Mawu oyamba a bungwe la United States Constitution ndi mawu achidule amene amandandalika zifuno zazikulu ndi mapulinsipulo otsogolera a chikalatacho. Chimayamba ndi mawu otchuka, " Ife Anthu," [1] tikugogomezera ntchito ya nzika m'kukhazikitsa boma. Malemba ameneŵa ayamba kukhala ndi chisonkhezero chachikulu pa chikhalidwe cha Amereka ndi nzeru zandale, kukonza njira ya kulamulira ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha. Ngakhale kuti mawu 52 okha ndi amene amachititsa kuyesa kwa ku America ndipo akupitiriza kutumikira monga chomasulira cha malamulo, malamulo a boma, mikangano, ndi chizindikiritso cha anthu.

Nkhani Zake ndi Zosinthasintha Zomwe Zinayambitsa

Convention ya Constitution ya 1787 inasonkhana ku Philadelphia kuti ikambirane ndi zofooka za Nkhani za Confederation . Mafream, kuphatikizapo James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, ndi George Washington, anafunafuna kukhazikitsa boma logwira mtima kwambiri la dziko posunga malamulo a republic. Pregetagery inalembedwa ndi Gouverneur Morris, amene anatumikira pa Komiti ya Tream and Programme . Mawu ake [FLT: 0]" Ife People" [FLT: 1] mwadala anasintha mapangano a boma omwe anandandandandandal', kusonyeza kusinthika kuchoka ku bungwe la boma logwirizana logwirizana ndi boma lochokera kwa nzika za nzikazo.

Chosankhachi chinasonyeza chisonkhezero cha olingalira a Kutseguka kwa Chidziŵitso onga John Locke, amene anatsutsa kuti boma lovomerezeka limakhala pa chivomerezo cha olamulidwa, ndi Montesquieu, amene anagogomezera kupatukana kwa maulamuliro. Mafaramenti anachokeranso ku nthanthi ya mayanjano ya Jean-Jacques Rousseau, ngakhale kuti anaichepetsa ndi nkhaŵa zopindulitsa za kukhazikika ndi dongosolo. Motero maufumuwo anawonekera monga mlawu wa kusinthika kwa 1776 ndi maziko a Malamulo. Samapatsa mphamvu zilizonse . Iwo samatchula m'nkhani zotsatirapo. Koma mmalo mwake amatchula [FLT:] zolinga za [FLT:]

Kaamba ka mbiri yojambula, [[FLT :] National Archive [[FLT: 1] imapereka malembo oyambirira ndi manotsi. Likulu la Malamulo a Dziko [[FLT: 3] limaperekanso ndemanga zothandizira kuchokera kwa akatswiri.

Zonulirapo Zisanu ndi Chimodzi: Kupenda Kolongosoka

Chiyambi cha nkhaniyi chikusonyeza zolinga zisanu ndi chimodzi zazikulu, chimodzi chikuimira cholinga cha maziko a dziko latsopanolo. zolinga zimenezi sizingatsatiridwe mwalamulo koma zimagwira ntchito monga zothandizira kumasulira zolinga zazikulu za Malamulo.

Khalani ndi Mgwirizano Wabwino Kwambiri

Chiganizo chimenechi chinavomereza mwachindunji kugaŵanika pansi pa Zigawo za Confederation . Maframers anafunafuna kukhazikitsa boma lamphamvu la dziko limene lingagonjetse kupikisana kwa mayiko, kugwirizanitsa mfundo zachuma, ndi kukhazikitsa kutsogolo kogwirizana pa nkhani zachilendo. Mawu angwiro kwambiri" anavomereza kuti mgwirizanowo sunali wopanda chisokonezo koma unali wokhoza kuwongolerera mwa malamulo a boma. Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, cholinga chimenechi chakhala chikugwiritsidwa ntchito kulungamitsa ulamuliro wa boma, malamulo a zamalonda a m'boma, ndi kugwirizanitsa maboma mwa kulowa m'dziko ndi kumanganso.

