Madongosolo a voti ndi maziko a ulamuliro wa democracy, akusonkhezera mwachindunji mmene nzika zimaonera chilungamo ndi kuyenerera kwa mabungwe awo a ndale zadziko. Pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya madongosolo a osankhidwa, madongosolo aakulu . Kudziŵikanso kukhala kuchuluka kapena madongosolo ambiri . Ndi malo otchuka m'mademokrase ambiri. Madongosolo ameneŵa, amene amachirikiza chipambano cha woloŵa kapena wa chipani ndi mavoti ambiri, sakonza kokha zigamulo komanso chikhalidwe cha ndale. Kuzindikira mphamvu zawo pa kudalirana ndi chidaliro cha osankhidwa ndi ogwirizana ndi demokrase nkofunika kwambiri poyang'kuyang'anira thanzi la boma ndi kukhazikika kwa boma.

Kumvetsa Madongosolo a Asilikali

Madongosolo a osankhidwa apamwamba amafotokozedwa ndi mfundo yawo yaikulu: wosankhidwa kapena chipani chimene chimalandira mavoti ochuluka chipata, kaŵirikaŵiri popanda kufuna unyinji wonse (oposa 50% wa voti). Kusintha kofala kwambiri ndiko njira yoyamba ya kumbuyo (FPPP), yogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'maiko monga United Kingdom, Canada, India, ndi United States (kuphatikiza masankho). Mpangidwe wina ndi njira ziŵiri (kapena kuchotsa), yogwiritsiridwa ntchito ku France ndi masankhoti ambiri a pulezidenti padziko lonse. Madongosolo ena amagwiritsiranso ntchito voti ina (AV), kumene osankhidwa ndi otsika ndi otsika amachotsedwa kufikira afikitsamo ambiri. Pamene njira zimenezi zikusiyana m'kanika, zikugawana mowonekera bwino, kulinganiza bwino, kupambana.

Kuyamba - Past- Zilembo Zofika (FPTP)

FPTP ndi njira yosavuta ndi yodziŵika kwambiri. M'chigawo chilichonse (chosankha), ovota anavota mmodzi kwa wosankhidwa wawo. Wosankha wokhala ndi chiŵerengero chachikulu koposa cha ovota apambana pampando, mosasamala kanthu kuti ali ndi anthu ochuluka. Dongosolo limeneli limatulutsa maboma amphamvu a mbali imodzi, makamaka m'madongosolo a nyumba za malamulo, chifukwa chakuti kaŵirikaŵiri limatembenuza mavoti ambiri a dzikolo m'mipando yambiri. Mwachitsanzo, m'chosankha cha 2019 UK, Conservative Par Partion inapambana 43.6% ya voti yovota koma inalandira 56% ya mampando a nyumba za malamulo m'boma. “INUIT .

Njira Yachiwiri (thamanga-Off)

Madongosolo aŵiri ozungulira anapangidwa kutsimikizira kuti wopambanayo ali ndi chichirikizo chokulira. Ngati palibe wopita kutsogolo ndi onse m'mbali yoyamba, aŵiri apamwamba (kapena nthaŵi zina owonjezereka) oyembekezera kupita kumbali yachiŵiri. Pamenepo ofufuza amasankha pakati pa otsalawo, ndipo wopambanayo amalandira mavoti ambiri m'mzera womalizira. Dongosolo limeneli nlofala m'masankho a pulezidenti ku France, Brazil, ndi maiko ambiri a mu Afirika. Limachepetsa upandu wa kupatana ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu koma lingakhale lamtengo wapatali kupatsa ndi kuyang'anirabe ndi kuyang'ana kwaling'ono.

Njira Yosagwiritsidwa Ntchito (Instant-iff)

AV . id ya Australian House of Declarations . imalola osankha kusankha kuti apeze udindo wofuna kusankhidwa. Ngati palibe wobatizidwa amene amasunga mavoti ambiri a anthu oyamba, wobatizidwa wotsika kwambiri amachotsedwa, ndipo mavoti awo amaperekedwa ku zinthu zina zotsatira. Njira imeneyi imabwereza mpaka wobatizidwa mmodzi atafika pa chisankho chachikulu. AV amatsimikizira kuti wopambanayo ali ndi chichirikizo chachikulu pamene akupeŵa kuwonongedwa kwa chisankho chachiŵiri. Otsutsa amanena kuti chivoti chikakhalabe cholakwika ngati zigawo zazing'onozo za ochirikiza awo achiŵiri sizikuŵerengedwa bwino.

