinthidwe aakulu a chikhalidwe ndi ndale pamene gulu lopita patsogolo linafuna kuletsa mphamvu ya maulamuliro amodzi ndi makina andale oipa. Osintha anatsutsa kuti prinsigate yachindunji idzaswa ulamuliro wa mabwana a gulu ndi kupereka mawu atanthauzo osankhidwa. Lamulo loyamba la boma linaikidwa mu Wiscon mu 1904, ndipo lochirikizidwa ndi Bwana Robert M. La Follette, lotchuka. Lamulo lapaderali linafuna kuti magulu apange chisankho chachikulu, kutanthauza kuti wopambanayo akhale woyang'anira wa gululo. Mayi ena anatsatira posachedwapa: Oregon: njira yaikulu yotengedwa mu 1904, ndi kupitirira theka la maulamuliro ena.
Primageria zoyamba zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri sizinali zomangira kapena zogwirizanitsa, koma zinakhazikitsa lamulo lakuti wovota [1] osati anthu apamwamba a pagulu chabe ayenera kugamulapo za mameseji. Kayendedwe koyambirira kanakulakula m'zaka makumi aŵiri zoyambirira za zaka za zana la 20, ndi malamulo osiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana ndi boma. Maboma ena anatenga njira zotseguka zotsegulira, kulola wovota aliyense wolembedwa kukhala ndi phande mosasamala kanthu za gulu, pamene ena anakonda kutsekedwa ndi maprimie olekedwa ku ziŵalo za gulu. The Retivement Era inayala maziko a dongosolo lamakono, koma imatenga zaka makumi angapo kuti zikhale njira yaikulu ya kusagwirizana ndi lamulo.
Wisconsin Princial: Chizindikiro cha Dziko
Wisconsin woyambirira wa 1903 sanali woyambirira komanso chitsanzo cha kusintha. Pansi pa La Follette, bungwe la boma linakhazikitsa lamulo lofuna kuti anthu asankhe mavoti awo mwa kuvota mmalo mwa msonkhano. Lamulolo linagwira ntchito ku boma lonse ndi maofesi a kumaloko, ngakhale kuti oyembekezera malamulo a ku United States sanaloŵetsedwe mpaka pambuyo pa Kukonzanso kwa Chilamulo kwa 17. Bungwe la Wisconsin linasonyeza kuti maprinsigalamu otsogolera angachepetse mphamvu ya makina a gulu ndi kuwonjezera kugawana nawo. Pazaka khumi. Pafupifupi boma lililonse ku Midwest ndi Western ndi West linatengera mtundu wina wa kutsogolo, ngakhale kuti kaŵirikaŵiri maboma akutsutsa, ochirikiza gulu lachipani chakunja la Aafirika omwe anachotsamo anthu a ku Africa.
Kusintha kwa Zaka za Zana la 20: Kukula kwa Zomangira
Pofika m'ma 1920 ndi 1930, mapulani anali ofala koma sanawasinthe. Mayiko ambiri anapitiriza kugwiritsa ntchito misonkhano kapena njira zogwiritsa ntchito ma projekti. Mabungwe a pulezidenti anapitirizabe kukhazikitsa mapulogalamu a pulezidenti. Otsatira a pulezidenti: oyembekezera kulowa m'mabungwe a msonkhano, ndi nthumwi zosankhidwa ndi makomiti a zipani za boma. Komabe, chapakati pa zaka za m'ma 20 panakhala kusintha kwapang'onopang'ono pamene mayiko ambiri ogwirizana ndi mapulogalamu a pulezidenti. Mu 1952 ndi 1960 masankho osankhidwa monga Dwight Eisenhoer ndi John F. Kennedy anagwiritsira ntchito kupambana kwakukulu kuti asonyezere chichirikizo ndi kutsendero ndi kulimbikitsa msonkhano.
