Dera la Kumpoto kwa America la 1787: Foundation Blueprint for American Constitution Development

Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo a U.S. amatamandidwa kaŵirikaŵiri kukhala lamulo lalikulu la dzikolo, chikalata china chosintha zinthu china chinapita milungu yochepa chisanapereke chipangano cha Constitution chinachita mbali yaikulu m'kukonza malamulo a dziko ndi ndale. Chikalata cha Northwest Ordinance cha 1787 chinali choposa kulamulira kwa dziko. Chimakhazikitsa chitsanzo cha ufulu wa boma, kugwirizanitsa ufulu wofunika kwambiri, ndi kutsutsana ndi nkhani ya ukapolo m’maderawo. Malamulo ake anakhudza mwachindunji kapangidwe ka malamulo a dziko, Bill of Rights, ndi kutembenuza kotsatira kwa Americanism. Kumvetsa Ordance kuli kofunika kwambiri pozindikira mmene dziko la Republicration likugwirizanirana ndi dziko la lipabuliki.

Nkhani Yakale: Mtundu Wosinthasintha

Kutha kwa Nkhondo ya Revolution kunasiya United States ndi maiko aakulu, osalinganizidwa a kumadzulo kwa Appachian Mountain . Congress , yogwira ntchito pansi pa Zigawo zofooka za Confederation, inayang'anizana ndi chitokoso chachikulu: mmene angalamulire maikowa ndi kuwagwirizanitsa. Zoyesayesa zakale, monga ngati Land Ordance ya 1785, adalemba zofufuza ndi kugulitsa malo koma sanapereke maziko a gulu la ndale zadziko. Kulephera kwa ulamuliro wa atsamunda wakalewo kunagwiritsira ntchito ulamuliro wonyenga wachinyengo . Kufalikira kwa maiko a kumadzulo kwa dziko la America kunachititsa kutchuka. Kulimbana ndi kufalikira kwa madera a ku America kunayamba kuukira boma. Monga momwe Frederick Jackson Turner adanenera, Ordan adasonyeza kuyesayesa kwake kuwonjezera njira yachikhalidwe la dziko la America.

Ordinance anaikidwa ndi komiti yomwe inali ndi Nathan Dane, William Nott, ndi Rufus King, pakati pa ena. Inapita mu July 1787, milungu yokha msonkhano wa Filadelphia usanamalize. Kutsatira kwake sikuli kwamwambo; zikalata ziŵirizo zinagawana zojambula ndi mizu ya malingaliro. Ordinance inapereka kuyesa kothandiza kwa boma kumene nthumwi za malamulo a boma zinakhoza kuwona ndi kuphunzira kuchokera ku.

Malamulo Abwino ndi Makonzedwe a Kumpoto kwa Kumpoto kwa Thupi

Chikalata cha ku Northwest Ordinance ndi chachidule kwambiri, koma nkhani zake zisanu ndi chimodzi zinali ndi mfundo zozikidwa pa mfundo zimene zikanagwirizana ndi lamulo lalamulo la America kwa zaka mazana ambiri.

Ulamuliro Woopsa ndi Njira Yopezera Ufulu wa Ufulu

Ordinance inakhazikitsa njira ya magawo atatu a chisinthiko. Poyamba, Nyumba ya Malamulo inaika kazembe, mlembi, ndi oweruza atatu kuti alamulire gawolo. Pamene anthu aufulu anafika 5,000, nzika zinasankha msonkhano woimira. Pomalizira pake, pamene anthu afika ku 600,000, gawolo lingagwirizanitse maufumu okhala ndi malamulo a boma ndi kulowa m’mabungwe oyambirira. Lingaliro limeneli la [[FL:0] la [mapazipazi]" linali losintha. Linatanthauza kuti magawo atsopano sadzakhala a magawo a dziko koma olingana kotheratu a mgwirizano. Limeneli, pambuyo pake likhoza kuloŵa m'malamulo (Ad ClassicleI, chigawo cha IV, 3), kuletsa kupangidwa kwa ufumu ndi kulengedwa kwa ufumu wa [FF.2]) (1844],000).

Ufulu Wofunika Kwambiri ndi Mlandu

Bungweli linaperekanso chikalata chosonyeza ufulu wa anthu ndipo linakhazikitsa lamulo lokhudza ufulu wa anthu pa zaka zinayi.