Makina Ogwirizanitsa Madongosolo a Malo Opanga Zinthu ndi Kukhulupirira Zopanga

Kukhulupirira magetsi ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kumaphatikizapo kukhulupirira kuti zinthu zina zimayenda bwino, kukhutira ndi kuimira, ndi kukhulupirira kuti boma limachitapo kanthu pa zimene nzika imafunikira.

Kumveka kwa Zotulukapo ndi Kulamulira

Imodzi ya mphamvu zotchulidwa kwambiri za madongosolo apamwamba ndiyo kukhoza kwawo kupanga zotulukapo zowonekera bwino, zotsimikizirika. Ofufuza angamvetsetse mosavuta amene anapambana ndi amene analephera, kuchepetsa kusamvetsetsa ponena za amene adzapanga boma. M'madongosolo a palamende, FPTP kaŵirikaŵiri imatulutsa boma limodzi, limene lingachitepo kanthu motsimikiza popanda kupempha kukambitsirana kwa mgwirizano. Kumasulira kumeneku kungawonjezere chidaliro mwa kukumana ndi ziyembekezo za wovota zimene ziyenera kutuluka m'boma logwira ntchito. Kufufuza kwa International Institute for Democcification and Eltal Implatel Implice kumasonyeza kuti m'maiko ndi FPTP, chivoti cha democracy kumakhala kokulira pamene voti yopambana bwino, poyerekezera ndi zochitika za m'mapanganomenti imene imatenga miyezi.

Kudziŵerengera Mlandu ndi Chilango Chopanda Mlandu

Madongosolo a anthu amapanga kugwirizana kwachindunji pakati pa ovota ndi oimira awo a kumaloko. M'FPTP, chigawo chilichonse chimasankha chiŵalo chimodzi, kuchipangitsa icho kukhala cholunjika kwa ovota kubwezera kapena kulanga anthu opatuka motsatira ntchito yawo. Kuŵerengera kumeneku kungayambitse chidaliro chakuti atsogoleri angachotsedwe ngati alephera kugawana. Maphunziro a ku Canada ndi ku Britain amasonyeza kuti osankha m'madongosolo a FPP ali othekera kwambiri kuvota mopenderatu zinthu [“kutsimikizira mbiri ya boma . . Komabe, kubwezera kumeneku kungachepetsedwe ndi gerrymanndering kapena mipando yotetezeka, kumene kuyang'anira kwa gulu limodzi kutsimikizira, kuchepetsa chisonkhetso cha kulowa m'ka cha ovonya.

Kuimira ndi Kuika Malo Pansi

Pamene kuli kwakuti madongosolo aakulu a opatulira amapereka kuwonekera ndi kuŵerengera, kaŵirikaŵiri amachita molakwika. M'FPTP, wofunsira angapambane ndi kuchuluka kochepera ndi 30% ya voti, kutanthauza kuti 70% ya opanga zinthu angamve kukhala osasonyezedwa. Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, zimenezi zingawononge chidaliro pakati pa ochirikiza a magulu otayika, makamaka ngati ali okhazikika m'kagulu ka anthu ochepa. Afuko, a zinenero, kapena agulu laling'ono a m'zigawo angapeze mawu awo otsutsidwa ngati mavoti awo ali oikidwa m’zigawo ochepa koma osatembenuzira m'mipando za malamulo. United Nations Development Programme yasonyeza mmene madongosolo apamwamba a anthu opatulidwa kwambiri, okhoza kuchepetsa chidaliro m'mabungwe a democracy.

Umboni wa Magazi ndi Kufufuza za Matenda

Kupenda maiko ena kumasonyeza ponse paŵiri mphamvu ndi kufooka kwa madongosolo ameneŵa.