Gulu la McGovern-Fraser Commission ndi la 1972 la Masinthidwe
Kusintha kwakukulu kunachitika pambuyo pa Msonkhano wa Democratic National Convention wa 1968, kumene otsutsa nkhondo anatsutsana ndi chipani ndi chipani ndi mminee adasankhidwa popanda voti yoyamba. Poyankha, Democratic Party inakhazikitsa [[FL:0] McGovern-Fraser Commission , yomwe inatulutsa malangizo ofunikira kutsimikizira kuti mapangano osankha ena anali otsegulidwa, oonetsedwa, ndi oimira. Masinthidwe a bungwelo anakhazikitsa motsimikizirika kuti maiko onse amene analola kutengamo mbali zazikulu, ndipo anafunikira kuti nthumwizo ziperekedwe molingana ndi zotsatira zazikulu. Masinthidwe ameneŵa anasintha kwambiri: 1968, 15 okha adakhala ndi nambala yofanana ndi 1972; Chipani cha Riphabliki chinatsatira, ngakhale kuti chikalata chofanana ndi chikalata chosinthasintha zinthu chinatsatira, chija chinatsatirapo.
McGovern-Fraser Commission inawonjezeranso ntchito ya akazi, ang'onoang'ono, ndi achichepere monga nthumwi, kuchirikiza kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa chipani. Kusintha kwa dongosolo la zinthu kunasintha njira yoika nyukiliya komanso kunali ndi zotsatira zosayembekezereka: zinakulitsa chikhoterero cha ndawala zazikulu, zinawonjezera chisonkhezero cha maiko oyambirira monga Iowa ndi New Hampshire, ndipo zinathandizira kukwera kwa ofunsira kusakhala a m'gulu amene anakhoza kumanga udzu.
Njira Yamakono Yoyambirira: Kumanga ndi Kusinthasintha
Lerolino, boma lirilonse limagwiritsira ntchito kaya kachipangizo koyambirira kapena kotsekera kusankha nthumwi za misonkhano ya dziko. Komabe, njirazo zimasiyana mofala, kupanga mpambo wa malamulo omwe angasokoneze osankha ndi ofuna kubatizidwa mofanana. Mitundu yofala ya mapringiting imaphatikizapo, kutseka, ndi kutsekedwa, iriyonse yokhala ndi ziyambukiro zosiyanasiyana za kugawana ndi kugwirizana kwa pagulu.
Mitundu ya Malamulo
- Atsegula Opaleshoni: Wovota aliyense wovomerezeka angatengemo mbali m'chipani chachikulu, mosasamala kanthu za gulu lawo. Ochirikiza akutsutsa zimenezi ndi kulimbikitsa kuvota kotsatira, pamene otsutsa akudandaula kuti kumalola kuukira kwa gulu limodzi.
- Otsekedwa: Osankha okha olembetsedwa ndi chipani angavote m'chigawo chachikulu. Ichi chimasunga umphumphu wa chipani ndi kutsimikizira kuti kokha osankha oloŵa m'dziko amasankha osankhidwawo, koma amachotsa osankha odziimira okha ndi osasankha, amene amapanga gawo lowonjezereka la osankhidwa.
- [[FLT: 0] SEMI- Otsekedwa: Ziŵalo za chipani zolembetsedwa ndi ovota osakhala a m'dziko angatengemo mbali, koma ziŵalo za magulu ena sizingachite. Zimenezi zimapanga kulinganiza mwa kulola mawu odziimira okha pamene zikuchepetsa kudutsana kwa magulu opikisana.
Kuwonjezera pa mitundu imeneyi, maboma ena amagwiritsira ntchito pamwamba-paŵiri princial , kumene ofunsira onse kuchokera ku zigawo zonse amawonekera pa chisankho chimodzi, ndi opanga aŵiri opita patsogolo kupita ku masankho a onse mosasamala kanthu za gulu. Washington ndi California atengera chitsanzo chimenechi, chomwe chakonzedwa kuchepetsa malo okhala ndi ofunsirawo ndi kukakamiza ofunsira kupyola pa maziko awo. Komabe, kufufuza kumasonyeza zotsatira zosiyana: owonjezereka aŵiri primenti angawonjezere oyenerera koma amatsekanso otsekera mawu a mbali zitatu za gulu ndi kuchepetsa kusankha kwa ovota m'sankho.
