Maziko Oyambirira a Ufulu wa Nzika

Nkhondo yalamulo yomenyera ufulu wa anthu ku United States sinayambe ndi ma 1960. Malamulo ake anayamba kuyambika pa zolembedwa zoyamba ndi masiku oyambirira a republic. Malamulo, Bill of Rights, ndi Kukonzanso Kosintha zinthu pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni inakhazikitsa maziko a ufulu ndi kufanana, koma kumasulira malamulo amenewo kwa Khoti Lapamwamba sikunasinthe. Khotilo nthaŵi zina lalepheretsa kupita patsogolo ndipo panthaŵi zina linapangitsa dziko kunka patsogolo, ndipo linapanga chigamulo chake kukhala chosulira chotsutsa ufulu wa anthu kudzera mwa njira imeneyi yomvetsa ufulu wa anthu.

Chosankha cha A Scott Olemala (1857)

Nkhani zochepa m'mbiri ya ku America nzachipongwe kapena zaukapolo monga Dired Scott v. Sandford . Dred Scott, mwamuna waukapolo, anakhala ndi mbuye wake m’magawo aulere a Missouri, boma laukapolo. Iyeyu analimbana ndi ufulu wake, kutsutsana kuti malo ake okhala aulere anampangitsa kukhala munthu. Woweruza wamkulu Roger Tay, kulemba za anthu 7-2, anapereka lingaliro lowononga. Khotilo linakhulupirira kuti munthu aliyense wa mu Afirika, kaya akhale kapolo kapena waufulu, sakanalingaliridwa kukhala nzika ya United States ndipo chifukwa chake sanaikidwe m’khoti ya dziko. Taney analengezanso kuti ulamuliro wopanda ulamuliro wa ukapolo m’magawo aukapolo. [Jorbost] Ofective: [F]

Ferguson (1896)

Pambuyo pa kutha kwa chikonzero, maiko a Kum’mwera anakhazikitsa mpambo wa malamulo odziŵika monga Jim Crow amene anakhazikitsa lamulo la kusiyanitsa fuko. Mu 1892, Homer Plessy, mwamuna wosanganiza, anakwera dala galimoto ya sitima yapamtunda yoyera ku Louisiana kutsutsa Devition Car Act. Mlanduwuwu wotsatirana ndi Supreme Court, kumene Khoti Lopatulikitsa ufulu wa fuko pansi pa chiphunzitso cha [[FLT: 0] . Woweruza Henry Billings Brown, kaamba ka 7 1, anatsutsa kuti kuchepa kwa malo amodzi kulingana. Woweruza Harlan, m'modzi mwa anthu amphamvu, analengeza kuti " Unyinjiko, ndipo saali osadziŵa pakati pa nzika za anthu. [FF] "2]

Makonzedwe Okonzanso: Lonjezo Lachotsedwa

Kuti amvetsetse ufulu wa anthu, munthu ayenera kuyang'ana pa 131, 145, ndi 15th Amendments, zovomerezedwa pakati pa 1865 ndi 1870. Mpambo wa Hamirth wowonjezera unachotsa ukapolo. Mpando wa 1450 unatsimikizira ufulu waufulu wolingana, chitetezo cholingana pansi pa lamulo, ndi njira yoyenerera. Kusintha kwa 15 kuletsa kukana ufulu wosankha pa fuko. Kukonza kumeneku kunalingaliridwa kuti kupangira dongosolo latsopano la malamulo. Komabe, Khoti Lapamwamba linawamasulira mochepera. [[FLT:]] Mu [FLT: 0] Superse Caste- Nyumba Case (1873)) [[FLT] [FG])) yosagwirizana ndi ufulu wa mabomawo. Malamulowo sanaloledwe ufuluwo kukhazikitsa ufulu wa ufulu wa ufulu wa ku KGeneast. Mpandomu Yachipy [F]

Gulu la Pakati pa Mabungwe Omenyera Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni ndi Kugawidwa kwa Malamulo

