Chiyambi cha Pangano Labwino Lachisanu

Chikalata cha Good Lachisanu Agreement cha 10 April 1998 chili chimodzi cha zipambano zazikulu kwambiri m'mbiri yamakono ya Yuropu. Chinathetsa zaka makumi atatu za nkhondo yachiwawa ku Northern Ireland yodziŵika monga Mavuto, ndipo chinakonzanso unansi pakati pa Ireland ndi United Kingdom. Chipanganocho sichinali kupambana kwa mwadzidzidzi koma kutha kwa zaka za kukambirana kochititsa chidwi, nkhani zachinsinsi, ndi kulimba mtima kwa ndale zadziko kumbali zonse. Chinalankhula za magaŵano aakulu a Unists, amene akufuna kuti Northern Ireland akhalebe mbali ya UK, ndi Nationalist , amene akufunafuna mtendere wa Ireland. Mwa kukhazikitsa ulamuliro wa mphamvu, ufulu wa anthu, ndi mgwirizano wa mtanda, chivomerezo chinapanga mtendere umene wavuta, kuphatikizapo kusokonezeka kwa nyengo, Brum ndi kukambirana kwake.

Nkhondo ku Northern Ireland inayambika m'kugaŵanidwa kwa Ireland mu 1921, kumene kunasiya Chiprotesitanti chachiphamaso chachikulu kumpoto ndi kutsata gulu la Akatolika a National. Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, chitaganya cha Akatolika chinayang'anizana ndi tsankho la dongosolo m'nyumba, ntchito, ndi ufulu wosankha. Chisalungamo chimenechi chinasonkhezera kubuka kwa gulu la ufulu wachibadwidwe mu 1960, chimene chinayang'anizana ndi chitsutso chachiwawa kuchokera ku magulu a okhulupirika ndi magulu a chisungiko. Mkhalidwewo unakula kukhala nkhondo yokhudzana ndi Irish Republican Army (IRA), Komiti ya Usilikali, ndi Nkhondo ya Britain. Pofika 1990, anthu oposa 3,500, adaphedwa ndi kuvulazidwa zikwi zambiri. Nkhondoyo inawonongekanso pakati pa maboma a Dublin ndi London, ndi Ireland, ndi kutsutsana kwa Britain kopekana kwa chipani cha chipani cha dziko la Ireland ndi ku Ireland ndi kuwonana kwa chisurishi.

Njira yopita ku Chipangano Chabwino Lachisanu inakonzedwa ndi zochitika zazikulu zingapo. Chipangano cha Anglo-Irish cha 1985 chinapereka ntchito yofunsira boma la Ireland ku Northern Ireland, kukwiyitsa Mabungwe koma kukhazikitsa njira yalamulo pakati pa boma la Britain ndi IRA, komanso kugwirizanitsa pakati pa Social Democratic ndi Labourt Party (SDLP) ndi Sin Féin, kumangidwa chikhulupiriro. Kuleka kwa 1994 kwa moto ndi IRA ndi SSiveism jarist kunachititsa windo la kukambitsirana kwa ndale. Kutsogolera kwa Sunator George Mitchell, nkhani zambiri kunayamba mu 1996 ndipo pomalizira pake kukhazikitsa pangano. Chipanganocho chinavomerezedwa ndi anthu onse aŵiri ku Northern Ireland ndi Ireland mu 1999, ndi kugalamu ya kumbuyo kwa zaka 227 ndi kumbuyo kwa kumbuyo kwa chaka chakumwe ndi kutha kwa chaka chakutha kwa 1998.

Makonzedwe a Upanganowo

Chikalata cha Good Lachisanu Agreement ndi chovuta kwambiri kulinganiza malamulo a kudzisankhira, kuvomereza, kufanana, ndi ufulu wa anthu. Zingwe zake zitatu zazikulu zimakambirana za kugwirizana kwa Northern Ireland, pakati pa Northern Ireland ndi Republic of Ireland, ndi pakati pa Ireland ndi United Kingdom. Mbali zazikulu za dzikoli zikuphatikizapo:

