Chiyambi: Kuyamba Kuphunzitsa Kuposa Khoti Lalikulu la ku United States

Chigamulo cha chiweruzo, chimene chinakhala chiphunzitso chopatulidwa, chakhala mphamvu yaikulu m'malongosoledwe a lamulo a ku America . makamaka m'makhoti a boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti chisamaliro chachikulu cha anthu chisumika pa makhoti a U.S. Kugwiritsira ntchito kwa Khoti Lapamwamba kulinganiza zinthu zokhala ndi umboni woyambirira monga Diquality of Columbia v. Heller [2008], chisonkhezero cha chiphunzitso cha kuyambirira cha Chikhristu chimaloŵa kwambiri m’dziko lapamwamba. Nyumba za boma, otsogolera okonza mapangano, ndi boma onse amalimbana ndi malamulo a ochirikiza mfundo zachiyambiyambi, popanga, ndi kupenda malamulo alamulo. Nkhaniyi imapenda mmene kumasulira ndi kutsatanthauzira ndi kutsatitsa kwa boma kwa malamulo a boma, kutsutsana ndi kutsutsana kwake kwa ulamuliro wa boma kwa ulamuliro waudemokrase.

Kufotokoza Umbuli Wachiweruzo: Magulu Oweruza ndi Osiyana

Kuyamba kwa chiweruzo si njira imodzi yokha. Imaphatikizapo njira zingapo zomasulira, zimene zonse zimagawana chitsimikizo cha kukhazikitsa tanthauzo la malamulo m'malo ena a mbiri yakale. Mafomu aŵiri osonkhezera kwambiri ndi cholinga choyambirira [ ndi [FLT] tanthauzo lapoyera lachiyambi.

Matanthauzo Oyambirira a Anthu

Cholinga choyambirira cha kuyambirira imafunsa zimene opanga mafaelo kapena ma ratifiers mwadala amalinganizidwira pamene analembetsa kapena kutengera kakonzedwe ka malamulo a . Njira imeneyi imadalira kwambiri pa zolembedwa za mbiri monga makambitsirano a msonkhano, Federalist Papers, ndi makalata aumwini. Otsutsa amanena kuti kuzindikira cholinga chimodzi, chogwirizana kaŵirikaŵiri nkosatheka, makamaka kwa matupiti ambiri.

Kuchokera ku mlingo wa anthu woyambirira kutanthauza , wochilikizidwa ndi ziŵerengero zonga Woweruza Antonin Scalia ndi katswiri wa zamalamulo Randy Barnett, mmalo mwake akufunsa kuti kodi munthu wolingalirapo panthaŵi ya ratting akanatha kumva kuti mawuwo akutanthauza chiyani. Njira imeneyi imagogomezera tanthauzo lachibadwa la mawu ndi kupeŵa kudalira pa zolinga zobisika za nkhani. Lerolino, tanthauzo loyamba laponsepo ndilo mtundu wa Chikhristum m'boma ndi jurisprudence.

Makhoti a boma amavomereza mowonjezereka kusanthula tanthauzo la anthu pomasulira malamulo awo. Mwachitsanzo, Louisiana Supreme Court yavomereza kuti malamulo a boma "ayenera kumasuliridwa mogwirizana ndi tanthauzo lachindunji la mawu ake monga momwe adziŵikira panthaŵi ya kulera ana. Njira imeneyi imaletsa kwambiri mmene oweruza a boma amaonera kuwongolera kumene kuyesa kukulitsa kapena kuchepetsa zoyenera za munthu.

Ntchito ya Malamulo a Boma m’Chipani cha America

Malamulo a boma amatumikira monga malamulo aakulu kwa anthu a ku Amereka oposa 330 miliyoni, kaŵirikaŵiri okhala ndi malamulo otetezera ufulu wambiri kuposa Malamulo a boma. Mosiyana ndi Malamulo a U.S., amene asinthidwa nthaŵi 27 zokha, malamulo a boma amasinthidwa kaŵirikaŵiri [1] nthaŵi zina pachaka mwa mamembala a boma, zoyambitsa za nzika, kapena misonkhano yalamulo. Kusintha kumeneku kumapangitsa lamulo la boma kukhala maziko abwino a mikangano yoyambirira ya ochirikiza malamulo.