United Kingdom

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Canada

Bungwe la FPTP la Canada lachititsa kuti “wopambana wolakwa". Kumene anthu apata mipando yambiri koma osankha ochepa kuposa gulu lina. Mu 2019, Liberal Party inawina 33.1% ya mavoti ndi 157 pa mipando, pamene Conservative Party inapambana 34.3% koma mampando 121 okha. Zotsatira zimenezi zingawononge malingaliro a chilungamo, monga momwe osankha angaonere kuti kugaŵira mipando sikumasonyeza zofuna zawo. Kufufuza kochitidwa ndi Evoti Canada kumasonyeza kuti pamene anthu ambiri a ku Canada amalandira FTPPP, amakayikira pamene zotsatirapo zopotoletsa kuvota kotchuka. Masinthidwe alingaliridwa koma osachitidwa, ndi masankhoti 201 amene amaonedwanso osagwirizana pakati pa anthu a m'gulu la anthu a m'gulu la Ogwirizana.

France

France amagwiritsira ntchito njira ya makhoti aŵiri pa chisankho chake cha National Assembly . Dongosolo limeneli limakhomera kuŵirikiza, maseŵero a centrist akupendera malire a andale. M'chisankho cha Revoignol 2017, gulu la Purezidenti la Macron La République En Marche linapambana 28.2% ya voti yoyamba koma yoikidwa pa 60% ya mipando yovomerezeka ndi mapangano m'mbali yachiŵiri. Chotulukacho chowonjezera chikhulupiriro pakati pa atsatirika a Macron koma chokulitsa chikondi pakati pa osankhidwa a kutsogolo kwa National Front ndi kumbuyo kwa France Kusawonedwa. [[FLT:] FIct" proto kusantalation dvices protection , chikugalamuliridwa kukhala ndi njira yotsutsa chiganizo.

India

India, demokrase yaikulu koposa padziko lonse, imagwiritsira ntchito FPTP m'masankho ake a Lok Sabba . Mosasamala kanthu za ukulu wake ndi kusiyana kwake, dongosolo lapanga maboma okhazikika, posachedwapa kwambiri pansi pa Boratiya Janata Party (BJP), imene inapambana 37% ya mavoti mu 2019 koma 56% a mipando. Ochirikiza amatsutsa kuti FPPP imatsimikizira kukhala olamulidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana osiyanasiyana. Komabe, osuliza amanena kuti dongosolo la maexabitates chigawo: magulu okhala ndi chichirikizo lapadera, monga Bijual Data mu Odiya, amachita bwino, pamene magulu a maiko okhala ndi chichirikizo a dzikolo angachirikize pansi pa kumbuyo kwa maphunziro a Chitukuko a Thereodwation.

Kusuliza ndi Mavuto

Ngakhale kuti pali ubwino wake, mabungwe akuluakulu amasulizidwa kwambiri ndipo zimenezi zingapangitse kuti wovotayo asamukhulupirire kwa nthaŵi yaitali.

Kuwononga ndi Kutaya Zinthu

Madongosolo a opaleshoni amapanga mpata pakati pa voti ndi kukhala ndi gawo. Mu FPTP, gulu lopambana 40% ya voti lingapeze 60% ya mipando, pamene kuli kwakuti chipani chokhala ndi 20% chingakhale ndi malo ochepera 5% a mipando. Kusintha kumeneku kumatanthauza kuti mavoti ambiri “anatayidwa" – kuikidwa kwa ofunsira amene amataya – kapena sachitapo kanthu kwambiri kuposa ena. Chidaliro cha anthu chikhoza kutha pamene aona kuti voti yawo saŵerenga pokhapokhapokha ngati achirikiza gulu lapatsogolo. International Institute ya Debion and Elctor Convition [FLFF:1] imadziŵitsa kuti m'maiko okhala ndi mphamvu zopotoko, kutembenuka, kutembenuka kwa ogwirizana ndi ogwirizana ndi andale ambiri, kaŵirikaŵiri kumatsika ndi kugonjera kwa ochirikizana kwa ochirikiza.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Njira Zoyenera ndi Kupotoza Zinthu

Madongosolo a oweruza amalimbikitsa kuvota mwamachenjera, kumene nzika sizivota kwa wosankha wawo koma kwa munthu wosaipidwa kwambiri kuletsa zotsatira zoipitsitsa. Pamene kuli kwakuti zimenezi zingakhale zomveka, zingafooketse kuimira kolondola ndi kuchititsa kukayikira. Oyang'anira angaone kukhala okakamizika kuswa makhalidwe awo, zimene zimachepetsa kukhulupirira njira yosankhira. Ku UK, kuvota kwa machenjera kwafala kwambiri, ndi mawebusaiti ndi makampani olangiza kuti awonjezeretsendere. Mkhalidwe umenewu umasonyeza kusadalirana kuti dongosolo la zinthu lidzatembenuzira zikondwerero m'mipando.