Chapakati pa zaka za zana la 20 zinakhala ndi kuwonjezereka kwa kuchita zinthu zomenyera ufulu wa anthu zimene zinasintha kwambiri lamulo la America. NaACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, pansi pa utsogoleri wa Thirfaill Marshall, inapanga njira yalamulo yadala kuchotsa mbali imodzi mwapang'ono. Zoyesayesa zawo zinafika pa mpambo wa zipambano za Supreme Court zimene zinakantha pakati pa dongosolo la Jim Crow.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Nkhani ya ufulu wa anthu yotchuka kwambiri m'mbiri ya ku America ndi Brown v. Board of Educa of Topeka. Mlanduwo unakhazikitsa milandu isanu yotsutsa kusiyanitsa mafuko m’masukulu a anthu. M’chigamulo chimodzi cholembedwa ndi Mfumu Justice Earl Warren, Bwalo Lapamwamba linagwedeza [[FLT:] Plav. Ferguson, kulengeza kuti "masukulu za maphunziro sakugwirizana kwenikweni ndi . Khoti linadalira pa umboni wa sayansi wa anthu kusonyeza kuti kutaya ana mu Afirika amene anayambukiridwa ndi zolinga zawo kuphunzira. [FLT:] Brown. [vv:] [FFFLT] [FF:5] inali yosagwirizana ndi lamulo lalamulo lalamulo; iyo inangochotsedwa.

Gayle (1956): Legion Legacy of the Montgomery Bus Boycott

Rosa Parks ’ kukana kutaya mpando wake wabasi pa December 1, 1955, kunayambitsa Montgomery Bus Boycott. Komabe, chitokoso chalamulo chimene pomalizira pake chinatha kugawa mabasi ku Montgomery sichinali [[FLT: 0] Brown v. Board . koma mlandu wotchedwa [FLT] Browder v. Gayle . Courter, lovomerezedwa ndi Fred Gray, loyamkitsa wa Afirika, anabweretsedwa ndi akazi anayi amene adachitiridwa tsankhu pa mabasi. Mfuko wa anthu atatu a boma linalamulira kuti basi yosokoneza Amereka ya KGenea. Khoti lalikulu la Deuption, mu November 1956, Delcen, Decconson, Menyo, yemwe anakhazikitsanso mlandu wa Mfumu yachimonea, yosanja la Mont17.

Long vinio (1967): Kuyenera kwa Kukwatira

Pamene kuli kwakuti [[FLT: 0] adalankhula za kugaŵana kwa sukulu, , [FLT . Virginia . adatenga nkhani ya ukwati wa mafuko osiyanasiyana. Mu 1958, Richard Long, mwamuna woyera, ndi Mildred Jeter, mkazi wakuda, wokwatiwa ku Washington, DC., kuiwala Virginia ̱ Chikalata cha Ungwiro cha fuko. Atabwerera ku Virginia, anagwidwa ndi kuimbidwa mlandu. Woweruza wozengedwa mlanduwo analeka pamkhalidwe umene iwo anasiya boma ndipo sanabwerere kwa zaka 25. Mlandu wa Khoti Yaikulu, imene inathetsa malamulo onse oletsa ukwati. Chilungamo cha Malamulo china chinalemba kuti "kukwatira, kapena kukwatiwa kwa munthu wina, ndipo sangakhale ndi munthu mmodzi. [F] Mpando wa . [F]

Kuphwanya Malamulo ndi Tsankho la Ntchito

Bungwe lomenyera ufulu wa anthu linapanga zigawo ziŵiri za lamulo la boma: Chikalata cha ufulu wachibadwidwe cha 1964 ndi Chikalata cha Voting Rights Act cha 1965. Malamulo ameneŵa anali ndi zitokoso za mwamsanga, kulamula kuti khoti Lalikulu lifotokoze ndi kuchirikiza mbali yake. Khoti’ zigamulo m'nyengo ino zinalimbitsa boma la ’ mbali yokhazikitsa ufulu kuntchito, nyumba, ndi malo ogona anthu onse.

Mtima wa ku Atlanta Motel ndi United States (1964)

Sitepe II ya Chikalata cha Chilamulo cha Chisungiko cha Chisungiko cha 1964 inaletsa tsankho m'nyumba za anthu, monga mahotela, malesitilanti, ndi mabwalo a maseŵero. Mwini wa Mtima wa ku Atlanta Motel, amene anatumikira wogulitsa wachiyera, anatsutsa lamulo, akumanena kuti Congress adanyalanyaza ulamuliro wake mwa kuyang'anira malonda a anthu. Kusankhana kwa Aamereka ndi kuletsa malonda a ku Africa. United States [FLL:1], Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza kuti Theort II ndi likhale lamulo lovomerezeka la Congress Ù mphamvu yolamulira malonda a boma. Khoti linalingalira kuti tsankho m'makwanidwe ndi malonda oleredwa ndi anthu a ku America. Chigamulochigamulo chinatsimikizira kuti boma la Claus limapereka ufulu wa kusankhana ndi ufulu wa Chilamulo mu 1964.