Chisonkhezero choyambirira cha boma chimadziŵika kwambiri chifukwa chakuti oweruza a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amakonda kusintha kwambiri kuposa oweruza a boma kuti afotokoze malamulo awo. Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S. lakhala ndi mfundo mobwerezabwereza kuti maboma angapereke chitetezo chachikulu kwa munthu aliyense payekha pansi pa malamulo awo, kuposa malamulo a boma angafune (onani Michigan v. Long[FLD:1], 463 U.S. 103, 1983).

Mmene Kuyamba Kusintha Zinthu Kumasinthira Madongosolo a Boma

Kuyambirira kwa dziko kumayambukira mbali iriyonse ya kusintha kwa krimpasi ya boma: kupanga mafomu, chivoti, kupenda kwachiweruzo, ndi kumasulira kotsatira.

Kukaniza ndi Chilango cha Oyambirira

Oyang'anira malamulo ndi ochirikiza olinganiza amene amayembekezera kupenda kwachiweruzo kwa katswiri wa zachiweruzo ayenera kukonzanso mosamalitsa . Chinenero chotchuka chikuitani makhoti kugwiritsira ntchito tanthauzo lapoyera, limene lingachoke ku zonulirapo za wokonza mafomu. Mwachitsanzo, ngati wopereka mayeso afuna kukhazikitsa ufulu watsopano , kapenyedwe ka "kuyenerera malo oyera" [1] Makhoti oyambirira adzapenda zimene mawuwo akutanthauza kwa anthu panthaŵi ya kulera, osati zimene ochirikiza amakono akukhulupirira kuti amatanthauza. Chilangizo chimenechi chimalimbikitsa kuwona bwino, kujambula bwino kwa m'mbiri.

Kupenda Chiweruzo Pansi pa Malamulo Oyambirira

Pamene makhoti a boma apenda kuyenera kwa kukonzanso, kukhazikitsa maziko opangira ngati kusinthako kukutsutsana ndi malemba alamulo omwe alipo. Malamulo ambiri a boma ali ndi "penso" ziganizo zimene zimaika malire a nkhani zimene zisinthidwe zingavomerezedwe. Mwachitsanzo, kusintha kumene kumafooketsa "kusintha kwa boma" kotsimikiziridwa ndi U.S. Constitution ingagwedwe. Oweruza oyambirira adzafunsa ngati kukonzanso tanthauzo, monga momwe amadziŵikira pa kukonzedwa, kuswa makonzedwe oikidwawo.

Chiphunzitso choyambirira chimakhudzanso mmene makhoti amaonera zitokoso za mabwalo. Malamulo ena a boma amafuna kuti zisinthidwe zikhale pankhani imodzi. Oweruza omasulira zinthu adzayang'ana ku tanthauzo la mbiri yakale la "munthu mmodzi" panthaŵi imene malamulo a boma anatengedwa, mmalo mwa kugwiritsira ntchito miyezo yamakono ya malamulo. Zimenezi zingapangitse kugonjera konjika ndi konsichushoni, kudalira pa luntha loyamba la boma.

Kufufuza Nkhani: Kukhulupirira M’kalembedwe Kunachitika Kuzungulira United States

Kuchitira chitsanzo chiyambukiro cha kuyambirira pa kusintha kwa mlingo wa boma, tipenda zitsanzo zitatu zodziŵika kuchokera ku maulamuliro osiyanasiyana.

