Chisonkhezero cha Kulemba Zolembedwa za Magawo a Federal ndi Boma

Chiŵerengero cha zaka zapambuyo pake si kuŵerengera kopepuka; ndilo maziko a lamulo a dziko la America oimira andale. Zaka khumi zilizonse, United States Censurebration Bureau imasonkhanitsa chidziŵitso chapanthaŵi yake ponena za ukulu wa anthu, kuchuluka kwa anthu, ndi kugaŵidwa kwa malo. Nkhaniyi imasankha mmene mipando mu U.S. Nyumba ya Oimira imagawidwira pakati pa maiko ndi malo opangira malamulo ndi malo oikapo mavoti. Popanda kulondola, mfundo yapanthaŵi yake, mfundo ya "munthu mmodzi, chivoti chimodzi" ingakhale yosatheka kuichirikiza. Nkhaniyi imapenda mozama, kaŵirikaŵiri chisonkhezero cha kujambula ndi kukonzanso magawo onse aŵiri a boma ndi magulu a boma, kupenda njira zalamulo, kuyang'anira, kutsutsana kwa lamulo, kutsutsana kwa lamulo, kutsutsana kwa lamulo, kutsutsana kwa gergergerorvern, ndi mbali ya za luso la za tekinoloji.

Maziko a Lamulo ndi Malamulo

Kugwirizana pakati pa kuŵerengera anthu ndi magawo sikunayambike ndi kupangidwa kwamakono; kwaperekedwa molunjika mu Lamulo la U.S. Gawo I, Gawo 2 (monga likusinthidwa ndi Gawo 2 la 144th Amendment) kumafuna kuti oimira agaŵane pakati pa maiko mogwirizana ndi manambala awo, kuŵerengera chiŵerengero chonse cha anthu m’boma lililonse. Kugaŵa kumeneku ndiko kuyambika kwa kututa kwa mipando ya nyumba 435 pakati pa maiko. Kutsatira kugawiridwa kwa magawo, ndiyeno kuyenera kujambulanso malire a chigawo chimodzi ndi chigawo chilichonse. Lamulo limagwira ntchito ku boma la malamulo pansi pa chitetezero cha 149 Claus, monga momwe limachirikizidwa ndi nkhani za Supremeng Court [FBBB]. [1272] [12] [127]

Mfundo ya Munthu Mmodzi, Munthu Yekhayekha

Chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba mu Reynolds v. Siml [1] chinakhazikitsa kuti madera a boma a malamulo ayenera kukhala ofanana ndi anthu. Munthu ameneyu "munthu mmodzi, voti" amasankha kuti agwiritsire ntchito mfundo zenizeni za anthu kuti atsimikizire kuti voti iliyonse ikhale ndi kulemera kofanana. Pasanachitike chigamulo chimenechi, maboma ambiri anali ndi kusagwirizana kwakukulu, madera akumidzi omwe anapezeka pamtengo wokulirapo wa madera a mizinda.

Zofunika za Malamulo Zokonzanso

Ngakhale kuti malamulo sanena njira yolowera chigawo, malamulo a boma ndiponso malamulo ambiri a boma amakhazikitsa malamulo okhwima.

  • Kulingana kwa mlingo wa chifatso: Mafuko ayenera kukhala ofanana pafupifupi ndi anthu monga momwe angachitire. Kwa madera a msonkhano, kupandukako kaŵirikaŵiri kuli kochepera pa phesenti imodzi.
  • Kugwirizana ndi Chikalata cha Zoumba Ufulu (VRA): Chigawo 2 cha VRA chimaletsa zolinga zimene zimachepetsa mphamvu ya kusanthula kwa timagulu tamafuko kapena ta zinenero. Kuŵerengera kwa mafuko, fuko, ndi chiŵerengero cha anthu osankha kuli kofunika kuti avomereze.
  • Kulumikiza ndi kuunjikana: kuyenera kukhala kuzungulira kwa dziko lonse ndipo, m'maiko ambiri, kulumikizana kuti kupeŵe mikhalidwe yodabwitsa imene ingapereke chizindikiro cha kulimba kwa dziko.
  • Kulemekeza magawo andale zadziko: Maboma ambiri amafuna zigawo kuti zipeŵe kugaŵanitsa magawo, mizinda, kapena matauni kumene kuli kotheka.