Kusintha kwa zinthu kumasonyeza kuti munthu ali ndi mphamvu yoposa yapamwamba.

Pamene kuli kwakuti adalemba mawu omveka a ku Atlanta[FLT: 1] kuyesa kwambiri, Griggs v. Mkulu wa Atsogoleri Co. adayang'anira mtundu wa kukondera. Court, yolembedwa ndi Mfumu Woweruza Wachimuna, inakana mawu amenewo. Khoti linakhulupirira kuti ntchito zapasukulu zapamwamba ndi kupambana mayeso a luntha a nzeru. Ziyeso zopanda lamulo la Aafirika a ku African American Conf. Kampacts inatsutsa kuti sinafune kusiyanitsa. Khoti Lapamwamba, m'ka, m’malingaliro lachiganizo la Chilungamo chachikulu lolembedwa ndi Wolemba ntchito Wachikulu Wachimuna Wachibuliki, limawonekera ndi kutsimikizira kwa makampani ogwirizana ndi ntchito. [F] Malamulo owonjezera audindo owonjezera ntchitowo. [F]

Chann . Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971)

Pambuyo pa Brown v. Board[FLT: 1], magawo ambiri asukulu anatsutsa kugwirizana. Dokotala wa Charlotte-Mucklenburg anapitirizabe kugawidwa. Khoti la chigawo linalamula kuti lizigwiritsa ntchito makampani a mafuko. [Kumeneko:] Charlotte-Mucklenburg Board of Education , Khoti Lalikulu linachirikiza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mabasi, zigawo za fuko, ndi zida zina zopasula madongosolo a sukulu aŵiri. Chilungamo chachikulu cha Burger chinalemba kuti "kukwapula ndi chida chimodzi pakati pa ziŵiro zambiri za devrea. Chigamu cha judiary &17; mphamvu zopatuka zachipangika za lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la m'malamulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti chigawa cha chigawa cha chigawa cha chika cha chika cha . [F4] Fin, chigamu .

Kulimbana ndi Kusintha kwa Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni kwa Masiku Ano

Pamene dzikolo linaloŵa kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20 ndi kuchiyambi kwa zaka za 21, Bwalo Lalikulu̱ linasintha. Khotilo linakayikira kwambiri za ufulu wa anthu kuti livomereze, kuvota, ndi mankhwala ena osadziŵa mtundu. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, linakulitsa ufulu wa anthu m’madera monga LGBTQ+ ukulungika ndi ufulu wa anthu. Chotulukapo chake ndicho bungwe la malamulo lovuta ndi logawikana lomwe limaonetsa kutsutsana kosalekeza ponena za tanthauzo la kulingana. Kufufuzanso kwakukulu kwa Khoti̱ nthaŵi yomweyo, [FLT:] kuwonjezera ufulu wa anthu m'dziko m’madera monga LGBTQ. [FLT:]

Shelby County v. Mkulu wa asilikali (203): Kuchepetsa Lamulo la Kupereka Ufulu

Zigamulo zamakono zochepa zakhala ndi chivomerezo cha mwamsanga pa dziko monga [[FL:0] Selby County v. Hoder . Holer . Couting Rights Act ya 1965 inali ndi njira yofuna maboma ena ndi malo okhala ndi mbiri ya kukondera kuti apeze chivomerezo cha boma asanasinthe malamulo awo osankhira. Pa chosankha cha 5-4, Khoti Lali Lapamwamba linagamula njirayo, likutsutsa kuti inali yozikidwa pa chidziŵitso chakale ndi kuswa malamulo a boma. Woweruza John Roberts analemba kuti Anachitapo kanthu kuti lamulo la kugonjetsa malire oyambirira a kulowa m'dziko" koma kuti palibe njira inasonyezera mikhalidwe yamakono. Kulamulira kopambanako. M'maola kwa chigamulo, kuphatikizapo North America, ndi kugamula kwake kwa kuwonjezera chigamulo cha kumbuyo, kuwonjezera chigamulo cha kumbuyo kwa lamulo. [FF4] Countronymotion: [A]