Kukhudza Kuloŵa M’gulu la Zopangapanga ndi Chipani Zolimba
Kukula kwa masankho aakulu kwawonjezera kugwirizana kwa ovota. M'mayiko ena, kubwerera kumbuyo kungafanane ndi masankho a anthu onse, ndipo ovota ali othekera kwambiri kumva kukhala ndi udindo pa makampani. 2008 ndi 2016 primerial adaona zolembedwa, zosonkhezeredwa ndi ofunsira apamwamba ndi mitu ya udzu yolinganiza. Oyendetsa anachititsanso magulu a ochirikiza ufulu ndi magulu achidwi, amene angasonkhetse anthu pa nkhani zapadera. Pambali ina, dongosolo lalikulu lathandiza kwambiri kugwirizanitsa zipani. Chifukwa chakuti oweruza aakuluwo ali opambanitsa kuposa osankhidwa apamwamba. Oweruza ambiri amapanganso zikondweretso ndi odzipereka kwambiri. . [1] Oyang'anira maphunziro ambiri amavomereza malo otchuka kwambiri kuti apambane, ndiyeno akulimbana kupambana pa chisankhoti chapamwamba.
Kukwera kwa mawindo opimira mu Chipani cha Democratic [1] Atsogoleri a chipani ndi osankhidwa amene ali omasuka kuchirikiza wobatizidwa aliyense . Owonjezeranso muyalo wina wa kucholoŵana. Opambanawo adalengedwa pambuyo pa kusankhidwa kwa 1980 kuti apereke mayeso pa mizu ya mapopulism, koma otsutsa amatsutsa mkhalidwe wa democracy wa kachitidwe ka. Mpikisano wa 2016 pakati pa Hillary Clinton ndi Bernie Sanders unagogomezera kupsinjika maganizo kumeneku, kutsogolera Chipani cha Democratic Republic kuti chichepetse ntchito ya magedemocrale mu 2020 mwa kuigoma kuti apeze zotsatira zazikulu.
Kunyamula Manda Atsogolo ndi Mkangano wa Kalenda
Chitokoso china chamakono ndicho kalendala ya primmial ndi kapus. Mayiko kaŵirikaŵiri amapikisana ndi kuchita mipikisano yoyambirira . Iowa ndi New Hampshire yakhala ndi malo oyamba m'dziko kwa zaka makumi ambiri, kuwapatsa mphamvu zambiri. Zimenezi zimasonkhezera “kukwera kwa nthaŵi ya kuchuluka kwa akazi, kukakamiza ofunsira kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri m'maboma oyambirira ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri kupanga makampani a patsogolo asanayambe kulemera. Democratic Party yakhala ikuyesa kusintha kalendale, kuphatikizapo 2020 kusintha kumene kunasintha kwambiri m'mayiko monga South Carolina ndi Nevada, koma kumenyana ndi kupitirizabe. Otsutsa kuti dongosolo lamakonoli likupatsa mavondale aang'ono, pamene maiko akale akuchoka ndi mphamvu pang’ono.