Chigawo Chotchedwa Pripedi: Mmene Nkhani za Census Zimasinthira

Census Bureau imatulutsa masamu aŵiri ovuta opangira kupenda: Law Vource Redicialing Data Fayili 94 - 171 Yofunika, yoperekedwa kaŵirikaŵiri kulengeza pa March 31 wa chaka chotsatira kuŵerenga, ndi Demographic Parents , zimene zimapereka ziŵerengero zachidule. Mafaelo ameneŵa akuphatikizapo chiŵerengero chonse cha anthu, chiŵerengero cha anthu osankha (mwa fuko ndi fuko), kuŵerengera kwa nyumba, ndi chidziŵitso cha malo okhala. Maboma kenaka amagwiritsira ntchito Geographic Information System (IS) kujambula malire a chigawo pa zigawo za kalembera zimenezi. Kulinganiza kwa masamu a ma pulogalamu a kulembera chiŵerengero cha anthu kuŵerengera anthu pakati pa anthu ochepa, zimene zili zofunika kwambiri pa zofunika za anthu ambiri.

Ntchito ya Kudziŵa Zinthu Zovuta

Mitengo yachiŵerengero yaing'ono kwambiri ndi chigawo chogwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi Census Bureau . Ingakhale yaing'ono monga tauni m’matauni kapena yaikulu ngati kilomita sentimita imodzi m’madera akumidzi. Kusintha mlingo wa mlingo umenewu kumatanthauza kuti ngakhale misewu imodzi ingakhale malire. Mwachitsanzo, ngati chigawo chikufuna kuchotsa anthu 500 kuti afike paulingana, wojambula mapu angasinthe mzerawo kuti aphatikize kapena kusiyapo zidutswa zakutiakutiakutiakuti. Mkhalidwe umenewu wa kulamulira umapereka mphamvu yaikulu, imene ingagwiritsiridwe ntchito pa zolinga zosakhudzapo kanthu kapena kupindula ndi anthu.

Kulemba Zinthu Mwaluso Ndiponso Kuziwerenga Motsika

Kulondola kwa kuŵerengera anthu kuli kokulira, komabe palibe kuŵerengera kokwanira. Census Bureau imafufuza pambuyo pa kuŵerengedwa kwa anthu kuti ayerekezere kuchuluka kwa anthu kapena kuchuluka kwa magulu osiyanasiyana. M'mbiri, ana aang'ono, mafuko ndi mafuko aang'ono, ndi mabanja osapeza ndalama zambiri aŵerengedwa. Mafuko ena angachititse oimira ndi ndalama zochepa kwambiri. Mu 2020, bungwe la Censureauau linalemba magawo osiyana a anthu a Black (3.3% a m'bayi yaing'ono), Aspanishian (4.9%), ndi Aamediya kapena Amidiya kapena Alaska. 5 .1%. Mabodzawa angatulutse mavuto chifukwa cha kupendedwa kwa madera, monga momwe kulephera kukhazikitsa malamulo onse.

Kuyambira pa Kuŵerenga Kukhala Nyumba Yamsonkhano: Kugwiritsira Ntchito Makina

Pambuyo pa kuŵerengera kulikonse, bungwe la Census Bureau limaŵerengera kugaŵidwa kwa mipando ya nyumba pogwiritsa ntchito njira yofanana. Mwachitsanzo, 2020 inachititsa kuti mayiko asanu ndi aŵiri apeze mipando (Colado, Florida, Montana, North Carolina , Oregon , Texas) ndi mayiko asanu ndi aŵiri omwe asiya mipando (California, Illinois, Michigan, New York, Pennsylvania, West Virginia). Kusintha kumeneku kwa mphamvu zandale kumachititsidwa ndi kusintha kwa anthu kumene kwachitika m'dzikolo. chigawo chilichonse chikangogamuke ndi chigawo chimodzi chokha.