  • Ufulu wa Chipembedzo
  • Habeas corpus
  • Kuzengedwa Mlandu ndi Oweruza
  • Kuimira kolembedwa
  • Kupereka ndalama ndi belo Mosapambanitsa
  • Sadzalanga mwankhanza kapena mwachilendo
  • Kum’patsa chinthu asanam’lande
  • Ufulu wa milandu (makhoti a panja)

Zitetezero zimenezi sizinali chabe zolinga zongopeka. Zinali lamulo losungidwa m'magawo, ndipo zinatsanzira mwachindunji chinenero chimene James Madison adanena pambuyo pake mu Congress Yoyamba. Izi sizinachitike mwangozi. Oyambitsawo anamvetsetsa kuti dziko la lipangi linkafuna chitetezo chabwino pa boma.

Kutha kwa Ukapolo m’Dziko la Kumpoto kwa chigawo chakumadzulo

Mwinamwake makonzedwe oyamba otsutsana a Ordinance anali Mfundo VI: “Sipadzakhala ukapolo kapena ukapolo wamwadzidzidzi m'gawo lonenedwalo, koma m’chilango cha milandu. Ili linali lamulo loyamba la boma loletsa ukapolo m'magawo. Ilo linaimira kulolerana kwakukulu kwa ndale zadziko pakati pa maiko akumpoto ndi akumwera m'Mabungwe a Confederation. Nthumwi za ku South zinavomerezana chiletso cha kumpoto kaamba ka chichirikizo pa nkhani zina, kuphatikizapo kapolo wothaŵa amene anafuna kubwerera kwa akapolo othaŵa. Chiletso cha dziko: Ukapolo unali wololedwa mwalamulo kummwera kwa mtsinje wa Ohio koma woletsedwa bwino lomwelo. Mzerawu ukanagwirizana ndi Missouri 1820 ndi Kansalame ndi Decration ya pakati pa 150, chigamu la Nkhondo yosagawa cha Chigamu cha Chiwiri cha Chiwitso cha Chiwiri cha Chiwiri cha .

Mawu oletsa a Ordinance anali ovuta kumva: Siinamasule anthu akapolo omwe anali kale m’gawolo koma inaletsa kuwonjezereka kwake. Inalinso ndi mawu a kapolo wothaŵa amene anatsala. Komabe, inachititsa chitsanzo cha makhalidwe ndi malamulo. Pamene Nyumba za Ufumu zinakambirana za kuwonjezeka kwa ukapolo ku Louisiana Purchase ndi Cession ya Mexico, ponse paŵiri oletsa ndi ochirikiza ukapolo anatchula za Northern Ordinance monga maziko a maziko. Abraham Lincoln, m'makambitsirano ake ndi Stephen Douglas, ananena kuti Akhate akufuna kuika ukapolo pa njira yotherapo, kusonyeza Ordina monga umboni.

Chiyambukiro pa Kupita Patsogolo kwa Lamulo la America

Kumadzulo kwa Northwest Ordinance sikunali kokha lamulo la dziko; linali chikalata chalamulo chimene chinaumba kapangidwe ka boma la boma ndi zoyenera za nzika. chisonkhezero chake chimakhudza mbali zingapo zazikulu za Lamulo lomalizira.

Mafuko ndi Mphamvu ya Boma la Dzikolo

Ordinance inakhazikitsa kuti boma la dzikolo linali ndi ulamuliro wa kulamulira magawo ndi kuvomereza maboma atsopano. Awa anali mawu achindunji a ulamuliro wa boma amene analibe pa Nkhani za Confederation, zimene zinasunga mphamvu zambiri ku mayiko. Malamulo a Constitution’s Property Claus [FLT] [INU]] (INthango, chigawo 3) (Ichigawo 3) chimapatsadi Nyumba za Malamulo kuti zikhale ndi kupanga malamulo onse ofunikira ndi olemekeza Chigawo cha United States. Chikalatachi, kaŵirikaŵiri chimafuna kutengera mwachindunji chitsanzo cha Northernern Africa Ordinance, chinakhala maziko a dongosolo la dziko, kumadzulo, ngakhalenso kulenga dziko. [FUL: [FUctive:]

Ndiponso, Ordinance anakhazikitsa lamulo lakuti boma la boma likayang’anira ulamuliro wa malo kupyolera mwa akuluakulu oikidwa, dongosolo limene Constitution inalola Congress kugwiritsa ntchito. Zimenezi zinapanga ulamuliro wamphamvu m’magawowo, umene pambuyo pake unakhala chitsanzo cha kuyang’anira maiko ena, kuphatikizapo Chigawo cha Columbia ndipo pambuyo pake madera akunja monga Puerto Rico ndi Guam.

