Kupitikizana Kwakukulu kwa Lamulo ndi Kusoŵa Kokhala

Ku United States, kugwirizana pakati pa lamulo ndi anthu osoŵa pokhala kukufotokozedwa mowonjezereka ndi lamulo la boma. Malamulo ameneŵa sanena za mmene amakhalira ndi malingana a misewu ya tsiku ndi tsiku komanso mabungwe akuluakulu a mabungwe akutsatira. Pamene chiŵerengero cha anthu opanda nyumba chikukwera m'madera ambiri. Dipatimenti ya Hospital ndi Urban Development ikupereka lipoti la anthu oposa 650,000 amene alibe nyumba zawo usiku umodzi mu 2023. Nkhani ya mmene makampani a boma ndi kutsatirira malamulo ameneŵa imakhala yofunika kwambiri. Mayiko ena amadalira pa kuukira kwa upandu, kuyang'anira anthu onse, kugona monga ngati zophonya. Ena amalondola zitsanzo zochirikiza zimene zimagwirizanitsa nduna ndi ntchito za kakhalidwe ka anthu. Kuzindikira zimenezi ndi ziyambukiro zake pa mayanjano apolisi kungatsogolere ndi kuyendetsa malamulo a anthu.

Mmene Malamulo a Boma Amasinthira Malamulo a Apolisi ndi Zinthu Zofunika

Madipatimenti a apolisi amagwira ntchito pansi pa mpambo wa malamulo a boma, malamulo a boma, ndi malamulo aunyinji. Malamulo a boma amagwira ntchito yaikulu kwambiri chifukwa amakhazikitsa maziko alamulo a zimene maofesala angakwanitse ndi amene sangathe kuchita. Mwachitsanzo, lamulo la boma limene limaletsa kugona m’njira za anthu onse limapatsa akuluakulu a boma lamulo lomveka loti azionetsetsa kuti lamulolo likhale, kaŵirikaŵiri molembedwa mawu kapena kumangidwa. Mosiyana ndi, lamulo la boma limene limachotsa malo a anthu onse pokhapokha ngati malo ogona atakhala likulimbikitsa apolisi kuti ayang’ane malo ogona ndi kupereka choyendera.

Kufotokoza Machitidwe Oyenera

Kusiyana pakati pa zopereka zololedwa ndi kubwezera kumayendera pa malamulo a boma. Malamulo amene amaphwanya malamulo "kumanga" ndi chifunda ndi choberekera, kapena "kulimbana" m'malo a anthu onse, kumachititsa kukhala opanda pokhala kukhala upandu. Malamulo a National Homesss Beast Center [[Fol:1] atsatira kuwonjezeka kosalekeza kwa malamulo oterowo kuyambira 2010 mpaka 2024. Pamene apolisi afunikira mwalamulo kupereka zigamulo za makhalidwe ameneŵa, iwo alibe nzeru yokwanira kutumiza anthu ku mautumiki. Motsutsana ndi Washington, apereka malamulo akuti "kukhazikitsa pangano la lamulo" ndi akuluakulu afunikira kupereka chidziŵitso asanachite ntchito. Kusintha ntchitoyi kugwirizanitsa ndi chigwirizano chilichonse, kugwirizanitsa ndi chisinthiko cha zinthu.

Kupereka Malipiro a Mitsinje ndi Malamulo

Malamulo amene amathandizira kuchirikiza ndalama za magulu osoŵa pokhala, othandizira odwala matenda a maganizo, kapena maprogramu ophunzitsa apadera angasinthe mmene madipatimenti amagwirira ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, ndalama za California 2023 zinaphatikizapo $50 miliyoni kaamba ka kutsata popanda malo ndi maprogramu oletsa amene mnzakeyo akusungitsa lamulo. Ngati ndalama zotero zigwirizana ndi malamulo, apolisi amapatsidwa ufulu wa kutengera njira zoyendera mogwirizana mmalo mwa opereka chilango. Popanda zipangizo zimenezi, ngakhale apolisi osungidwa bwino angabwerere ku lamulo chifukwa chakuti alibe zida zothandizira kupereka.

Kukongola kwa Boma: Kuphwanya Malamulo, Kubwezera, ndi Chichirikizo

Malo a boma amakono angagaŵidwe pafupifupi m'magulu atatu: upandu, malamulo ndi magwirizanitso autumiki, ndi kuchotsa upandu kochirikiza. Zitsanzo zenizeni za dziko zimasonyeza mmene njira iriyonse imayambukirira zochita za apolisi ndi zotulukapo za munthu.