Mmene Dziko Limayendetsera Ntchito Yochepetsa Ufulu Wawo

Maboma ena amasiya mapuwo kwa akuluakulu a boma, kutanthauza kuti chipani cha anthu ambiri chimalamulira zolemba. Ena amagwiritsira ntchito makampani a ufulu kapena mabupartarishani kuchepetsa tsankho. M'maboma onga Iowa, bungwe la anthu osasankhana malamulo limajambula mapu popanda kuganizira za mamepu kapena nkhani zandale. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, mayiko onga Texas ndi North Carolina aona kuti pali mavuto alamulo pa mapu ojambulidwa makamaka kuti athandize oteretsa. Ngakhale bungwe likhale ndi pulo lochita masamu, mfundo zolembera anthu ndizo. Popanda kulembera, palibe mapu amene angajambulidwe.

Malamulo Ochepetsa Malamulo a Boma: Oposa Pandale Zokha

Maboma a boma amapanga zigawo zofanana koma kaŵirikaŵiri ndi zopinga zosiyana. Malamulo ambiri a boma amafuna kuti madera akhale ogwirizana ndi ogwirizana, ndipo ena amafuna kuti malire andale (maiko, mizinda, matauni) asungidwe kwambiri. Kupatuka kwa anthu ololedwa ku zigawo za boma n’kwakukulu kuposa ku madera ogwirizana ndi boma. Kusintha kwakukulu kumachititsa kuti zigawozi zikhale zogwirizana kwambiri, ngakhale kuti makhoti alephera kupanga mapulani opitirira popanda kulungamitsa. Maboma a Reditioning alinso ndi chiyambukiro chachindunji pa maulamuliro a kumaloko, makomiti a sukulu, mabungwe a boma, ndi mabungwe a mabungwe. Kuŵerengera kolondola kwa mabwalo a zigawo kuthandiza madera ameneŵa kuonetsa malire ndi kuletsa malire a madera.

Vuto la Malo Ovuta Kuwamvetsa a Geographic ndi Anthu Osangalala

Kulinganiza kuyenera kulinganiza chiŵerengero cha anthu ndi cosherence. Maboma ambiri amalingalira "magulu a anthu ofuna kukwaniritsa zikondwerero" . Magulu a anthu amene amakonda zinthu zofanana, zachuma, kapena chikhalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, anthu a m’mphepete mwa nyanja angagwirizane pa zachuma ndi kupha nsomba, pamene kuli kwakuti dera lakumidzi lingakhale ndi nkhaŵa zaulimi. Kuŵerengera kumapatsa chidziŵitso cha anthu ndi chuma chimene chimathandiza kuzindikira madera ameneŵa. Komabe, chidziŵitso n’chosasinthasintha, ndi anthu a m'madera ena. Kujambula mapu amene amasunga anthu pamene anthu akukwaniritsa kulingana ndi vuto lalikulu. Zida za GIS pamodzi ndi ndandanda ya ma mapu zimalola opanga mapu kuyendera ma mapu kuti apeze mapu amene akugwirizana ndi malamulo onse, koma kusankha komaliza kumakhala chosankha la ndalensi.