California: Kulinganiza 8 ndi Tanthauzo Loyambirira la Ukwati

Mu 2008, ovota a California anakhazikitsa progress 8, mfundo imene inasintha malamulo a boma kuti afotokoze ukwati kukhala wokha pakati pa mwamuna ndi mkazi. Pamene kukonzanso kunatsutsidwa mu Perry v. Schwarzeger [1] (pambuyo pake ]] ] Hilpswolsworthrworth v. Perry ]), mbali zonse ziŵiri zinatsutsa mfundo zoyambirira. Anatsutsa kuti tanthauzo la mbiri yakale la " ukwati" pa nthaŵi yoyamba ya ulamuliro wa 1849, linali logwirizana kotheratu. Otsutsa kuti chitetezo cha Claus cha boma chinali ndi tanthauzo loyambirira loletsedwa lokhudza kugonana. Khoti la U Promistive providement. Providement ikulukulu anatsutsa mfundo ya chigamu chachikulu pakati pa chigamu chachikulu cha ulamuliro cha mbiri yakale, koma anatsutsa chiganizo chachikulu.

Makhoti a California agwiritsira ntchito kuyambirira kwaposachedwapa m'milandu yophatikizapo kukonza chiweruzo chaupandu. Mu Anthu ku v. Buza (2017), Khoti Lalikulu la California linakana kugwiritsira ntchito kusanthula kolimba kwa oyambirira ku Programu 9 (Chilamulo cha Malamulo), koma malingaliro oyambirira anawonekera m'malingaliro otsutsana ndi kukhazikika kwa kusintha kwa njira yoyambirira.

Florida: Boma Liyenera Kusaka ndi Kusaka Nsomba

Mu 2014, ovota a Florida analola Kusintha kokhala ndi mfundo 1, komwe kunakhazikitsa ufulu wa lamulo wofuna kusaka ndi kupha nsomba. Pambuyo pake panabuka chilolezo chakuti kukonza kumeneku kunachepetsa ulamuliro wa boma wa kuyang’anira nyama zakuthengo, Khoti Lapamwamba la Florida linagwiritsa ntchito mfundo zolondola zoyambirira. Khotili linafufuza za kukonza malemba, chidule, ndi kutsatsa malonda a mkupiti kuti adziwe zimene wovota wabwino akanatha kumvetsa kukonza zinthu mu 2014. Khoti linagamula kuti ufulu wophetsa ndi kupha nsomba sunaletse malamulo oyenera osungidwa. Nkhaniyi ikusonyeza mmene kumasulira kwa chiyambi kungachepetsere kuyenera kwa kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo yake ya mbiri yakale m’malo mwa kulola kumasulira kwake kochitidwa matembenuzidwe kwachiweruzo.

Louisiana: Chigamulo cha Bungwe la Sukulu la Tangipahoa ku Parish

Mu Tchippohoa School Board . Boma (20]), Louisiana Supreme Court inalingalira ngati kukonza malamulo a boma kupanga njira yatsopano yothandizira maphunziro kunaswa tanthauzo loyamba la malamulo a malamulo olinganiza. Khotilo linagwiritsira ntchito tanthauzo lapoyera la anthu, kuyang'ana madikishonale ndi zolembedwa za malamulo a boma kuchokera ku msonkhano wa 1974. Linatsimikizira kuti kukonza kwa malamulo a boma sikunaswe lamulo lolinganizika la malamulo chifukwa cha tanthauzo loyamba la "malamulo olinganiza ndalama zoikidwiratu" lotchulidwa pa ziletso za chaka ndi chaka, osati chiletso cha kuletsa kwanthaŵi yaitali. Chigamulo chimenechi chinalola kukhazikitsa njira ya kulongosola malamulo a m'tsogolo kuti agwirizane ndi mfundo ya kumvetsetsa mfundo za m’malamulo.

Kutsutsa ndi Kusuliza Uyamba pa Chigawo cha Boma

Ngakhale kuti mfundo yoti anthu anatengera mfundo za m’Baibulo mwachibadwa ikukula, anthu ambiri amatsutsa mfundo imeneyi akafuna kukonza malamulo a boma.