Kuphwanya Malamulo: Chitsanzo cha Chilango

Maboma angapo, makamaka ku South ndi Southwest, akhazikitsa malamulo amene mwadala amapanga makhalidwe auchigaŵenga a kusoŵa pokhala. Mwachitsanzo, Texas, imasunga malamulo oletsa kumanga misasa pa malo a anthu onse ndi kugona m’galimoto, kaŵirikaŵiri kugwiritsa ntchito milomo yomwe imanyamula ndalama ndi zilolezo zothekera. Ku Oklahoma, 2024 anaipanga kukhala yolakwa kumanga msasa wa anthu onse ngati malo obisala alipo. Oyang'anira m'mabwalo ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amachitira lipoti kuchuluka kwa masinthidwe awo a malamulo a anthu opanda nyumba. Malinga ndi 20222 ofufuza ndi Police Aundust Reaunder Forum (PERFFF), akuluakulu oyendera malo oterowo akuti tsiku ndi tsiku amakhudzidwa ndi anthu opanda nyumba, ambiri amene amagwidwa, ndipo amagwidwa, nthaŵi yabwino, ndi mautumiki owonjezereka popanda ntchito aunjikana a anthu osoŵa.

Kupyola pa zotulukapo za munthu mmodzi, kugwirizanitsa kwa apolisi ndi apandu. Anthu opanda nyumba sadalira maofesala, akumachepetsa kufunitsitsa kwawo kulengeza upandu kapena kulandira chithandizo. Asilikali, panthaŵiyi, angakhumudwe ndi mkhalidwe wa kutsendereza kwa lamulo popanda zothetsera zanthaŵi yaitali. Vatera Institute of Justice [1] Apolisi akudziŵitsa kuti kuphwanya lamulo kumafikira pa zotsatira, kuwonjezera mtolo wa ntchito pa apolisi pamene akulephera kuchepetsa kusowa kwa nyumba kwa anthu ooneka.

Kusintha ndi Malo Ogwirizanitsa Utumiki: Middle Gound

Mayiko ena asankha njira yapakati: amaletsa makhalidwe ena koma amafuna kuti akuluakulu a boma ayesetse kugwirizanitsa anthu ndi mautumiki. Njira ya California ndi chitsanzo chotchuka. Pamene kuli kwakuti boma limaletsa kumanga misasa m'malo ena a anthu (monga ngati sukulu kapena malo operekera), ilonso ndalama zambiri zokhala ndi nyumba ndi maprogramu a zaumoyo. Maofesi a apolisi a Los Angeles Police Department, mwachitsanzo, amaphunzitsidwa kupereka machenjezo ndi kuperekera malo obisako asanatulukire. Nkhani za mlandu wa Supreme Court [FLD:] v. Mzinda wa Boise [1] Maritine . Amalimbikitsa mizinda imeneyi mwa kutsimikizira kuti ngati sagona panja. Monga chotulukapo, apolisi amakumana ndi chiwonetso chopezeka ndi chiwonetso cha .

Kutsatira chitsanzo chimenechi kumagwira ntchito kokha ngati maziko a ntchito ali olimba. Oyang'anira ayenera kukhala ndi malo osungirako zinthu, njira zoyendera, ndi njira zothandizira anthu kuti apeze moyo. Ngati mbalizo zilephera . Monga panthaŵi ya kusowa kwa malo ogona kapena ndalama zodulidwa . Zitsanzozo zingayambenso kugwiritsidwa ntchito pophwanya malamulo. Komabe, monga Colorado ndi Washington zayesa kulinganiza zinthu zimenezi, ndipo mofala zimagwirizana ndi apolisi ndi magulu a anthu achinyengo.

Kutsutsa Kochirikiza Upandu: Kuvomereza Kukakamizidwa ku Mautumiki

Oregon akuimira mbali yochirikiza kwambiri. Kuyambira pamene linadutsa Boma la Malo Opanda Malo mu 2013, boma laletsa mizinda kugona kapena kumanga anthu panja ngati kulibe malo ogona. Nyumba 2023 Bill 3195 inalimbikitsanso maboma a m'maderawo mwa kuletsa kumanga misasa yaupandu ndi kulamula kuti lamulo likhale njira yomalizira yopezera ndalama pambuyo potenga ndi kukonza malo osungirako ufulu. Oregon adapezanso ndalama zoyendera mavuto ndi kumanga anthu amene amagwira ntchito pamodzi ndi apolisi. Malo a boma amalimbikitsa akuluakulu a boma kuti azitumikira monga anthu oteteza mafoni m'malo a boma.