Mlanduwo: Umboni wa Ufulu Woyenera

Pamene Nyumba Yoyamba inakhala ndi kukonzanso malamulo mu 1789, James Madison anakopa kwambiri pa mapepala a boma a ufulu ndi ku Northernern Ordinance. Chitsimikizo cha [[FLT: 0]] kuweruza ndi jaji , [[FLT:]] kukhazikitsa [FLT], [[FLT:] kuyambika] kwa njira [[FLT], ndi [[FLT:]] ufulu wa chipembedzo kukhudza mwachindunji chinenero chachisanu, chisanu ndi chiŵiri, ndi Kukonzanso. Ziletso za Ordance za [FLT:] ndi chilango chachilendo [FLD] [FT:] [FT] [FT] [5] [7] [7] mu chikalata chachigamu [1] Filmesssssss, posagwirizana ndi kulongosola chigamu cha chigamu cha chikalata cha Boma, pamenensoncho.

  • Ufulu wa kulankhula ndi kusindikiza: Ordinance inatetezera zonse ziŵiri, ndipo First Amendment inagwirizana nawo.
  • Kuyenera kusonkhanitsa ndi kupempha: Ordinance inatsimikizira kuyenera kwa “kuperekedwa kwa bungwe la malamulo kaamba ka kukonza zidzudzulo,” kuyenera pambuyo pake kuphatikizidwa m'Chisinthiko Choyamba.
  • Kutetezera katundu: Chiganizo choyenerera cha Ordinance cha katundu chodziŵitsidwa kuchotsa kwa First Camplete.

Woyambirira wa Ulamuliro wa Dziko ndi “Palaska Wachipembedzo”

Khoti Lapamwamba latchula mobwerezabwereza Northern Ordinance pomasulira ulamuliro wa boma pa magawo. Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857 ), Mfumu Jaji Roger Taney anadalira pa Ordinance kutsutsa kuti Nyumba za Madera zakhala ndi mphamvu zolamulira, ngakhale kuti anatsutsa kuti kuletsa ukapolo sikunagwire ntchito ku magawo akumwera kwa Ordance. Pambuyo pake, mu [[FLT:] Heades v. Biforew[FLD:3] (1901) ndi Infals Cases, Bwalo linagwiritsira ntchito njira ya kusiyanitsa pakati pa (magawo a Orinto) ndi (manze). Chiphunzitso cha . Chiphunzitso cha [1] Chiphunzitso cha . Chikalata cholembedwa [1]

Mu Pollard v. Hagan (1845), Bwalo lamilandu linatsutsa kuti maboma atsopano avomerezedwa pansi pa Ordinance anali ndi udindo ku maiko omwewo omira monga maufumu oyambirira. Ndipo mu United States v. Curtiss-Waright Export Corp. (1936), Jasi George Sutherland analoza Ordance kutsutsa kuti mphamvu za boma m'nkhani za maiko akunja ndi ulamuliro wa maiko ena zili , osati kungopatsidwa. Zochitika zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti Ordance akhalabe mbali ya moyo yomasulira malamulo a boma.

Choloŵa ndi Phindu Lokhalitsa

Chitsanzo cha Kufutukuka ndi Ulamuliro wa Dziko Lonse

Northwest Ordinance anasonyeza kuti mtundu wa boma ukhoza kufutukulidwa pa kontinenti yaikulu popanda kulamulira ulamuliro wankhanza. Inachititsa njira yakuti magawo adziperekere maulamuliro olingana, chitsanzo chimene chinagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Louisiana Purchase (1883), Oregon Territory (1848), ndi njira yonse yodutsa ndi Missispi West . Ordance inakhazikitsa chigogomezero pa [[FL: 0] maufumu odziyendera omwe ali ndi ufulu wolingana, chitsanzo chimene chinagwiritsidwa ntchito pa Louisiana Purchase (1848), kuletsa mtundu wa dziko limene linatchuka ku Ulaya ndi kuyambitsa dongosolo limene linalimbikitsa kukonza malo, malo, ndi maphunziro. Mtengo wa Zakudyazo zina zinaphatikizaponso mfundo za maphunziro: “Chigawo cha III [FLD] ndi kulimbikitsa maphunziro a Dziko lonse lapansi kwa nthaŵi zonse, chikalata cha Chikalata cha pa Chikalata cha Egyprengalamu cha 1.