Kutsutsa Zigawo Zaling’ono ndi Magulu Osiyanasiyana

Madongosolo aakulu angapangitse mwadongosolo magulu a anthu ochepa amene sachuluka m'madera ena. Mwachitsanzo, anthu a mafuko ochepa kapena mafuko ochepa ofalikira m'madera ambiri sangakhale ndi osankhidwa awo osankhidwa. Ku United States, ngakhale kuti Aafirika ndi Aspanic apeza matanthauzo a m'chigawo, chisonkhezero chawo cha ndale zadziko kaŵirikaŵiri chimasokonezedwa ndi gerrymerder kapena madera odzaza. Brennan Center ya Chilungamo cha Justice [ chatsimikizira mmene madongosolo a FPTP mu U.S imatsogolera kutsalira pansi pa zigawo za anthu ochepa, kuwonjezera chikhulupiriro pakati pa maboma ameneŵa.

Kusintha kwa Mtengo

Kufufuza kwa mitundu yonse kumasonyeza kuti maiko okhala ndi madongosolo a ovota ali ndi kubwerera kotsika koyerekezera ndi aja oimira . Njira imeneyi ili chifukwa chakuti ovota amene amachirikiza zipani zazing'ono kapena zachigawo amaona zisonkhezero zochepa za kuvota, kudziŵa kuti wosankhidwayo sapambana. Kuchotsa zizindikiro zothetsa chidaliro ndi pangano. Ku United Kingdom, kutembenuka m'masankho amwambo kwakhala ndi avareji yokwanira 65% kuyambira 2000, poyerekezera ndi ziŵerengero zokwera kwambiri (kaŵiri zoposa 80%) m'madongosolo a Denmark. Pamene kuli kwakuti zinthu zambiri zimayambukira kutembenuka, dongosolo la pulogalamu ndilo ndilo lothandiza kwambiri.

Kusintha ndi Njira Zina

Mayiko ambiri aona kuti anthu sakukhulupirirana chifukwa cha njira zina zoyendetsera ntchito yawo, choncho asintha zinthu kuti awonjezere chilungamo komanso kuti asonyeze anthu ena kuti ndi oyenera kupatsidwa ulemu.

Njira za M’mitsempha

Madongosolo osanganizidwa ndi mbali imodzi (MMP) amaphatikiza chigawo chimodzi ndi mbali yapamwamba. Mavoter anaponya mavoti aŵiri: mmodzi wa wobatizidwa wachigawo ndi mmodzi wa ndandanda ya zipani. Izi zimasunga kuimira kwa anthu akumeneko pamene zikutsimikizira kuti makampani onse a palamente asonyeza kugawana kwa chivoti cha dzikolo. Germany, New Zealand, ndi Scotland amagwiritsira ntchito MMP. Ku New Zealand, kusamuka kuchoka ku FPTP kupita ku MMP mu 1996 kunatsogolera ku ku kudalirana kwa ovota, monga zigawo zazing'ono monga Greens ndi New Zealand zomwe zinalandira mbali. Komabe, MMP imayambitsanso maboma a mgwirizano, amene ena amaona kukhala osatsimikiza kwenikweni. Kufufuza kwa New Zealand kumasonyeza kuti pambuyo pa kusintha kwa zinthu, ndi kukhutiritsidwa kwa dongosolo la otchuka pakati pa amene kale anadzimva bwino.