  • Umodzi: Msonkhano wa Northern Ireland ndi Wolamulira -A develoted permission Office adapangidwa, ndi mipando yoikidwiratu kwa maIanism ndi Nationalist . Zosankha zofunika zimafuna chichirikizo chopinganira, kutsimikizira kuti palibe mbali iliyonse imene ingalamulire.
  • Yachiŵiri: Msonkhano Wautumiki Wakumpoto ndi Kummwera [1] [1] - Thungweli limasonkhanitsa atumiki kuchokera ku Msonkhano wa Northern Ireland ndi boma la Ireland kuti agwirizane pa nkhani za chidwi cha wina ndi mnzake, monga ulimi, zoyendera, ndi zokopa. Imagwirizanitsa kudutsa malire.
  • Yachitatu: British-Irish Council [FLT :1] – A forum ya maboma a Britain ndi Irish, limodzinso ndi maulamuliro ochotsapo maufumu ku Scotland, Wales, ndi Northern Ireland, kukambitsirana mavuto. Kuimira mzimu watsopano wa kugwirizana.
  • Kuzindikira za MPhindu -''panganolo limavomereza kuyenera kwa anthu ku Northern Ireland kutchedwa Britishi, Irish, kapena zonse ziŵiri. Imanenanso kuti malamulo a ku Northern Ireland angasinthe kokha ngati anthu ake avomereza.
  • Ufulu wa anthu ndi kufanana [[FLT :1] – A Bill of Rights for Northern Ireland inalingaliridwa, ndipo UK inaphatikiza pangano la European Convention on Human Rights m’lamulo lapanyumba. Bungwe la Kulingana kwa Malo ndi la Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission linakhazikitsidwa.
  • Kutulutsa zida – magulu ankhondo anadzipereka ku kuchotsa kotheratu zida zawo, njira yoyang'anira ndi bungwe lodziimira. Iyi inali nkhani yovuta kwambiri, koma inafikiridwa potsirizira pake.
  • Kusintha kwa Prolize [1] – The Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) kunaloŵedwa mmalo ndi apolisi Service ya Northern Ireland (PSNI), ndi njira zowonjezera kuimira kwa Akatolika ndi kumanga chikhulupiriro cha anthu.
  • Kusoŵetsa mtendere kwa akaidi – Pansi pa pangano, akaidi ogwirizana ndi magulu ankhondo omwe analeka kutentha moto anamasulidwa mwamsanga, njira yotsutsana koma yofunika yolimbitsira chidaliro.

Panganolo linakhazikitsanso njira zochitira ndi choloŵa cha m'mbuyo, kuphatikizapo kupangidwa kwa Commission for the Lource of Tribues and Historical Enquies Team kupenda kupha kosathetsedwa. Makonzedwe ameneŵa adakonzedwa kupereka chowonadi ndi chilungamo pamene akupeŵa kuchotsedwa kwa dongosolo la mtendere.

Kusintha Unansi Wachiairishi ndi Wachikale

Chikalata cha Good Lachisanu Agreement chinasintha kugwirizana pakati pa Ireland ndi United Kingdom kuchokera pa umodzi wokayikirana ndi kudana kwa nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi kukhala mgwirizano wogwirizana wozikidwa pa kulemekezana ndi kuyanjana. Pasanafike 1998, boma la Ireland linapempha kuti dziko la Ireland likhale logwirizana ndi losuliza lamulo la Britain ku North. Boma la Britain, linaona utundu wa dziko la Ireland kukhala woopsa kwambiri. Chipanganocho chinasintha mphamvu imeneyi mwa kuchotsa malirewo monga potsutsana. Maboma onsewa anakhala ogwirizana ndi dongosolo la mtendere, ndipo anagwira ntchito pamodzi mu Confterernernern ndi North- South Audial Council.

Chipanganocho chinakhudzanso kwambiri chilumba cha Ireland. Kuchotsedwa kwa malo ofufuzira chitetezo kumalire a malire kunathetsa mavuto ndi mavuto kwa anthu okhala pafupi ndi malire. Malonda ndi maulendo pakati pa North ndi South anawonjezeka kwambiri. Chuma cha dziko lonse chinakula kwambiri, makampani akuyendetsa malire. Kugwirizana kumeneku kunachititsa kuti mayiko a Ireland agwirizane kwambiri. Unansi wa maboma a Britain ndi Ireland unayamba kugwirizana kwambiri moti anayamba kutsatira malamulo okhudzana pankhani zaumoyo, ndipo anagwirizana ndi atsogoleri a mayiko osiyanasiyana.

Mu 2014, Mfumukazi Elizabeth II inapita ku Republic of Ireland, yoyamba ndi mfumu ya Britain m’zaka 100, kusonyeza kuchuluka kwa mayanjano. Mofananamo, mapresidenti a Ireland anafika ku UK nthaŵi zambiri, kuphatikizapo ku nyumba ya malamulo ya Britain mu 2022. Mapangano amenewa akanakhala osatheka pasanafike Chipangano Chabwino cha Lachisanu.