Kusintha: Kuipa kwa Kuŵerenga ndi Kupanga Magawo Ofiira

Kupezeka kwa chidziŵitso cha kuŵerenga kwachititsa kuchititsa kuchuluka kwa makompyuta. Kusintha ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malire a chigawo chimodzi kuti apatse chipani chimodzi kapena gulu la osankhira phindu. Pamene kuli kwakuti liwulo linayamba mu 1812, kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta ndi chidziŵitso cha anthu kuti apake kapena kuvotera. "Kupatula" osankha chipani chimodzi m'chigawo chimodzi kuti apambane ndi chigawo chachikulu koma kubisa zinyalala kwina. "Cracking" imafalitsanso chipani china cha zigawo zambiri choncho iwo ali ochepa kulikonse. Kufufuza kwa ndandanda ya anthu kumapereka chiwonkhoterero chofunika kutsimikizira kuti chiwonkhe kapena chigawo chimodzi chili ndi chiŵerengero cha anthu onse.

Kulimbana ndi Mafuko a Utundu

Chigawo ndi kudalira fuko zimadalira pa chidziŵitso. Kuŵerengera kwa fuko kuli koletsedwa pansi pa VRA, koma kungakhale kovuta kutsimikizira. Mu [FLT: 0] alabalama Legastis Black Caucus . Alabama[FLT:] [2011], Khoti Lalikulu linakhulupirira kuti fuko silingakhale mbali yaikulu pojambula mizere yachigawo pokhapo ngati kuli kofunika kugwirizana ndi VRA. Partarisangerrydering , ngakhale kuti, linasiyidwa dala ndi Supper Court in . Masinthidwe ofala ndi otchuka. (20: 9), amene analengeza kuti komiti yandale ikuyankha funso losagwirizana ndi lamulolo.

Zitsanzo Zaposachedwapa za Kudya Majeremusi

Pambuyo pa 2020 kalembera wa 202, Ohio anatsegula mapu amene anapatsa Republica mapulatimenti apamwamba kwambiri ngakhale kuti anangopambana chisankho chotchuka. Khoti Lapamwamba la Ohio linagonjetsa mapu kangapo konse, koma kuchedwa kotsatiraku kunatanthauza kuti mapu anagwiritsidwa ntchito pa masankho 2022. Mofananamo, ku North Carolina, bungwe la malamulo linajambula mapu a mamepu a mamepu a Repugaryan amene anapatsa mapuligalamu 10-4 a pulogalamu ya mavoti 50-50. Mapuwa amadalira pa mfundo za kuŵerengera anthu kuti asinthe manambala a anthu pamene akusungabe kampani. Independejingingia ikupanga mapu abwino monga Michigan ndi California, koma pansi pa chidziŵitsocho n’chimodzimodzi.

Kulemba Mabuku ndi Kupereka Ufulu Woyenera

Voting Rights Act ya 1965 idakali chida champhamvu koposa cha boma kutsimikizira kuti kubwezera sikusankhana. Chigawo 2 cha VRA chimaletsa muyezo uliwonse wa kuvota kapena ntchito imene imatulukapo kukana kapena kuphonya ufulu wa kuvota pa fuko kapena mtundu. M'kubwezera, zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti maboma sangatenge madera amene amapeputsa mphamvu zovota. Kusanthula, makhoti ndi olemba mapu amasanthula mfundo za kuŵerengera mafuko, anthu ovota, ndi njira zakale zopangira mavoti. Dipatimenti ya Zoweruza imagwiritsira ntchito ntchito mfundo zimenezi kuyang'anira kumbuyo kwa kuyang'anira kuyang'anira kochitidwa ndi chigawo cha 5 (kuphatikizapo chigamu cha 2013 mu [FL:]] Counter.