Portland Police Bureau ikusonyeza kuti pambuyo pogwiritsa ntchito njira yoperekera maluso, akuluakulu a boma ogwirizana ndi anthu opanda nyumba atatsika ndi 30% kuyambira 2021 mpaka 2023, pamene kuli kwakuti kudzipereka kwaufulu ndi mautumiki a anthu kunawonjezeka. Oyang'anira anasimba kukhupuka kwa ntchito ndi kupsinjika maganizo kwa mayanjano ameneŵa. Otsutsa amanena kuti kuchotsa kotheratu misasa kungayambitse ngozi zaumoyo wa anthu, koma Oregon akukambirana zimenezi kudzera mwa ukhondo waukhondo ndi maprogramu owonjezera. Kugulitsa ndi kuti boma liyenera kuikiza ndalama zambiri pantchito, njira imene singakhoze kapena kulondola.

Zimene Apolisi Amachita: Kuphunzitsa, Kuchenjera, ndi Zotsatira Zake

Malamulo amaumba kwambiri mmene malamulo amayendera pa chilichonse chimene munthu angakumane nacho pakati pa anthu opanda nyumba.

Kuphunzitsa Anthu Mosiyanasiyana

Malamulo a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amakakamiza apolisi kukhazikitsa masukulu ndi maphunziro a ntchito kuwonjezera kukhutitsidwa ndi kusoŵa pokhala, thanzi lamaganizo, ndi kulephera kuyendetsa zinthu. M'mayiko a upandu, maphunziro angasumikidwa pa malamulo a lamulo . Kutchula bwino munthu womanga misasa, mmene angapeŵere kulakwa. M'mayiko ochirikiza, maphunziro amalimbikitsa kulankhulana kopweteka, kudziŵa chuma cha anthu, ndi njira zodziwitsira kuti munthu adziperekere. Mwachitsanzo, lamulo la boma la Washington limafuna kuti apolisi onse amalize kosi ya “kusoŵa kwawo ndi katundu woimira katundu. Florida, kusiyanitsa ndi zaka ziŵiri. , kutsutsana ndi, sikuna lamulo lotero, ndipo nduna zake zimalandira chitsogozo chaching’ono kuposa njira zoyendetsera.

Wanzeru Wam’gulu la Asilikali: Zimene Anthu Amasankha

Ngakhale m’boma, maofesala ena amachenjera kwambiri kuti apereke lamulo kapena chithandizo. Malamulo amakhazikitsa malire, koma mkhalidwe wapanthaŵi yomweyo .weather, khalidwe la munthu, mautumiki amene alipo, ntchito yakeyake yochuluka . Kufufuza 2024 kofalitsidwa mu [[FLD:0], kuphwanya malamulo, kunapeza kuti akapita ku malo otetezereka (28% ya mayanjano) kuposa aja ochitidwa ndi upandu (6% ya kupikisana), komabe, ngakhale m’mawu ochirikiza, nduna zikhoza kusonkhezeredwa ndi kupotoza kapena kusoŵa kwa chuma. Lamulo limeneli liyenera kutsimikizira kuti lamulolo lokha ndi kuyenera kuchitidwa mosasinthasintha.

Kupima Zotulukapo: Kumangidwa, Kugwidwa, Kugwidwa, ndi Kulumikizidwa kwa Utumiki

Chidziŵitso cha zochita za apolisi ndi anthu opanda kokhala kaŵirikaŵiri chimagaŵikana, koma m'maiko aakulu amabuka. Maboma okhala ndi malamulo aupandu amatulutsa ziŵerengero zapamwamba za kumangidwa ndi kugwidwa kwa milandu yaing'ono. Mwachitsanzo, mu Texas, pafupifupi 40% ya ogwirizana opanda nyumba mu Houston chimatulukapo kutumiza, malinga ndi lipoti la 2023 la mzinda. Maboma ochirikiza, mayanjano amodzimodziwo amatulutsa kuyendetsa malo okhala kapena mavuto a maganizo. Mphunzitsi wa gulu la ntchito zapansi akugwirizanitsa mautumiki kumaiko osiyanasiyana, kusonyeza kuti anthu opanda nyumba zoyendera kupyolera ntchito za apolisi ali ndi mpata wokulirapo 20% wa kusoŵa kwa kusoŵa malo okhalamo mkati mwa chaka chimodzi. Maboma amene akutuluka antchito m'mabungwe apolisi apolisiwo, ngakhale ndi maprogramulo omveka abwinopo, ngakhale ndi madandaulo 50%.