Chigwirizano chinasonkhezeranso madera ena ndi mikangano kuzungulira dziko. Chinatchulidwa kukhala chitsanzo cha machitidwe a mtendere ku Basque Country, South Africa, Sri Lanka, ndi mbali za Middle East. Malamulo a mphamvu, chivomerezo, ndi kutsagana kwa m'mbali zina zinakhala zitsogozo zothetsera nkhondo zachiŵeniŵeni ndi mikangano ya mafuko. Pamene kuli kwakuti mkhalidwe uliwonse uli wapadera, Good Wear Ad Reverence Servement inasonyeza kuti ngakhale mikangano yosatha kutha kuthetsedwa mwa chifuniro, kukambitsirana kwa ndale, ndi kudzipereka ku zoyenera za anthu.

Mavuto ndi Mthunzi wa Brexit

Mosasamala kanthu za zipambano zake zambiri, Chipangano Chabwino cha Lachisanu chayang'anizana ndi ziyeso zazikulu. Mabungwe ochotsapo zigaŵenga ku Northern Ireland alenjedwa nthaŵi zingapo chifukwa cha kusagwirizana kwa ndale zadziko, makamaka chifukwa cha nkhani ya kuchotsa zida zankhondo ndipo, pambuyo pake, pa kuchitiridwa kwa chinenero cha Ireland ndi choloŵa cha Mavuto. Chigwirizano cha mgwirizano wa chigwirizano cha anthu chalingalira kuti chipindulitsa kwambiri atsamunda, pamene ochirikiza dzikolo awona malonjezo ena, onga ngati Irish Language Act , sakwaniritsidwa. Zokhumudwitsa zimenezi zachititsa kusakhazikika kwa nthaŵi ndi Msonkhano wa ku Northern Ireland kwa zaka zambiri.

Chitokoso chachikulu kwambiri ku pangano la Good Lachisanu Country, chinachokera ku United Kingdom kuti achoke ku European Union ku 2016 . Chipangano chinakhazikitsidwa pa malire otseguka pakati pa Northern Ireland ndi Republic of Ireland, monga momwe zinalili ndi mamembala a EU. Brexit anaopseza kuti adzayambitsanso malire ovuta, omwe akanasokoneza mtendere ndi kusokoneza chuma chonse cha mayiko. Kukambiranako kunatsogolera Northern Ireland Protocol , kumene kunakhazikitsa malamulo a ku Northern Ireland ndi EURLAND omwe anagwirizana ndi msika umodzi wa zinthu, kuyambitsa ku malire a ku Ireland. Makonzedwewa anali otsutsana kwambiri ndi anthu a Union, omwe ananena kuti ku Northern Ireland kunalibe malo a UK.

Kulephera kwa ndale zadziko kuchokera ku chigwirizano chinali chowopsa. Chipani cha Democratic Union (Dup) chinachoka pa mkulu wa mphamvu mu February 2022, kutsogolera ku kugwa kwa Msonkhano. Kwa zaka ziŵiri, Northern Ireland analibe boma lopatuka. UK ndi EU pomalizira pake anavomerezana pa Windsora Frames ntchito mu February 2023, imene cholinga chake chinali kuchepetsa kutsutsana ndi kupereka msonkhano wa Northern Ireland chinenedwe chachikulu pa malamulo a EU. Mabungwewo anavomerezedwa ndi magulu ambiri a pro-avreement , koma DEUP inabwerera ku mphamvu ya mphamvu m'ma 2024 pambuyo popanga chiombolo chowonjezereka. Chochitikachi chinasonyeza kuti Lachisanu, pamene kuli kufalikira kwa ndalensi, chingakhale chochititsa kusokoneze kwambiri ndi ndale zadziko.

Nkhani zina zimene zikupitirizabe zikuphatikizapo kuchita ndi choloŵa cha Tsoka. Chipangano cha boma la UK Lacy Act (2023) — chimene chimapereka chitetezo kwa awo amene amagwirizana ndi bungwe latsopano lofufuza — chatsutsidwa ndi magulu a ufulu wa anthu ndi boma la Ireland, amene amatsutsa malingaliro a Chipangano Chabwino pa Lachisanu. Chipangano cha njira yopezeranso choonadi chokwanira sichikukwaniritsidwa. Ntchito ya asilikali, ngakhale kuti yachepetsedwa kwambiri, yapitirizabebe m’madera ena, ndipo magulu a zigaŵenga za mayiko otsutsa achitapo kamodzikamodzi.