Kukhazikitsa Chilungamo

Chilungamo mu Pregedge chikutanthauza mabungwe alamulo olungama ndi opanda tsankho. Mafulensi a cholinga choloŵa mmalo mwa ulamuliro wodziimira wa atsamunda ndi dongosolo la malamulo amene amagwira ntchito mofanana kwa nzika zonse. Cholinga chimenechi chinatsogolera ku kupangidwa kwa jaji yodziimira, kuzenga mlandu ndi ajuli, ndi ziletso za malamulo a pambuyo pake za kulowa m'malamulo ndi mafaindi a wolandira. Kulondola chilungamo kwachititsa zigamu za Supreme Court pa zoyenera za anthu, njira zaupandu, ndi chitetezo chofanana. Chilungamo cha chiweruzo cha boma chimakhalabe nkhaŵa yaikulu m'nkhanizo za pambuyo pa mapangano a chiweruzo, kuweruza, kuweruza, ndi kupezeka kwa oimira lamulo.

Kuthetsa Vuto la Kubereka

Mtendere wa m’banja unatanthauza kuletsa mavuto a m’kati ndi zigaŵenga. Shays’s Region (1786-171787) adasonyeza kufooka kwa Nkhanizo posungitsa dongosolo. Malamulo analamulira boma kuti litsendereze zigaŵenga, kuitanira asilikali, ndi kutsimikizira boma lililonse kukhala mtundu wa boma. Lerolino, cholinga chimenechi chimapereka ulamuliro wa boma m’madera onga ngati kuyankha tsoka, kukhazikitsa malamulo, ndi kusungitsa dziko. Chimauzanso malire a ufulu wa boma mkati mwa chipwirikiti cha boma.

Adzitetezereni

Chikalata chofala chodzitetezera chimatchula za chitetezo cha dziko pa ziwopsezo zachilendo. Commission imapatsa bungwe la Congress mphamvu yokhazikitsa magulu ankhondo, kusamalira asilikali a pamadzi, ndi kuyambitsa nkhondo. Zida zotetezera monga thayo la boma, osati losiyira ku maboma amodzi. Pazaka mazana ambiri, cholinga chimenechi chatchulidwa kuchirikiza madongosolo ankhondo a mtendere, kupangidwa kwa Dipatimenti ya zachitetezo, ndi ulamuliro wa pulezidenti pa nkhani za maiko ena.

Kulimbikitsa Moyo Wabwino

Chiganizo chachisawawa cha zaumoyo chakhala chimodzi cha mawu otsutsa kwambiri pomasulira kosiginalamu. M'mawu apamwamba, chimakhazikitsa chonulirapo chachikulu cha kulakalaka; pambuyo pake, Chigawo 8, chimapatsa Congress mphamvu ya msonkho ndi kuwonongera ubwino wa onse. Nkhani ya kaya ngati zimenezi zilola maprogramu a boma ambiri (m’jere, Social Security, Medicare, maziko) kapena zolinga zochepa zaumba nkhani za ndale zadziko za ku America kwa zaka mazana aŵiri. Pregeary’s porces of faces of aungwerance [FLD:1] imalimbikitsa lingaliro la boma kukhala lochirikiza kwambiri ubwino wa nzika zake.

Sungani Madalitso a Ufulu Wathu kwa Ife Tokha ndi Chidziŵitso Chathu

Chikalata chimenechi chimagwirizana ndi malamulo otetezera ufulu, osati kokha kaamba ka mbadwo wamakono komanso wa mtsogolo. Chimasonyeza chikhulupiriro cha otsalira kuti ufulu wofunikira chitetezo cha magulu: kulekana kwa maulamuliro, kupenda ndi kulinganiza, habeas corpus, ndi kutetezera ku kufunafuna kosalingalira. Mawu [[FLT: 0]" chipanduko" amagwirizanitsa Konsichushoni ndi mbali ya chibadwa, akumapereka lingaliro lakuti kapangidwe ka chikalatacho kayenera kukhala ndi moyo.