Mavuto ndi Kusuliza: Kupotoza, Kuponderezana, ndi Kutsutsana kwa Kusintha Zinthu
Mosasamala kanthu za lonjezo lake la democracy, dongosolo lalikululi limayang'anizana ndi kutsutsidwa kwakukulu. Suppection imakhalabe nkhani yosatha, yokhala ndi malamulo ofuna kuvota, kuchepetsa kuvota koyamba, kapena kutulutsa mipukutu yosonyeza kusanthula kochepa ndi kochepa. Zoletsa zimenezi zingasokoneze kutsendereza kwakukulu, makamaka m’maboma okhala ndi malamulo oletsa. Gerrydering
Mapangano awinn-all Ogaŵira ogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Republican primry angawonjezere mwamsanga kuchirikiza kumbuyo kwa gulu la othamanga, pamene malamulo a Democratic amafuna kulinganiza, kumene kumawonjezera mpikisano. Madongosolo aŵiriwo ali ndi ochirikiza, koma osuliza amawona kuti kupambana - zonse kungatsendereze mawu a anthu ochepa m'gulu. Kuwonjezerapo, chisonkhezero cha [[FLT:] ndalama m'matom'ndale n’zofunika kwambiri m'maseŵera, kumene Pruscents angawonongere ndalama zosamaliratu pa malingana ndi ena ake. [FLD:] Chigamulo cha United[FFF:]
Kusuliza kwina nchakuti oloŵa m'masukulu angafupe odziŵa ndawala ndi za phokoso za nyuzi za wailesi ndi wailesi, mmalo mwa aja okhala ndi chidziŵitso cha ulamuliro kapena okopa kwambiri. Opita ku masukulu 2022 anaona oyembekezera angapo ochirikizidwa ndi yemwe kale anali pulezidenti Donald Trump akupambana m’mipikisano koma kenaka nkulephera kusankha, akumadzutsa mafunso onena za mbali yaikulu ya dongosolo la zinthu m’kusankhidwa.
Kusintha Zinthu Komwe Kwachitika Posachedwapa ndi Malangizo Omwe Adzaperekedwera
Poyankha kuphophonyaku, masinthidwe angapo aperekedwa ndipo, m'zochitika zina, achitidwa. Kuvota kwachikale (RCV) kwapeza trakiti monga njira yochepetsera ndawala, kutsimikizira kuti ambiri achilikiza, ndi kuletsa ziyambukiro zowononga. Maine anakhala boma loyamba kugwiritsira ntchito RCV pa pulezidenti primential Primebration mu 2020, ndi Alaska anatengera mbali yaikulu yachina ndi RCV pa masankhoti ake onse. Ochirikiza RCV amakhulupirira kuti anthu ofufuza zinthu alimbikitse kumanga zikalata zowonjezereka ndi kuletsa zisonkhetso zosakaza. Komabe, kukonza zinthu kungakhale kokwera mtengo ndi kosokoneza kwa ojambula.
[[FLT: 0] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mapulo a anthu onsewo a ku South Carolina atengera njira yoyamba ndi Iowa ndi kuchotsa Iowa, ngakhale kuti zitokozo zalamulo ndi za ku Roma zikali.
Maiko ena ayesapo kuyesa ndi maimelo onse [1] kapena kufutukula kuvota kwakanthaŵi kuti awonjezere kutulukira. Mliri wa CHOVAD-19, maboma ambiri asinthidwa kutumiza makalata opangira ma station a Primpory, ndipo umboni umapereka lingaliro lakuti kuwonjezera kupezeka kwa munthu popanda kusokoneza chitetezo. Ena alingalira kulembetsa kovota [ kuti atsimikizire kuti nzika zonse zoyenerera zikhale ndi phande m'ma Primmage.
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Kumaliza: Chisinthiko Chomapitirizabe cha Chigwirizano cha Democratic Institution
Chisinthiko cha zisankho zazikulu ku United States chikusonyeza kuyesayesa kwa zaka mazana ambiri kwa kulinganiza ulamuliro wapamwamba ndi demokrase ya udzu. Kuyambira zipinda zodzaza ndi utsi za misonkhano yachigawo ku mipikisano yamakono yosiyana ndi yachisokonezo yachisawawa. Dongosolo lakhala losagawanika komanso locholoŵa komanso locholoŵa. M'Masinthidwe a McGovern-Fraser a m'ma 1970 anali nthaŵi yosokonezeka, koma sanathetse mikangano pakati pa kuimira ndi kusankhidwa, pakati pa gulu ndi kuyera kwa malingaliro. Pamene gulu la osankhidwa likuwonjezereka ndi kudziimira, ndipo dongosolo la zopangapangapanga zinthu sizikupitirizabe kusintha. Masinthidwe onga ngati masinthidwe osankhidwa, masinthidwe, ndi kuwonjezereka kwa njira zopita patsogolo, koma amafunikira kuti apitirize kuchirikiza mbiri yandale.