Kufufuza za Makhoti: Kusiyanitsa Malamulo Okhudza Malamulo m’Dziko Lenileni

Kufufuza mizinda ndi maboma ena kumasonyeza mmene malamulo anasinthira zochitika za maofesala ndi anthu opanda nyumba.

Los Angeles, California: Kulinganiza Malo Omanga Nyumba ndi Nyumba

Los Angeles ikugwira ntchito pansi pa mawonekedwe osanganiza. Malamulo a mzinda amaletsa kumanga misasa m'madera ena, monga ngati pafupi ndi sukulu ndi makwalala, koma lamulo la boma ndi malamulo a khoti amaletsa ngati kulibe malo ogona. Komabe, kupereŵera kwa mabedi ogona (mphini za maapolishi 10,000) kumatanthauza kuti kuyendetsa kwa apolisi aŵiri ndi antchito a zachikhalidwe omwe amatsatira pang'ono. Mu 2023, mzindawu unanenedwa kuti ukhale ndi mautumiki 75,000, amene anatulukapo, ndi mapepala olembedwa okha. Komabe, kupereŵera kwabebe kwabebedi kwa maboti 10,000 a maat yuniti) kumatanthauza kuti kuyendetsa ntchito kwa maopera ambiri kumene kwakhala ndi malamulo otsatiridwa bwino lomwe silingachiritsiridwe ndi mautumiki.

Houston, Texas: Mmene Kuphwanya Malamulo Kumakhudzira Anthu Mumsewu

Houston Houston Imapereka chitsanzo cha kuukira. Mzindawu umakhazikitsa chiletso chimene kaŵirikaŵiri chimatulukapo kulembedwa kwa $100-500. Anthu amene sangathe kulipira zilolezo ndi nthaŵi ya ndende. Houston Police Department iri ndi gulu lopatulidwa “lopanda nyumba, [1] koma ndi laling'ono ndi losagonjetsedwa. Oyang'anira ambiri samaphunzitsidwa ndi zopereka. Maphunziro a Coalition ya Nyumba za Anthu opanda nyumba apeza kuti pafupifupi theka la anthu opanda nyumba omangidwa kwa chaka chimodzi, ndipo 90% sanaperekedwepo pothaŵira. Kulankhulana kwapansi kwa , ndende, kutulutsidwa popanda mautumiki. A 2023 amaphunzira ndi Coalition kaamba ka kusoŵa nyumba. Apolisi aitana kaamba ka malamulo ochirikiza, koma kusintha kolimba kwa ndale.

Portland, Oregon: Kuwononga Upandu ndi Kugwirizana kwa Anthu

Njira ya Portland, yozikidwa pa malamulo ochirikiza Oregon, imadalira kwambiri pa kugwirizana kwa anthu. “Mautumiki Aumoyo Opatula a Mu mzindawo [1] amatumiza magulu a oyenda a antchito otsatsa ndi apolisi monga momwe akufunikira. Oyang'anira amalandira mzera wopatulidwa ku kampani yotentha imene ingakonzetse malo ogona kapena chithandizo cha mankhwala. Malinga ndi mayeso a mzinda 2024, 82% a anthu opanda nyumba zoyendera amene apolisi anakumana nawo pamene alandira utumiki. Kusintha kwa misasa kumatanthauza kuti apolisi apanga pangano laufulu. Komabe, chitsanzocho sichikupanda osuliza: eni mabizinesi ndi nzika akudandaula kuti misasa yooneka ikupitirizabe, ndipo mzindawo adasungidwa mokulira m'kusungitsa ndi kutaya zinthu zonyansa.

Kukonda Kutsatira Malamulo ndi Zitsogozo Zamtsogolo

Malamulo a boma akuzindikira mowonjezereka za chiyambukiro chimene malamulo awo ali nacho pa unansi wa apolisi ndi gulu.

Kubuka kwa “Malamulo a Ufulu Wosatha"

Kutsatira chitsanzo cha Oregon, kulongosola monga Maine, Connecticut, ndi Colorado kwayambitsa kapena kutumiza mafaindi otsimikizira zoyenera za anthu opanda nyumba, kuphatikizapo kuyenera kwa kupuma m'malo a anthu onse ndi chitetezo ku . Malamulo ameneŵa amaletsa mphamvu za apolisi ndi kukakamiza madipatimenti a pangano mmalo mwa kusungitsa pangano. Pa 2025, maboma pafupifupi khumi ndi limodzi ali ndi ngongole zoterozo zolingaliridwa. Andale akupereka lingaliro lakuti lamulo lochirikiza lingapezetsedwe, koma amayang'anizana ndi chitsutso cholimba kuchokera ku magulu a anthu opanga dongosolo ndi katundu.