Kupima Mitundu ya Maluŵa Opangidwa ndi Mafuko

Chida chimodzi chachikulu m'ma VRA chikafuna kusanthula mavoti a mafuko osiyanasiyana. Kugwiritsira ntchito chidziŵitso cha anthu a mafuko osiyanasiyana ndi kubwezera masankho, akatswiri angaone ngati osankha a mafuko osiyanasiyana amachirikiza oyembekezera osiyanasiyana. Ngati kuli kutha kwa mafuko osiyanasiyana, ndipo ngati gulu laling'ono nlalikulu kwambiri kupanga anthu ambiri m’chigawo (koposa 50 peresenti ya anthu osankha) tsono VRA ingafunikire kupangidwa kwa chigawo cha anthu ambiri a mafuko osiyanasiyana. Kufufuza kwa malo apakati pa masamu nkofunika kupeza chiwonjezero chimene chikukwaniritsa pamene anthu akulingana. Kachitidweka n’kakulu kwambiri ndipo kawiri kawiri kawiri kawiri kawiri kawiri kawiri.

Luso la Zaluso ndi Tsogolo la Kusintha Zinthu

Kupita patsogolo kwa mphamvu ya kalembera ndi GIS kwasintha mmene kuŵerengera anthu kumagwiritsidwira ntchito popenda . Kale, kupanga mapu kunachitika ndi mapu ndi mapu a mapepala ndi magome a anthu. Lerolino, mapulogalamu onga Maptoographity ya Redilifeating imalola ogwiritsa ntchito mamepu otsekera anthu kuti alembe malembo otsekera, kuika njira zolembera, ndi kujambula madera oyendetsa ndi kutsitsa. Makito apamwamba kwambiri angapange mapu apamwamba ogwirizana ndi malamulo a boma m'mphindi. Makizidwawa angayesenso zipambazo za kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta a kujambula makompyuta a m'mbuyo, kulola mapu a mapulogalamu amakono a malire osiyanasiyana. Zimenezi zimachititsa kuti mamepuwo akhale othandiza kuti aungwe bwino a zigawa a zigawape kuti azitha kuthandizira kukhazikitsa madera okongola.

Kusintha ndi Kuona Moyenera kwa Malamulo a Alimoliti

Otsutsa amanena kuti kugwiritsira ntchito maatomu otsogola kumachepetsa kuonekera kwa kuonekera. Ngati wopanga mapu yekha angayendetse mafilimuwo, anthu alibe njira yotsimikizira ngati mapu osankhidwa alidi a masamu ogwirizana kwambiri kapena a chitaganya. Mayiko ena tsopano amafuna kuti njira zosinthira zikhale zotseguka kwa anthu olemba mawu ndi kuti mapu a mapu azifalitsidwa ndi maina olemba anthu. Census Bureaual Office imapereka matherere aulero aulero kwa osunga chidziŵitso cha anthu, kutheketsa ofufuza ndi a atolankhani a nyuzipepala kuti adziwitse olemba mapu olembapo mlandu.

Kudziŵa Zinthu Zovuta Kudziŵa ndi Kuda Nkhaŵa

Kutulutsidwa kwa ndandanda ya anthu ofufuza zinthu zachinsinsi kumadzutsa nkhani zachinsinsi. Mu 2020, bungwe la Census Bureau linagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zotetezera anthu kuti asatengerenso mawu. Izi zinapangitsa kuti anthu ang'onoang'ono asinthe ndi maperesenti angapo. Akatswiri ena ofufuza za malo osungira zinthu asonyeza nkhaŵa yakuti zinthu zosiyanasiyana zingasokoneze kuchuluka kwa anthu a m'madera aang'ono, zimene zingakhudze luso la kukopa maderawo ndi kulinganiza bwino kwambiri. The Census Bureaual imapitiriza kunena kuti phokoso n’lo lochepa kwambiri kuti lithe kuchepetsa kupendedwa kwa malo apamwamba kapena matanthwe, koma zimenezi zikupitirizabe kutsutsana.