Kulamulira kwa Democratic Legacy ndi Kunyenga kwa Nyenyezi

Otsutsa amanena kuti Chiphunzitso choyambirira chimaluluza chifuno cha demokrase cha osankha mwakuumitsa tanthauzo la lamulo lachikazi pa nthaŵi ina ya m'mbiri yapita. Ngati kukonza kwa ovota kunaperekedwa ndi kusintha kwakukulu kwa ovota kuti akathetse mavuto amakono . Chonga ngati kukondera kapena kugwa kwa malo okhala . Woweruza woyamba amene amaumirira pa kukonza zinthu za democracy ya 18 kapena 19 akutanthauza za kusinthitsa. Malamulo angapangitse kuti cholinga cha kusintha kwa kachitidwe ka zinthu chisanguluke. Woweruza William J. Brennan Jr. Wotchuka kwambiri wotchedwa kuti kudzichepetsa kwachiyambiriro "kupeka," ndi kuti malamulo agwirizanitse mwamphamvu pa chigawo, kumene malamulo anapangidwa kuti asinthe maganizo a anthu.

Ndiponso, chiphunzitso choyambirira chingawombane ndi chitsanzo cha khoti. Makhoti aakulu ambiri asonkhanitsa zaka makumi ambiri za malamulo omasulira milandu pa malamulo awo. Ngati khoti mwadzidzidzi lisinthira ku njira zodziŵira zinthu zoyambirira, lingathetse ziyembekezo zosatsimikizirika m’zinthu, pangano, ndi lamulo laupandu. Chiphunzitso cha kutalang decis chimapereka kukhazikika kwina kwake, koma oweruza oyambirira kaŵirikaŵiri amatsutsa kuti zitsanzo zolakwika zoyambirira ziyenera kugonjetsedwa.

Mavuto Odziŵira Tanthauzo Loyambirira

Ngakhale m’nthanthi yoyambirira, muli kusagwirizana kwakukulu ponena za mmene mungapezere tanthauzo loyambirira. Mbiri ya boma kaŵirikaŵiri imalembedwa mopereŵera poyerekezera ndi zolembedwa za boma. Misonkhano yambiri yalamulo ya boma inachitika m'zaka za zana la 19, ndipo mikangano yawo sinafalitsidwe kapena kuwonongedwa. Makhoti owonekera bwino ameneŵa amadalira pa madikishonale, manyuzipepala, ndi nkhani za malamulo wamba zomwe zingavomerezedwe kuti zichirikize mafotokozedwe otsutsana. Monga chotulukapo chake, kuyambirira kungawonjezere nzeru zachiweruzo mmalo mwa kuziletsa.

Kuzoloŵera Kusintha ndi Ufulu wa Pambuyo Pake

Mwinamwake chochititsa chidwi kwambiri chikukhudza kukhoza kwa kuyambitsa kuvomereza ufulu watsopano. Pamene kusintha kwa zinthu kwapanga bwino kuyenera kwatsopano . monga kuyenera kwa kukhala kwachinsinsi m'malamulo a boma . Oyambirira ayenera kusankha kaya kuti mawu a kumanja "woyamba" ali ndi tanthauzo lochepa la zimene anawonedwa mu 1972 kapena ngati chinenero chofala cha m'malemba chinakhala ndi cholinga chosintha. Asayansi ena, mofanana ndi Jaji Coney Barrett, amavomereza kuti pali makonzedwe ena, monga aja oletsa "chilango ndi chilango chachilendo," amamanga kuthekera kwa chisinthiko chifukwa chakuti tanthauzo lawo loyamba likutanthauza miyezo yosintha. Koma machitidwe ameneŵa a pakati pa [FLD:] njira zoyambirira za Chidziŵitso [F:], ndi kugawanika kwa malamulo opatulidwa kwa nthaŵi zambiri: [FFF]

Tsogolo la Kuyambirira Kuposa Kale pa Chigawo cha Boma

Zikhoterero zingapo zimasonyeza kuti chisonkhezero cha kuyambika kwa malamulo chidzakhala chokulira m'zaka zikubwera. Choyamba, Federalist Society ndi mabungwe ena ofananawo amaphunzitsa mwamphamvu oweruza a boma ndi alembi a boma m'njira yoyambirira. Maprogramu a maphunziro a zachiweruzo tsopano amaphatikizapo magawo a tanthauzo lapoyera, ndipo makhoti aakulu ambiri a boma afalitsa opatsirako nzeru za anthu.