Kuŵerengera ndi Kuŵerengera

Maboma ndi mizinda akugwiritsiranso ntchito chidziŵitso kupenda mmene zochita za apolisi zimayambukirira kusoŵa pokhala ndi kutetezereka kwa anthu. Kusimba za ofisala, ziŵerengero za ofesi, ndi zotsatira za ntchito kukufala kwambiri. Makampani onse a apolisi 2024 a California amafuna kupereka lipoti la kukumana kwa anthu opanda nyumba chaka chilichonse, zimene zidzathandiza opanga malamulo kusintha ndalama ndi maphunziro. Kuonekera kumeneku kungafooketse kuchuluka kwa apolisi ndi kulimbikitsa kugawidwa kwa zinthu zabwino.

Ntchito ya Chisonkhezero cha Magulu Osiyanasiyana

Pamene kuli kwakuti maboma ali oseŵera oyambirira, chitsogozo cha boma chimaumbanso malo. U.S. Intergapency Council on Homesspessis (USICH)] imalimbikitsa kuti lamulo likhale “lothandizana kuthetsa kusoŵa pokhala, osati chopinga. Nthaŵi zambiri bungwe limapereka chithandizo cha kusoŵa pokhala kuti boma litengerepo machitachita ena ochirikiza. Komabe, boma silingachotse malamulo a boma aupandu, chotero kusintha kumakhala kosagwirizana.

Ziyamikiro kwa Opanga Malamulo ndi Apolisi

Malinga ndi umboni umene ulipo, masitepe angapo a konkiri angathandizire apolisi kugwirizanitsa anthu opanda nyumba.

  • [[MLT: 0] Kutsekerani tulo ndi kupuma mmalo a anthu pamene palibe pogona. Malamulo amene amalanga kufunika kwakukulu kwa kupuma kwa munthu kumachititsa mayanjano apolisi osafunikira ndi kupha umphaŵi.
  • Imodzi yosasintha m'madongosolo oyankhira. Magulu a anthu otsata maganizo, osonkhezera maganizo, ndi magulu a mavuto a mayendedwe angasamalire mafoni ambiri amene tsopano amapita kupolisi. Zimenezi zimachepetsa mtolo kwa apolisi pamene akupereka chisamaliro chabwino.
  • Kuphunzitsa koyenera kwa kutomerana kwa kusokonezeka maganizo, chuma cha kumaloko, ndi zoyenera zalamulo za anthu opanda nyumba. Maboma amene amachita zimenezi saona zokumana nazo zapanthaŵiyo ndi kulandiridwa kwautumiki kwapamwamba.
  • Nthambi zachikhalire ndi mautumiki ochirikiza mwachindunji. Kugwirizana kwa Apolisi, mosasamala kanthu za chifundo, sikungalowetse mmalo nyumba zokhazikika. Malamulo ayenera kugwirizanitsa kusungidwa kwa nyumba ndi kuperekedwa mmalo mwa kulanga kusoŵa kwa nyumba.
  • Kutumiza ndi kufalitsa chidziŵitso chonena za kugwirizana kwa apolisi ndi anthu opanda kokhala. Kuyang'ana kwa Translativity kulemberana mlandu ndi kuthandiza kudziŵa malamulo amene ali othandiza ndi ovulaza.

Kumaliza: Malamulo monga Maziko a Chigwirizano cha Anthu

Malamulo amene amagogomezera pangano lochirikizana, kugwirizanitsa ntchito, ndi kuchotsa upandu si maziko a kukumana kulikonse ndi munthu wopanda nyumba. Malamulo amene amapanga kusoŵa pokhala kumachititsa kumangidwa, kulipira, ndi kusamuka popanda kuthetsera mavuto. Malamulo amene amagogomezera kugwirizana kochirikiza, kugwirizanitsa, ndi kuchotsa upandu kutsogolera ku kugwirizana kowonjezereka, zotulukapo zabwino kwa anthu, ndi kusapondereza chuma cha apolisi. Umboni wowonekera bwino kwambiri: njira yogwira mtima ndiyo kuchotsa chilango kuti agwirizane ndi anthu. Monga momwe zidziŵira zambiri, unansi pakati pa lamulo ndi anthu opanda nyumba ukhoza kusintha umodzi wa nkhondo. Opanga malamulo ochirikiza malamulo amasunga ndalama m’makwawa, athanziko bwino, athanzi, ndi dongosolo lachilungamo limene limapereka ulemu kwa anthu onse.