Ranked-Choice Voing (RCV)

Ndiponso mizinda yambiri ya U.S. (m., San Francisco, Minneapolis). Ovomereza amatsutsa kuti RCV imachepetsa mpikisano wofuna kupambana pamene akuchotsa kufunika kwa kuthamanga kosiyana. RCV imagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Australia, Ireland, ndi mizinda ingapo ya U.S. (m., San Francisco, Minneapolis). Ochirikiza amatsutsa kuti RCV imachepetsa mkupiti wa nyuku ndipo amalimbikitsa kukopa ku nyusi yaikulu, imene ingawonjezere chikhulupiriro. Osuliza ena amaona kuti RCV siitumiza mawu amodzi oimira madera onse omwe angatulutse pansi pa chigawo cha . Komabe, ndi kufufuza [FLD: FF:FFFF: CK]

Kuimira kwa Malamulo (PR)

Madongosolo a PR odzala ndi mipando yoikapo mipando yozikidwa pa mbali yawo ya voti, kugwiritsira ntchito mpambo wa chipani kapena mavoti osamutsidwa. Madongosolo ambiri a mademokrase a Ulaya (m’mphindi , Sweden, Netherlands Belgium) amagwiritsira ntchito PR. Madongosolo ameneŵa amatulutsa nyumba za malamulo zoimira zambiri ndi wovota wamkulu koma kaŵirikaŵiri amafuna maboma ogwirizana, amene angakhale osakhazikika. Kugulitsa pakati pa kuimira ndi kuyendetsa zinthu ndiko kumachititsa kutsutsana. Osankha amene ali ndi mawu awo akumva, PR akukonda kukulitsa chikhulupiriro chachikulu. [[FLT: 0] ACEEctoral Knote Network [1] Akupereka chidziŵitso chachikulu chosonyeza kuti kudalirana kwa ovota ndi kuchuluka kwa dongosolo la otchuka, makamaka m'matu wa madera ambiri.

Kumaliza

Madongosolo a osankho aakulu ali ndi chisonkhezero chachikulu ndi chocholoŵana pa kudalira ovota ndi chidaliro mu demokrase. Zotulukapo zawo . Zotsatira zake zoŵerengeredwa, maboma amodzi oŵerengera, ndi kuimira chigawo mwachindunji . kungayambitse kudalirana mwa kupanga njira ya ndale zadziko yowonekera ndi yotsimikizirika. Komabe, madongosolo amodzimodziwa angayambitse chikondi chachikulu mwa kuchotsapo, kuphonya, ndi kugaŵa mawu ochepa. Chiyambukiro pa kudalira pa mfundo za mawu odalirika monga za chikhalidwe cha dziko, kukhalapo kwa mawu ena m'chitaganya, ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa anthu.

Nzika zimene zimalingalira kuti mavoti awo samayambukira kwenikweni chivoti kapena kuchitapo kanthu mpang'ono pomwe, ndipo zingakhale zosuliza ponena za demokrase yeniyeniyo. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ovota amene amaona wosankhidwa kapena chipani chawo kukhala chosankhidwa amalingalira dongosololo kukhala lolungama. Kusunga chidaliro chachikulu, ma democracy ambiri okhazikitsidwa atengera mbali zosanganizidwa kapena zogwirizana zimene zimaletsa mademokrase owopsa. Kutsutsana kosalekeza pa kusintha kosankhidwa m'maiko onga Canada, United Kingdom, ndi United States kusonyezera kuzindikira komakula kwa kudalirana kumene sikuli kochitika mwa kupanga zinthu kumene kuyenera kuyang'anizana ndi kugamula ndi kuyang'anizana ndi ufulu.

Pomalizira pake, palibe dongosolo la pulogalamu ya osankhidwa limene lili langwiro. Madongosolo a apamwamba adzapitirizabe kukhala odalirika kwa chitaganya chimene chimalemekeza bata ndi utsogoleri wamphamvu. Komabe, kuti achilikize chikhulupiriro cha wovota, opanga malamulo ameneŵa ayenera kukwaniritsa madongosolo amene amathetsa ndi [1] Mwachitsanzo, mwa kuyambitsa mapulogalamu apamwamba, kupenda kodziimira, kapena makampani opanga maphunziro. Monga kusinthitsa, unansi pakati pa malamulo osankhidwa ndi nzika ndi chidaliro cha nzika udzakhalabe malo ovuta a kufufuza ndi kutsutsana kwa anthu onse.