Choloŵa Chokhalitsa ndi Ziyembekezo Zamtsogolo

Ngakhale kuti pali mavuto amenewa, Mapangano Abwino a Lachisanu adakali maziko a mtendere ndi kugwirizana ku Northern Ireland ndi pakati pa Ireland ndi United Kingdom. Athandiza mbadwo kukula popanda chiwopsezo cha chiwawa. Kusintha kwa zachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha Northern Ireland kwakhala kodabwitsa: Belfast yakhala mzinda wotukuka, kukopa alendo kwachuluka, ndipo kuikizira zinthu zamkati kwawonjezeka. Mzinda wa Derry / Londonderry, panthaŵi imodzi, tsopano ukusunga mphotho ya dziko lonse yotchuka ya Mpando wa UK City of Culture. Mtendere waloledwa kaamba ka moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku lomwe unali wosayembekezereka mu 1970 ndi 1980.

Malamulo a panganolo akupitirizabe kutsogolera nkhani zandale ndi kakonzedwe ka zigwirizano. Chitsanzo cha mphamvu zosamalira, ngakhale kuti sichangwiro, chakhala maziko ovomerezeka a ulamuliro. Msonkhano wa Kumpoto ndi Kummwera watumikira wachitika nthaŵi zonse, ngakhale panthaŵi imene msonkhano sunkagwira ntchito, kutsimikizira kuti mgwirizano wa m'mzera wa malire ukupitirizabe. British-Irish Internorgational Conference imapereka njira yosatha yoyang'anira unansi wa anthu. Boma la Ireland lasungabe kudzipereka kwake ku mfundo ya kuvomereza mfundo ya kuvomereza, kutsimikizira kuti kusintha kulikonse kwa lamulo la ku Northern Ireland kuyenera kuvomerezedwa ndi unyinji wa ojambula m'zisumbu zonse ziŵiri.

Kuyang'ana kutsogolo, unansi pakati pa Ireland ndi United Kingdom uli wothekera kukhalabe pafupi koma ungakhale ndi ziyeso zatsopano. Kusintha kwaposachedwapa kwa boma la UK kukakhala kaimidwe kauchete ku Northern Ireland, ndi kugwirizana kwake kowonjezereka kwa malonda ndi maiko a EU, kungayambitse mikangano ndi ziŵalo za Ireland. Komabe, maboma aŵiriwo asonyeza kukhoza kwapadera kwa kuthetsa kusamvana, monga momwe kwasonyezedwera ndi Windsor Frame. Cholinga chimodzi cha kusungitsa mtendere ndi kulemera ku Northern Ireland chimapereka chisonkhezero champhamvu cha kupitirizabe kwa kugwirizana.

Chisonkhezero cha Good Wear Agreement chikufika kutali kwambiri ku chisumbu cha Ireland. Chimatchulidwa kaŵirikaŵiri kukhala chitsanzo chachipambano cha chigamulo cha nkhondo, makamaka m'zitaganya zogaŵanika kwambiri. Malamulo a kugwirizanitsa kophatikizapo, mphamvu, kutetezera ufulu wa anthu, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito ma apendulo kutsimikizira chivomerezo, tsopano amaonedwa kukhala ziŵiya zofunika kwambiri zopangira mtendere. Chipanganocho chinakhazikitsanso chitsanzo cha kuloŵetsedwa kwa nkhoswe za kunja, monga United States, kuthetsa mikangano yapakati. US unachita mbali yofunika kwambiri m'kachitidwe kamtendere, ndipo pangano lake lopitirizabe ku Invoy ku Northern Ireland lakhala lamtengo wapatali.

Pomaliza, Chipangano Chabwino cha Lachisanu sichinali chabe pangano la mtendere. Chinali chikalata cha m’masomphenya chimene chinayambitsanso kugwirizana pakati pa Ireland ndi United Kingdom, kusintha malo okhala ndi anthu apafupi kukhala ogwirizana. Chinapereka njira ya a Unionism ndi Nationalist kuti agaŵane mphamvu ndi kulemekezana. Chinayambitsanso mtendere wosatha umene, ngakhale kuti panali mavuto amwadzidzidzi, wakhalapo pa zaka zoposa 250,000 za m'ma 1900. Chipanganochi chimaonedwa osati m’misewu yatsopano, m’masukulu, ndi m’zipatala zomangidwa kudutsa Northern Ireland, koma m’mapaki amene ana ake anali malo ankhondo. Pamene dziko lapansi likupitiriza kulimbana ndi mikangano ndi kugaŵana, Chipangano chabwino chimakhalabe champhamvu kuti chikhale chikathere nkhondo ya nkhondo.

[[ML:0] Kugwirizanitsa:[[ML:1]