Kutsutsana pa Ukapolo ndi Kulimbana kwa Magaŵano

Ordinance anakhazikitsa lamulo lakuti bungwe la Ordinance lizilamulira ukapolo kumpoto kwa mtsinje wa Ohio. Lamulo limene linapanga mobwerezabwereza. Malamulo amenewa anatsimikiziridwa pa kulolera Missouri, kutsutsana kwa zaka 1850, kugwedezeka kwa Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), ndipo pomalizira pake linathetsedwa ndi Nkhondo ya Chibadwidwe ndi chiwongo 13 cokhazikitsa. Ordance adaima pamene lamulo loyamba la malamulo la kukhazikitsa ukapolo, cholinga chimene sichikakwaniritsidwa chonsecho mpaka 1865.

Chiyambukiro pa Malamulo Owopsa Apambuyo Pake

Congress anakhazikitsa malamulo ofananawo kaamba ka magawo ena: Southwest Ordinance (1790) ya chigawo cha kummwera kwa mtsinje wa Ohio (Kentky ndi Tennessee) inalola ukapolo koma inafanana ndi Northwest Ordinance . Chitsanzo cha Jefferson cha maulamuliro a dziko , njira yapang'onopang'onopang'ono ya kukhazikitsa, malamulo a ufulu . Homestead Act ya 162 ndi [[FLT:] Piclacius Galiery .

Ngakhale m’zaka za zana la 20, malamulo a mkhalidwe a Northwest Ordinance anaumba Alaska (1959) ndi boma la Hawaii (1959). lingaliro lakuti magawo ayenera kukhala ndi njira yowonekera bwino ya kukhala nzika yachitukuko lazikidwa kwambiri pa mwambo wa ndale zadziko wa Amereka.

Maganizo a Woyambitsa Lamulo ndi Amene Anakonza

Akatswiri kaŵirikaŵiri amatsutsana ngati Oyambitsa anafuna boma lamphamvu kapena kusonkhanitsa maiko olamulira. Otchedwa Western Ordinance amapereka umboni woonekeratu wakuti akuluakulu otsogolera a nyengo ya Confederation anachirikiza mtundu wogwirizana ndi mphamvu zolamulira zokulira. Ordinance anapatsiridwa pansi pa Maganizo a Confederation, koma adatenga maulamuliro a boma amene malamulowo sanawapatse molunjika. Kufunitsitsa kumeneku kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zoimira mphamvu zapaderazo kunali kuimira [[FLT: 0] koyenerera ndi koyenerera kwa malamulo. James Malamulo, Alexander Hamilton, ndi ma Bukhungwe ena anatchula Ordina monga umboni wakuti malamulo atsopano sanapange boma latsopano koma lolinganizidwa kale.

Ordinance inalimbitsanso [[FL:0] publican kutsimikizira mawu a Constitution (Article IV, Chigawo 4: “United States idzatsimikizira Boma lirilonse mu Union A Republican Formage of ”. Mwakufuna kuti maboma a dziko akhale republican, Ordinance anakhazikitsa muyezo umene maboma onse atsopano anayenera kukwaniritsa.

Kumaliza

Northwest Ordinance ya 1787 sinali kokha choyambirira ku Malamulo; inali mbali yaikulu ya kupangidwa kwa malamulo a dziko la America. Ilo linalongosola unansi pakati pa boma la boma ndi magawo, zoyenerera zazikulu, zosungidwa, zoika malire a ukapolo, ndi kukhazikitsa chitsanzo cha dziko limene likupitirizabe kuumba mgwirizano. Chisonkhezero chake chimaonekera m'Malamulo a ufulu, m'zikalata zololedwa za malamulo a boma, ndi m'makhoti aakulu omwe amalamulirabe malamulo a dzikolo. Kwa aliyense wofuna kumvetsetsa chiyambi cha American, kukula, ndi ufulu, Northernern Africa Ordance amaŵerenga mosapeŵeka. Chikalatacho, kumbali cha Lamulo la ufulu, chimapanga malo a kulamulidwa ndi dziko la Amereka.

Kuti muŵerenge zambiri, fufuzani [[FLT: 0] malemba onse a Northwest Ordinance [FLT :1] pa webusaiti ya National Archives. Pa ntchito yake m'mbiri ya malamulo, onani Article IV ya U.S. Constitution . Katswiri wa zamalamulo [[FLT:] [FLT] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [FLT] [FLT] .SD [FFFLT] : [FFLT]