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Kulingana kwa ukwati

Monga momwe [[FLT: 0] yochokera ku . Virginia inakhazikitsa kuyenera kwa kusiyanitsa mafuko, bergefell v. Hodges anakhazikitsa kuyenera kwa ukwati wa mwamuna ndi mkazi mmodzi. Nkhaniyo inakhazikitsa zitokoso zingapo kuletsa ukwati wa pakati pa anthu a mafuko osiyana. Pa chosankha cha 5-4, Khoti Lapamwamba linalamula kuti ufulu wa 14 umafunikira malamulo onse a kulola maukwati pakati pa anthu aŵiri a kugonana kofanana ndi kuvomereza maukwati mololedwa mololedwa mwalamulo m'mayiko ena. Oweruza a lua, kukhazikitsa chosankha cha mapangano aumwini, kuyanjana kwaumwini, ndi ulemu. Iye analemba kuti "Kuloŵa ufulu wa ufulu, ndi kutetezera kwa munthu woyenerera, ndi kutetezera kwa Classine, kungakhale kofanana. Oweruza, osakhala oyenerera kwa anthu ambiri, ndipo amalephera kuwonjezera ufulu wa ufulu wa ufulu wachipembedzo. [F]

Fulton ndi mzinda wa Philadelphia (2021)

Chidani pakati pa ufulu wa chipembedzo ndi kutsutsa chitetezero chinafika pamutu mu Fulton v. Mzinda wa Philadelphia [1]. Mzinda wa Philadelphia unaleka kutchula ana ochirikiza ku Mautumiki a Chikhalidwe cha Katolika (CSS) atapeza kuti CSS siingatsimikizire okwatirana a CS amodzi monga makolo olera. CSS sud, kutsutsa kuti mzinda wa ̱ kachitidwe koswa ufulu wa Free Clausce of the First Reformive. Khoti Lost CS inalamulira moyanjana ndi ufulu wa CS, koma zoweruza zogamugaŵa. Zoweruza zogamu zake zowonjezerekazo. Zomwe zinakhala ndi ufulu wa chisankho. [FFF1]: "Unipective, kuwonjezera chigamu cha m'mbuyomu za kutsutsa chisankhoti cha m'make. [5]

Ophunzira za Fair Adgingss kutsutsana ndi Harvard (2023): Mapeto a Kachitidwe Kolimbitsa Mtima

Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, Supreme Court inachirikiza kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa fuko koleji monga chochititsa chimodzi kuchirikiza kusiyanasiyana. Ziphunzitso za Fair Adjussings v. Harvard ndi mlandu wachiŵiri wokhudza Yunivesite ya North Carolina, Bwalo la Bwalo lamilandu linalamulira zigamulo zimenezo. Pa chosankha 6-3, ambiri odziŵa bwino anatsutsa kuti maprogramu a Chitetezo cha Umboni wa Ufulumo. Woweruza Wamkulu Roberts analemba kuti "kuchotsa tsankho la fuko kutanthauza kuchotsa zonse," ndi kuti maprogramu a kuvomereza kuyenera kukhala khungu. Chigamulo cha kuvomereza mchitidwe cha maphunziro olakika chimene chinakhalako kuchokera ku [FF:2] Retgens Ret Ret Requences University of . [4] Magazine akuchititsa kufalikira kwa chivomezirediso. [ma ambiri a projeti yosatsuko]

Mgwirizano wa Ufulu wa Nzika

Chisinthiko cha ufulu wa anthu mu United States sindicho nkhani ya kuchuluka kwa zoyesayesa za kuyesayesa. Ndi nkhani ya kulimbana, kulephera, ndi kupambana kwa kamodzi. Khoti Lapamwamba nthaŵi zina lakhala mphamvu ya chilungamo, monga mu [[FLT: 0] Brown v. Board [ ndi [FLT] [FLT] [ndi] [FLT] [a] [amodzi] ndi [FLT] [amodzi] [amodzi] [a] [aŵiri] [a] [akulu] [akulu] [amene amachitira chipongwe [amodzi]. [akulu adziko] [amodzi] [amene amalephera kuchirikiza ufulu wambiri, ndipo amalephera kugonjetsa. [FLT]. . Khoti silimagwiritsa ntchito m'kawo; monga momwe [akali m'zo za za za za m'dziko lakulimbana ndi kuvutikira kwa anthu andale].