Chiyambukiro pa Filosofi ya ku America

Chiyambukiro chachikulu cha Pregedge pa nthanthi ya anthu chiri m'mawu ake oyamba: Ife Anthu . Mawuwa anakhazikitsa uchifumu wofala monga maziko a ulamuliro wa Amereka . lingaliro lakuti ulamuliro wa ndale zadziko umachokera ku nzika, osati kwa mafumu kapena atsogoleri. Malamulo ameneŵa anasintha unansi pakati pa anthu ndi boma, kulimbikitsa chikhalidwe cha kugawana ndi kuyang'anirana ndi thayo.

Ulamuliro Wachisawawa ndi Umodzi wa Anthu

Mwa kulengeza kuti Konsichushoni imaikidwa ndi kukhazikitsidwa ndi "Ife Anthu," Aforamers adalandira poyera chiphunzitso cha mayanjano a anthu. Nzika zimavomereza kulamulidwa posinthanitsa ndi ufulu wawo ndi kupititsa patsogolo zikondwerero zawo. Lingaliro limeneli linayambitsa mwambo wa ku America wa demokrase yapadera, kuphatikizapo kuvota, utumiki wa ajuli, ndi pangano la boma. Linalungamitsanso Bill of Rights, imene imatchula chitetezo chachindunji kwa boma. Lingaliro lakuti nzika ndi magwero aakulu a ulamuliro lagonana ndi magulu a akazi, ufulu wa anthu, ndi ufulu wosankha.

Maphunziro a Mitengo ndi Kudziŵika kwa Dziko

Chiyambi cha Chingelezi ndi chimodzi cha malemba oyambirira amene anaphunzitsidwa kwa ana a sukulu a ku America. Kukumbukira kwake ndi kubwereza mawu kwakhala mwambo wa boma, kulimbikitsa kumvetsetsa kofanana kwa cholinga cha dziko. Maphunziro a Civic kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito mawu oyamba kuyambitsa malingaliro a boma, chilungamo, ndi ufulu. Magulu onga Bill of Rights Institute [ aphatikizapo kutsegulira magwero a kuphunzitsa malamulo alamulo. Maphunziro ameneŵa athandiza kuchirikiza chinenero chachisawawa cha anthu onse m’mibadwo ndi m’magawa a ndale.

Kucheza ndi Anthu Ndiponso Kuyamba kwa Malo

M'mbiri yonse ya Amereka, okonzanso zachipembedzo asonkhezera malonjezo a Pregages a kuchirikiza kusintha. Ochirikiza Chipulumutso anatsutsa kuti ukapolo unatsutsana ndi zolinga za kukhazikitsa chilungamo ndi kusungitsa ufulu. Makalata adapemphedwa "Ife Anthu" kupempha kuphatikizidwa kotheratu m'chitaganya cha ndale zadziko. Chivomezi cha Chisungiko cha Zoyenerera za 1950 ndi 1960 chinagwiritsira ntchito chinenero cha Pregageing kufunafuna chilungamo ndi ubwino wa onse a nzika. Posachedwapa, ochirikiza chilungamo cha zachuma, kachitidwe kakhalidwe ka zinthu, ndi kusintha kwa anthu a kampani yatchula Pregever kuti chikatumikire ubwino wofanana.

Chiyambukiro pa Filosofi Yandale ya ku America

Chiyambi cha nkhani za ndale chinasonkhezera nthanthi zandale mwakulongosola cholinga cha boma monga kutumikira zosoŵa za anthu ndi kutetezera zoyenera zawo.

Chilungamo ndi Ufulu Monga Malamulo Amakhalidwe Abwino

Chikalata cha kukhazikitsa malamulo ochirikiza ufulu wa munthu mmodzi. Malamulo ameneŵa ndi ofunika kwambiri ku Aamereka ozindikira bwino. Malingaliro a Khoti Lalikulu nthaŵi zambiri amatchula mawu akuti kutseguka kwa ufulu wodziimira paokha [1] mwa kungoyambira kwa anthu ayamba kulimbikitsa malamulo amene amalimbikitsa ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha. Mwachitsanzo, Khoti lalo latchula za kutha kwa ulamuliro wa boma la America, ufulu wa anthu, ndi udindo wa dziko. Chilungamo cha chilungamo chakhudzanso kuyambika kwa njira yodzitetezera yoyenerera ndi yofanana pansi pa 149.