Chachiwiri, kuwonjezeka kwa magulu "otchuka a malamulo" monga kuyesayesa kwa boma kutcha msonkhano V . Nthaŵi zambiri kumaphatikizapo mawu oyambirira onena za kubwezera mphamvu ku maboma ndi anthu. Maguluwa amanena kuti kusintha kwa boma kuyenera kuikidwa kuti kubwezeretse kumvetsetsa koyambirira kwa malamulo a boma pa boma.

Chachitatu, malamulo a boma akufunikira mowonjezereka ndi malamulo awo kupereka "kusintha kwa chifuno" kapena "kupeza zenizeni" pokonza. Zolemba zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimaphatikizapo kupenda mbiri yolinganizidwira kutsogoza kumasulira kwa mtsogolo kwa woyambirira. Mwachitsanzo, Texas Legislature imaphatikiza manotsi ambiri a mbiri yakale kuti aperekedwe zonena za kukonzanso zoyenera za katundu ndi ufulu wa zamankhwala, poyembekezera kutsekera m'tanthauzo lachindunji la m'tsogolo.

Komabe, chiphunzitsocho sichikutsutsana. Magulu opita patsogolo ayamba kuyambitsa njira zomasulira zopikisana [1] monga "kukhala ndi malamulo a lamulo" kapena "kutsatira malamulo apamwamba" kuti agwirizane bwino ndi zosoŵa zamakono popanda kuswa kotheratu malemba ndi mbiri. Makhoti a boma m'maiko a bluu, monga New York ndi Washington, atsutsa kugwiritsira ntchito njira zoyambirira zotsimikizirika ndipo mmalo mwake adalira pa miyezo yogwirizana kapena kupenda kulinganiza kwa ndandanda pofufuza.

Kumaliza: Chiphunzitso cha Chiyambi Monga Gawo Lomwe Linayesedwa

Chiyambi cha chiweruzo chatsimikizira kukhala maziko amphamvu ndi okhalitsa kaamba ka kumasulira masinthidwe a lamulo lapamwamba la boma. Chigogomezero chake pa tanthauzo la mbiri chimakakamiza okonza mapulani, kupenda kotsogolera, ndi kupereka chinenero chofala kaamba ka kutsutsana kwa lamulo. Komabe siikhala chiphunzitso chokhazikika kapena chovomerezedwa padziko lonse. Makhoti akupitirizabe kulimbana ndi mavuto opindulitsa a kutsimikizira tanthauzo loyamba, kutsutsana pakati pa mawu ndi democracy, ndi kufunika kwa kusintha malamulo a malamulo kuti asinthe mikhalidwe popanda kutaya lamulo.

Pomalizira pake, chisonkhezero cha kuyambika kwa lamulo la boma chimasonyeza kutsutsana kwakukulu kwa ulamuliro wa Amereka: chikhumbo cha boma losasunthika, lokhala ndi malire ndi kufunika kwa lamulo losinthika ndi lovomereza. Pamene malamulo a boma akusinthidwa kuthetsa ufulu wa kuvota ndi nzeru zopeka, dongosolo lachiyambi lidzakhalabe pakati-pansi pa [1] ndipo lidzakhala lopikisanitsidwa kwambiri polinganiza makhalidwe opikisanawa. Kumvetsetsa nzeru imeneyi n’kofunika kwa aliyense amene akufuna kutenga mbali m’ntchito yopitiriza ya boma la likulu la programme.