Mavuto Amene Anakhalapo M’nyengo ya 2020

Mliri wa anthu wa 2020 unakumana ndi mavuto aakulu: Mliri wa Chovid-19 umene unachedwetsa ntchito za m'munda, mlandu wa akuluakulu a Trump chifukwa cha kuyesa kuwonjezera unzika, ndi chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu pamapeto a nthaŵi yoŵerengera. Mliriwu unapangitsanso kusintha kwa anthu pamene anthu anachoka m’mizinda kupita ku midzi ina, mwina kusokoneza kulondola kwa zinthu. Ngakhale kuti nkhani zimenezi, bungwe la Census Bureaunia linapereka rediping progaving kulongosola podzafika mu August 2021, pambuyo pake. Mayiko ena anafunikira kuimitsa mapwa anthaŵi awo osinthasintha, kutsogolera ku kuthamanga ndi mamepu ndi mfundo zoperekedwa kwa anthu.

Kutsutsana kwa Unzika

Kuyesayesa kwa akuluakulu a Trump kuwonjezera funso lonena za kukhala nzika pa 2020 kunayambitsa mkangano wa dziko. Otsutsa anatsutsa kuti funsolo likaletsa mabanja osaphunzira ndi osamukira kudziko kuyankha, kuchititsa kuchepa kwakukulu m'madera okhala ndi anthu ambiri osamukiramo. Khoti Lapamwamba linatsekerezatu nkhani ya kuŵerengera 2020, koma mkanganowo unagogomezera mmene kulinganiza kalembera kungakhudzire mkhalidwe wa chidziŵitso chogwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zosinthasintha. Otsutsa apeza kuti ngakhale chiwopsezo cha mafunso ameneŵa chikhoza kuchepetsa mphamvu ya kuyankha, kusokoneza maziko a kalembedwe kabwino.

Mbali ya Kukhala ndi Mbali kwa Onse

Kuŵerengera kuli zinthu zofunikira kwambiri zothandizira kukonza malo, koma anthu amachita mbali yofunika kwambiri. Kudutsa dzikolo, magulu auphunzitsi, masukulu, ndi nzika za dziko kugwiritsira ntchito kuŵerengera anthu kujambula ma mapu awo "ogwirizana" kuti aperekedwe ku maulamuliro osinthasintha. Mapu ameneŵa amasonyeza kumvetsetsa kwakukulu kwa madera ndi anthu okondwerera. Kumva kwa anthu kumachititsa nzika kuvomereza kuti mapu olingaliridwawo agaŵane kapena agwirizanitsa anthu. Kumasuka kwa mamepu a kuŵerenga kwa anthu kwaulerewa kwaulere kuchokera ku Cencas Bureaual . Mapese. Monga [FLT:] [FLD] [FLD] [FOLD]

Mapeto ake: Mphamvu Yosatha ya Chiwerengero

Kuŵerengera anthu sikuli chabe cholembedwa cha anthu amene amakhala ku United States; kuli kulinganiza kwa maufumu andale. Kuchokera kugaŵa mipando 435 m'Nyumba ya Oimira mpaka ku malire a ma pulati a sukulu, mzera uliwonse wachigawo umatengedwa kuchokera ku ziŵerengero za anthu zosonkhanidwa zaka khumi zilizonse. Njirayo imachitidwa mozama, kaŵirikaŵiri imapikisana, ndipo nthaŵi zonse imasintha pamene luso la zopangapanga zinthu likuwongolera ndi kutsendereza malamulo. Komabe, maziko ake, kupeputsa kwake kumachokera pa maziko osavuta: kuti munthu aliyense amaŵerengera mofanana. Kuŵerengera kolongosoka kwa anthu kumatsimikizira kuti lonjezo la democracyal " munthu mmodzi, voti imodzi" limadziŵika. Pamene dziko likukhala losiyanasiyana ndi losintha anthu, mkhalidwe wa kuŵerengerako kudzakhalabedwa kwa munthu mmodzi kwapadera ndi koyenera kwa nzika. Kuzindikira kwake n’ku kofunika kwa nzika za nzika za nzika za anthu. Kuzindikira kuti zikufuna kutsimikizira kuti zifunsi ya mavoti apange ake.