Chitukuko Chachikulu ndi Mbali ya Boma

Mawu akuti "Kugwirizanitsa ubwino wa onse" akhala otchuka m'mikangano ya ndale zadziko. Awo oyanja boma lokhala ndi ufulu wa anthu aunyinji sadafuna kuvomereza maprogramu a zachikhalidwe autali; amatchula maulamuliro otchulidwa m'Chigawo I monga zoletsa. Ena amatsutsa kuti chinenero cha Pregedge, , chophatikizapo kufunikira ndi Kuyenera kwa Claus, chimalola Nyumba ya Malamulo kuti izilankhula ndi zosoŵa za dziko. Kulimbana kumeneku kumayambitsa mikangano pa New Fareal, Great Society, Afford Careal Act, ndi mikangano yapanthaŵi ino pa zaumoyo wapadziko lonse ndi maphunziro. Motero Pregtion imagwira ntchito monga pulogalamu yothandiza anthu onse aŵiri.

Kutetezera Kofala ndi Mphamvu ya Gawo

Cholinga cha kupereka chitetezo cha onse chaumba mikangano ya zankhondo, kusonkhanitsa luntha, ndi kulinganiza pakati pa chisungiko ndi ufulu wa anthu. Kutetezera kwa Pregesa ndi bata la m’banja kumagogomezera chikhumbo cha olemba mafaramenti cha boma lokhoza kutetezera zonse ziŵiri dongosolo la mkati ndi chisungiko chakunja. Zimenezi zalungamitsa ulamuliro wa boma m’nthaŵi ya nkhondo ndi ya nkhondo, pamene zikukulitsanso nkhaŵa za kupambana kwa akuluakulu a boma. Kulimbana kwa za nzeru zapamwamba ndi ufulu kudakali nkhani yaikulu m’chiganizo cha ndale zadziko za ku America.

Lingaliro la Chigwirizano

Cholinga cha kupanga mgwirizano wangwiro kwambiri chasonkhezera nthanthi zandale ponena za ulamuliro wa boma, utundu, ndi kugaŵidwa. Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni ndi Kukonzanso Malamulo zinamasuliranso mkhalidwe wa Union , kukana lingaliro lakuti maboma angachoke popanda kufunsa. M’zaka za zana la makumi aŵiri, Pregagedge inatchulidwa m'nkhani zonga . Mlungu [1869] kutsimikizira kulephera kwa Union ya Union. Lerolino, mkangano pa mphamvu ya boma, ulamuliro, ndi chizindikiritso cha chigawo chikupitirizabe kunena za masomphenya a dziko logwirizana.

Mawu Oyambirira m’Kumasulira Koikidwiratu

Ngakhale kuti mawu oyambawo samapereka mphamvu zongopeka, amachita mbali yochepa koma yatanthauzo m’kumasulira kwa malamulo. Nthaŵi zina Makhoti amafunsa mfundo zoyamba za Malamulo pamene malamulo kapena malangizo apamwamba ali ovuta. Khoti Lapamwamba lanena kuti Preat ingagwiritsiridwe ntchito kuthetsa kukayikira cholinga cha Aframers, koma siingakhale maziko olepheretsa lamulo. Akatswiri a zamalamulo onga Jack Balkin ndi Randy Barnett atsutsana ndi ntchito ya Pregiest.

Mwachitsanzo, mu Jacobson v. Massachusetts (05), Khoti linaloza za kutchula kwa pulezidenti wa onse kuti asunge malamulo okakamiza a katemera. United States v. Curtiss-Wright Exp. [FLT:] [193], Jaji Sutherland inatchula za Pregesagent kuti ichirikize ulamuliro wa prezidenti m'nkhani zachilendo. Zitsanzo zimenezi zikusonyeza mmene Pregegeing ingayambukirire kuganitsa malingaliro achiweruzo ngakhale pamene sikunachotsa puloga. Kwakuya, Chikalata chakuya cha [FLT:] pa Corllson [FFFF:]

Kubwereranso

Pregedge idakali chikalata chamoyo, chogwidwa mawu m'nkhani za ndale zadziko, kalankhulidwe, ndi kutsutsa kwa anthu. Mawu ake amagwiritsiridwa ntchito m’mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya malingaliro kulungamitsa masomphenya opikisana a ulamuliro wa Amereka. Mwachitsanzo, ochirikiza a boma lopereŵera amagogomezera "kusunga madalitso a ufulu," pamene kuli kwakuti ochirikiza boma lokangalika akugogomezera "kuchirikiza ubwino wa onse. Kuvomereza kwa Pregearin kwa kutsutsa kwake kwa kutsendereza kwake kwa kumbuyo .

Pangano lamakono lokhudza kusamuka, zaumoyo, kukonzanso chilungamo, ndi malamulo a zanyengo nthaŵi zambiri limatchula mawu akuti Pregedge. Ife The People hashtag tay yagwiritsidwa ntchito kulimbikitsa nzika pa demokrase yapadera. Ana a sukulu amapitirizabe kutchula, kaŵirikaŵiri ndi zobweza zimene zimasonyeza zinthu zofunika kwambiri masiku ano (m’b., "Ife Anthu a ku United States, kuti tipange mgwirizano wangwiro..."). Kusintha kwa maphunziro kwa ana a sukulu kumapitiriza kutchula mphamvu yake ndi gwero la kupikisana kopitirizabe.

Ndiponso, chiyambi chakhala ndi chisonkhezero cha mitundu yonse. Kutuluka kwa demokrase yatsopano kuchokera ku ulamuliro wa authoritarianism kwaphunzira mawu oyamba a American Constitution kukhala chitsanzo cha zikhumbo za dziko. Malamulo m'maiko onga India, Germany, ndi South Africa akuphatikizapo mawu oyamba amene amatchula nkhani za chilungamo, ufulu, ndi ubwino wa onse. Motero American Pregegedge imathandizira ku nkhani ya padziko lonse pa kakonzedwe ka malamulo ndi ulamuliro wa demokrase.

Buku laposachedwapa la akatswiri, Mawu Amene Anatipanga Ife [[FLT: 1] mwa Akhil Reed Amar , imafufuza mmene chilankhulo cha malamulo a chitaganya (kuphatikizapo kujambula kwa [1] Chidziŵitso cha ku America. Law Journal Forum yafalitsa zolemba zopenda ntchito ya Preggeeding mu lingaliro la masiku ano lalamulo. Zolembazi zikutsimikizira kuti mawu a chidule apitiriza kukhala zolembedwa za mbiri yakale ndi makhalidwe a ku America.

Kumaliza

Kugogomezera kwa Pregedge pa mbali ya anthu ndi zolinga zake zachikhumbo kwaumba kwambiri anthu a ku America ndi filosofi yandale. Ikupitiriza kukhala ngati kuunika kotsogolera pa makhalidwe a mtundu ndi kuyendetsa. Kuyambira pa kupanga Malamulo kunka ku magulu amakono andale, Pregedge yapereka mawu achidule amphamvu kwambiri onena za chifukwa chimene boma lilipo ndi zimene liyenera kuyesayesa kukwaniritsa. Zolinga zake zisanu ndi chimodzi . Zolinga zake [“kulimbana, chilungamo, kutetezeredwa, ubwino, ndi ufulu . Monga kutsutsana kwa tsatanetsatane wa dziko, Pregning’irzik adzapitirizabe, kutembenuzidwa, kutsimikiziridwa, kutsimikizira kuti chisonkhezero chake chisapitirira nyengo yoyambika.